An improved algorithm based on equivalent sound velocity profile method at large incident angle

With the development of ultra-wide coverage technology,multibeam echo-sounder(MBES)system has put forward higher requirements for localization accuracy and computational efficiency of ray tracing method.The classical equivalent sound speed profile(ESSP)method replaces the measured sound velocity profile(SVP)with a simple constant gradient SVP,reducing the computational workload of beam positioning.However,in deep-sea environment,the depth measurement error of this method rapidly increases from the central beam to the edge beam.By analyzing the positioning error of the ESSP method at edge beam,it is discovered that the positioning error increases monotonically with the incident angle,and the relationship between them could be expressed by polynomial function.Therefore,an error correction algorithm based on polynomial fitting is obtained.The simulation experiment conducted on an inclined seafloor shows that the proposed algorithm exhibits comparable efficiency to the original ESSP method,while significantly improving bathymetry accuracy by nearly eight times in the edge beam.

Study on the optimal incident proton energy of ^(7)Li(p,n)^(7)Be neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is recognized as a precise binary targeted radiotherapy technique that effectively eliminates tumors through the^(10)B(n,α)^(7)Li nuclear reaction.Among various neutron sources,accelerator-based sources have emerged as particularly promising for BNCT applications.The^(7)Li(p,n)^(7)Be reaction is highly regarded as a potential neutron source for BNCT,owing to its low threshold energy for the reaction,significant neutron yield,appropriate average neutron energy,and additional benefits.This study utilized Monte Carlo simulations to model the physical interactions within a lithium target subjected to proton bombardment,including neutron moderation by an MgF_(2)moderator and subsequent BNCT dose analysis using a Snyder head phantom.The study focused on calculating the yields of epithermal neutrons for various incident proton energies,finding an optimal energy at 2.7 MeV.Furthermore,the Snyder head phantom was employed in dose simulations to validate the effectiveness of this specific incident energy when utilizing a^(7)Li(p,n)^(7)Be neutron source for BNCT purposes.

GNSS array receiver faced with overloaded interferences:anti-jamming performance and the incident directions of interferences

Anti-jamming solutions based on antenna arrays enhance the anti-jamming ability and the robustness of global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receiver remarkably.However,the performance of the receiver will deteriorate significantly in the overloaded interferences scenario.We define the overloaded interferences scenario as where the number of interferences is more than or equal to the number of antenna arrays elements.In this paper,the effect mechanism of interferences with different incident directions is found by studying the anti-jamming performance of the adaptive space filter.The theoretical analysis and conclusions,which are first validated through numerical examples,reveal the relationships between the optimal weight vector and the eigenvectors of the input signal autocorrelation matrix,the relationships between the interference cancellation ratio(ICR),the signal to interference and noise power ratio(SINR)of the adaptive space filter output and the number of interferences,the eigenvalues of the input signal autocorrelation matrix.In addition,two simulation experiments are utilized to further corroborate the theoretical findings through soft anti-jamming receiver.The simulation results match well with the theoretical analysis results,thus validating the effect mechanism of overloaded interferences.The simulation results show that,for a four elements circular array,the performance difference is up to 19 dB with different incident directions of interferences.Anti-jamming performance evaluation and jamming deployment optimization can obtain more accurate and efficient results by using the conclusions.

Unmanned aerial vehicle based intelligent triage system in mass-casualty incidents using 5G and artificial intelligence

BACKGROUND:Rapid on-site triage is critical after mass-casualty incidents(MCIs)and other mass injury events.Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have been used in MCIs to search and rescue wounded individuals,but they mainly depend on the UAV operator’s experience.We used UAVs and artificial intelligence(AI)to provide a new technique for the triage of MCIs and more efficient solutions for emergency rescue.METHODS:This was a preliminary experimental study.We developed an intelligent triage system based on two AI algorithms,namely OpenPose and YOLO.Volunteers were recruited to simulate the MCI scene and triage,combined with UAV and Fifth Generation(5G)Mobile Communication Technology real-time transmission technique,to achieve triage in the simulated MCI scene.RESULTS:Seven postures were designed and recognized to achieve brief but meaningful triage in MCIs.Eight volunteers participated in the MCI simulation scenario.The results of simulation scenarios showed that the proposed method was feasible in tasks of triage for MCIs.CONCLUSION:The proposed technique may provide an alternative technique for the triage of MCIs and is an innovative method in emergency rescue.

Traffic Incident Management Performance Measures: Ranking Agencies on Roadway Clearance Time

This study develops a procedure to rank agencies based on their incident responses using roadway clearance times for crashes. This analysis is not intended to grade agencies but to assist in identifying agencies requiring more training or resources for incident management. Previous NCHRP reports discussed usage of different factors including incident severity, roadway characteristics, number of lanes involved and time of incident separately for estimating the performance. However, it does not tell us how to incorporate all the factors at the same time. Thus, this study aims to account for multiple factors to ensure fair comparisons. This study used 149,174 crashes from Iowa that occurred from 2018 to 2021. A Tobit regression model was used to find the effect of different variables on roadway clearance time. Variables that cannot be controlled directly by agencies such as crash severity, roadway type, weather conditions, lighting conditions, etc., were included in the analysis as it helps to reduce bias in the ranking procedure. Then clearance time of each crash is normalized into a base condition using the regression coefficients. The normalization makes the process more efficient as the effect of uncontrollable factors has already been mitigated. Finally, the agencies were ranked by their average normalized roadway clearance time. This ranking process allows agencies to track their performance of previous crashes, can be used in identifying low performing agencies that could use additional resources and training, and can be used to identify high performing agencies to recognize for their efforts and performance.

Methodology for Automatically Setting Camera View to Mile Marker for Traffic Incident Management

Traffic incident management (TIM) is a FHWA Every Day Counts initiative with the objective of reducing secondary crashes, improving travel reliability, and ensuring safety of responders. Agency roadside cameras play a critical role in TIM by helping dispatchers quickly identify the precise location of incidents when receiving reports from motorists with varying levels of spatial accuracy. Reconciling position reports that are often mile marker based, with cameras that operate in a Pan-Tilt-Zoom coordinate system relies on dispatchers having detailed knowledge for hundreds of cameras and perhaps some presets. During real-time incident dispatching, reducing the time it takes to identify the most relevant cameras and setting their view on the incident is an important opportunity to improve incident management dispatch times. This research develops a camera-to-mile marker mapping technique that automatically sets the camera view to a specified mile marker within the field-of-view of the camera. Over 350 traffic cameras along Indiana’s 2250 directional miles of interstate were mapped to approximately 5000 discrete locations that correspond to approximately 780 directional miles (~35% of interstate) of camera coverage. This newly developed technique will allow operators to quickly identify the nearest camera and set them to the reported location. This research also identifies segments on the interstate system with limited or no camera coverage for decision makers to prioritize future capital investments. This paper concludes with brief discussion on future research to automate the mapping using LiDAR data and to set the cameras after automatically detecting the events using connected vehicle trajectory data.

2015~2019年中国居民脑卒中发病与死亡特征分析

目的:分析2015~2019年中国居民脑卒中发病、死亡特征及其变化情况。方法:利用2014年在全国31个省级行政区100个县(市、区)建立的中国心脑血管事件登记系统中2015~2019年脑卒中发病和死亡数据,以监测地区常住人口为分母,计算年度脑卒中粗发病率;以第七次全国人口普查数据为标准人口,采用直接标化法计算年龄标化发病率;运用Joinpoint模型分析脑卒中发病率的年度变化百分比(APC)及变化趋势;以年度脑卒中病例的死亡数量(例)与报告发病数量(例)的比值计算死亡发病比。结果:2019年脑卒中粗发病率为468.48/10万,比2015年升高9.41%(APC=2.12%,95%CI:1.43%~2.82%,P_(trend)<0.01),且男性脑卒中粗发病率高于女性,农村高于城市。男性和女性的粗发病率分别升高11.26%(APC=2.53%,95%CI:1.83%~3.24%,P_(trend)<0.01)和7.26%(APC=1.63%,95%CI:0.81%~2.46%,P_(trend)<0.01)。2019年脑卒中年龄标化发病率为523.82/10万,比2015年下降7.47%(APC=-1.72%,95%CI:-3.23%~-0.20%,P_(trend)<0.05),女性脑卒中年龄标化发病率降低9.56%(APC=-2.27%,95%CI:-3.99%~-0.52%,P_(trend)<0.05),城市脑卒中年龄标化发病率降低13.19%(APC=-3.49%,95%CI:-5.34%~-1.61%,P_(trend)<0.05),城市女性脑卒中年龄标化发病率下降幅度(15.82%,APC=-4.27%,95%CI:-6.34%~-2.15%,P_(trend)<0.01)大于城市男性(11.40%,APC=-2.95%,95%CI:-4.56%~-1.31%,P_(trend)<0.05)。随着年龄的增长脑卒中粗发病率升高。相比2015年,2019年45~49岁年龄段的脑卒中粗发病率升高了12.48%(APC=3.18%,95%CI:1.67%~4.72%,P_(trend)<0.01),而80~84岁年龄段则降低15.76%(APC=-4.39%,95%CI:-7.63%~-1.04%,P_(trend)<0.05)。2015~2019年总体脑卒中死亡发病比为0.19。总体死亡发病比的年龄分布呈现“U”型,50~54岁及55~59岁人群的死亡发病比最低(0.10),之后随年龄增长逐渐升高,≥85岁最高(0.45),且各年龄段的城市死亡发病比均低于农村。结论:2015~2019年间监测地区脑卒中发病形势严峻,存在城乡、年龄、性别的差异化分布。未来有必要加强脑卒中防控,并在年龄、地区广泛覆盖等方面进一步优化。

Teaching Intercultural Competence Using Critical Incident and Cultural Story Telling

Intercultural literacy is attached increasingly great importance in this interconnected world.People from diversified cultural backgrounds need to interact with each other for various purposes.Schools and organizations offer courses to improve people’s intercultural competence.This paper examines two effective techniques to teach intercultural competence in the classroom setting:critical incident activity and cultural story telling.These two strategies can help achieve the desired objectives of Michael Byram’s intercultural communication model.

2020年全国医院感染监控网丙型肝炎病毒感染监测报告

目的了解医疗机构住院患者丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染情况及变化趋势,为制定HCV感染防控策略提供参考依据。方法对2020年上报至全国医院感染监控网医院感染横断面调查资料中HCV感染监测结果进行汇总分析,HCV阳性为血清抗-HCV阳性或HCV RNA阳性,并与2003年调查结果进行比较。结果2020年1573所医院调查住院患者1071368例,其中738535例患者进行了HCV相关检测,4014例存在HCV感染,检测率为68.93%,HCV阳性率为0.54%。男性患者HCV阳性率为0.60%,女性患者为0.48%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=47.18,P<0.001)。年龄段以50~<60岁组HCV阳性率最高(0.76%),其次为40~<50岁组,HCV阳性率为0.71%,各年龄段比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=696.74,P<0.001)。2003年调查住院患者91113例,35145例进行HCV相关检测,检测率为38.57%,775例存在HCV感染,HCV阳性率为2.21%。2020年不同规模医院HCV阳性率为0.46%~0.63%,以医院床位数600~899张者最高,不同规模医院患者HCV阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=35.34,P<0.001)。2020年有12个省/直辖市/自治区HCV相关检测患者人数>10000例,HCV阳性率为0.19%~0.81%,以海南省最高;不同科室HCV阳性率为0.06%~0.82%,以儿科HCV阳性率最低,内科HCV阳性率最高。2003、2020年HCV阳性率均以感染病科最高,分别为7.95%、3.48%,2003年其次为整形科(7.72%)、消化科(3.77%)、肾病科(3.57%)、综合重症监护病房(ICU,3.10%),2020年其次为消化科(1.35%)、肾病科(1.18%)、内分泌科(0.91%)、综合ICU(0.79%)。结论与2003年相比,2020年HCV阳性率明显下降。HCV感染患者主要分布在感染病科,其次为消化科、肾病科及综合ICU,HCV感染阳性率存在性别、年龄、地域的差异。

2021年重庆市宫颈癌发病率、死亡率与生存率分析

目的:了解2021年重庆市宫颈癌发病率、死亡率与五年生存率,为开展恶性肿瘤防治提供依据。方法:收集整理2021年重庆市新发宫颈癌发病死亡数据,分析2021年重庆市宫颈癌发病率、标化发病率、死亡率、标化死亡率、年龄别发病率与死亡率。中国人口标化率采用2000年第五次人口普查标准人口构成进行标化,世界人口标化率采用2000年世界人口构成进行标化。不同性别和地区率的比较采用χ^(2)检验。对2016年新报告的宫颈癌病例进行主动和被动生存随访,采用生存分析寿命表法计算观察生存率,采用乘积极限法(Kaplan-Meier)计算平均生存时间,生存率的比较采用Log Rank of Mantel-Cox进行统计检验。结果:2021年重庆市宫颈癌发病率、中国标化发病率、世界标化发病率分别为21.60/10万、14.64/10万与14.71/10万,宫颈癌发病率农村(23.32/10万)高于城市(17.67/10万)(χ^(2)=6.96,P<0.01)。宫颈癌死亡率、中国标化死亡率、世界标化死亡率分别为5.00/10万、2.79/10万与3.02/10万,宫颈癌死亡率农村(5.65/10万)高于城市(3.53/10万)(χ^(2)=5.42,P=0.02)。2021年重庆市宫颈癌五年生存率为64.32%,城市地区宫颈癌五年生存率(76.35%)高于农村地区(59.79%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=46.65,P<0.01)。结论:重庆市宫颈癌发病率与死亡率高,五年生存率较低,应重视宫颈癌的防治。

Supervision of Public Opinion under the Background of Social Co-governance-Take the Changsheng Vaccine Incident as an Example

Objective To provide reference for the news media to give play to the role of public opinion supervision in time based on the background of drug safety and social co-governance.Methods The method of case analysis was used to make a retrospective study on the Changsheng vaccine incident in 2018.Then the role of mainstream media,pharmaceutical media,and self-media in the supervision of public opinion was investigated.Results and Conclusion Both mainstream and pharmaceutical media played an excellent role in supervising the Changchun Changsheng vaccine incident.However,the content published by some pharmaceutical media was hard to understand by ordinary people.Besides,the role of self-media in public opinion supervision was polarized.Some self-media closely kept pace with mainstream media in public opinion supervision.Other self-media unilaterally pursued the click rate,publishing false information to guide wrong public opinion.The news media should optimize the supervision efficiency of drug safety.On the one hand,pharmaceutical media should pay attention to the fact that readers may not understand the difficult terms because they are not professional.On the other hand,self-media practitioners should improve their professional quality so that they will not publish some fake news to mislead public opinion.

2015~2019年中国居民急性心肌梗死发病和死亡特征分析

目的:分析2015~2019年中国居民急性心肌梗死(AMI)发病、死亡特征及其变化情况。方法:利用覆盖全国31个省级行政区100个县(市、区)的“中国居民心脑血管事件登记系统”数据,纳入2015~2019年报告的AMI发病和死亡病例,以监测地区常住人口为分母,计算年度AMI粗发病率;以第七次全国人口普查数据为标准人口,采用直接标化法计算年龄标化发病率;运用Joinpoint模型分析AMI发病率的年度变化百分比(APC)及变化趋势;以年度AMI个案的死亡数量(例)与报告发病数量(例)的比值计算死亡发病比。结果:2015~2019年,监测地区共累计报告AMI发病病例257686例,死亡病例149169例。2019年AMI粗发病率为82.76/10万,男性AMI粗发病率高于女性,农村高于城市。2015~2019年AMI粗发病率趋于平稳(P>0.05),男性AMI粗发病率升高6.05%(APC=1.30%,95%CI:0.56%~2.02%),女性下降11.80%(APC=-3.10%,95%CI:-4.54%~-1.68%)。2019年AMI年龄标化发病率为94.82/10万,比2015年下降16.59%(APC=-4.32%,95%CI:-5.32%~-3.34%),男性和女性AMI年龄标化发病率分别降低12.57%(APC=-2.72%,95%CI:-3.78%~-1.67%)和23.96%(APC=-6.56%,95%CI:-8.57%~-4.58%),城市和农村分别降低14.37%(APC=-3.08%,95%CI:-6.01%~-0.08%)和19.24%(APC=-5.18%,95%CI:-10.19%~0.03%)。AMI发病率随年龄增长而升高。相比2015年,2019年城市35~44岁男性和45~54岁男性AMI发病率分别升高77.16%(APC=13.52%,95%CI:3.29%~24.57%))和26.36%(APC=5.71%,95%CI:-0.95%~12.68%),而≥65岁总人群的AMI发病率则趋于下降,65~74岁降低26.58%(APC=-6.68%,95%CI:-11.98%~-1.01%),75~84岁降低19.85%(APC=-5.64%,95%CI:-11.57%~0.65%),≥85岁降低14.53%(APC=-4.44%,95%CI:-7.75%~-1.04%)。2015~2019年总体AMI死亡发病比为0.58,女性死亡发病比高于男性,农村高于城市。相比2015年,2019年AMI总体死亡发病比降低16.12%(APC=-4.28%,95%CI:-5.75%~-2.83%),其中城市男性、城市女性、农村男性AMI死亡发病比趋于下降(P均<0.05),而农村女性维持稳定(P>0.05)。结论:2015~2019年间监测地区AMI发病率总体平稳,老年人和女性AMI发病率下降,城市中年男性AMI发病率升高。AMI死亡存在城乡、年龄和性别的差异化分布,需要进一步提升AMI救治水平。

A Comparative Study of YīJiàn Xiǎo Shìand A Small Incident Rendered by the Yangs

Lu Xun’s short stories play a prominent role in the history of modern Chinese literature,and a number of Sinologists have studied them and published their English translations.This paper selects“YīJiàn Xiǎo Shì”in Lu Xun’s collection“Call to Arms”as the object of study,taking hypotaxis and parataxis as the starting point,and compares the translation of Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang with the original version,studying the differences between the them in the process of C-E translation.It is hoped that some flexible conversion strategies in English-Chinese translation can be learned from the translation research.

2013—2022年桐乡市法定传染病流行特征分析

目的分析桐乡市法定传染病流行特征,为制定有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法对2013—2022年桐乡市法定传染病报告的发病情况数据,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果全市无甲类传染病报告,共报告法定传染病29种47944例,年均发病率546.69/10万,报告死亡病例43例,年均死亡率0.49/10万;发病数居前5位的病种依次为其他感染性腹泻病、手足口病、淋病、梅毒、肺结核,占传染病发病报告总数的86.64%;三间分布疫情特征符合传染病发病特点;传播途径构成比从高到低依次为肠道传染病61.03%、血源及性传播传染病23.11%、呼吸道传染病15.41%、自然疫源及虫媒传染病0.39%、其他途径0.06%;低年龄组(0~<15岁)发病以其他感染性腹泻和手足口病为主。结论托幼机构、学校等人员密集单位需要重点关注以其他感染性腹泻病、手足口病、流行性感冒等肠道和呼吸道传染病的防控;成人需要关注淋病、梅毒等性传播疾病和其他感染性腹泻等肠道传染病,加强健康教育宣传,提高防病意识,降低传染病发病率。

1943—1947年英印对中国领土察隅鲁希特山谷之侵占

1943—1947年,是英印政府侵占“麦克马洪线”以南中国领土的重要时期。毗邻缅甸和印度阿萨姆的中国察隅所属鲁希特山谷具有极其重要的战略地位,英印政府竭力侵占,位于鲁希特河中段的瓦弄成为其侵占的关键。英印军队修建瓦弄哨所,以之作为侵占鲁希特山谷的前哨。继之,英印政府派遣官员巡视鲁希特山谷以构建“官”民关系,修建道路、桥梁以构建交通网络,迁移居民以改变人口结构和生活方式。同时,“调整”“麦克马洪线”,越过瓦弄往北推进。在瓦弄、拉萨和重庆对日玛宗本、噶厦和国民政府施压,企图迫使中国接受其侵占事实。西藏地方政府和国民政府无力应对英印军队的侵占,问题只能搁置下来。

2000—2021年如东县2型糖尿病发病趋势分析

目的:分析2000—2021年如东县2型糖尿病发病趋势,为政府制定糖尿病防控策略提供科学依据。方法:收集2000—2021年如东县区域卫生信息平台和医院信息系统(HIS)中的新发2型糖尿病病例,采用Joinpoint回归模型分析2型糖尿病发病率变化特征,计算年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC),预测并验证2022年糖尿病发病水平。结果:2000—2021年如东县2型糖尿病平均粗发病率为259.75/10万,标化发病率总体呈上升趋势,从2000年的51.27/10万上升到2021年的139.83/10万,AAPC为7.76%;2012年是发病率变化转折点,2000—2012年APC=18.67%,2型糖尿病发病率快速上升;2012—2021年APC=-5.24%,发病率缓慢下降。男性粗发病率为198.07/10万,标化率为118.73/10万;女性粗发病率为318.89/10万,标化率为197.03/10万。女性发病率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.41,P<0.05)。45~74岁人群2型糖尿病发病率呈波动性变化。结论:2000—2021年如东县2型糖尿病发病率总体先上升后缓慢下降,糖尿病仍是如东县实施综合防控策略的主要慢性病,女性、45~74岁人群是该地区2型糖尿病重点防控对象。

突发公共卫生事件对区域经济韧性的影响机制与应对:来自中国新冠病毒感染疫情的证据

产业结构服务业化会对区域经济抵抗力产生不利影响,但可以提升区域经济恢复力。产业多样化有利于提升区域经济的抵抗力和恢复力,而专业化则容易产生相反的结果。突发公共卫生事件对区域经济韧性的影响首先表现在对服务业冲击上,并随时间发展传导至制造业,韧性的恢复也是首先由服务业开始的。由此,提出相关政策建议。

1997-2023年全国肺结核报告发病流行病学特征

目的:系统性描述和分析1997—2023年全国肺结核报告发病的流行病学特征,为制订和完善结核病防控策略提供科学依据。方法:收集1997—2023年《全国疫情资料汇编》和《疾病监测统计报告》及“传染病报告信息管理系统”报告的肺结核发病数据,分析全国及各地区肺结核报告发病的时空变化趋势,不同性别、年龄和职业的人群分布特征,以及肺结核患者病原学阳性率。结果:1997—2023年,全国共报告肺结核患者2190.66万例,由1997年的41.82万例逐年上升至2005年最高的125.93万例,随后下降至2023年的61.31万例。2005—2023年肺结核报告发病率总体呈下降趋势(AAPC=-4.78%,95%CI:-5.44%~-4.13%,P<0.001),西部地区下降较慢(AAPC=-4.42%,95%CI:-5.77%~-2.89%,P<0.001);1997—2023年,全国肺结核报告发病数男女性别比为2.22∶1,<15岁儿童组构成比呈下降趋势(AAPC=-5.74%,95%CI:-6.01%~-5.50%,P<0.001),≥65岁老年组构成比呈上升趋势(AAPC=3.80%,95%CI:3.61%~3.99%,P<0.001);报告发病数排在前5位的职业依次是农牧渔民(61.50%,13421197/21822416)、家务及待业(9.32%,2033078/21822416)、工人(5.89%,1285335/21822416)、学生(5.44%,1186104/21822416)、离退休人员(4.69%,1022406/21822416);2023年报告肺结核患者的病原学阳性率为67.08%(392569/585187)。结论:1997年以来,中国肺结核报告发病率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,反映了各个时期卓有成效的结核病防治策略实施的成果。今后需要根据不同地区和人群的疫情特点分类施策,推动新技术新措施的应用实施,加速终结结核病流行。

2013—2022年气象因素对合肥市肺结核发病的影响

目的:分析气象因素对合肥市肺结核发病的影响,为制定肺结核控制策略提供依据。方法:从“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”收集2013—2022年合肥市肺结核周发病数,从合肥市气象局收集同期的气象数据,对二者进行Spearman相关性分析,采用R 4.3.0软件构建分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag nonlinear model,DLNM),探讨气象因素和肺结核周病例数之间的暴露—滞后效应。结果:2013—2022年合肥市肺结核患者共报告发病41366例,报告发病率从2013年的63.2/10万(4742/7506266)下降至2022年的31.4/10万(2960/9424437),呈波动下降趋势(χ_(线性)^(2)=1622.439,P<0.001)。气温、相对湿度和风速对肺结核发病的影响分别呈现为“M”型、倒“N”型和近似“Z”型分布。气温在4.7℃时对肺结核发病的累积效应最高(CRR=2.261,95%CI:1.422~3.594),低温(P5=2.4℃)在滞后16周情况下肺结核发病风险最大;相对湿度在46.1%时对肺结核发病的累积效应最高(CRR=8.666,95%CI:5.452~13.773),低相对湿度(P_(1)=54.7%)在滞后0周时RR值最大,为1.073(95%CI:1.047~1.100),高相对湿度(P_(99)=93.0%)在滞后0~15周时为肺结核的保护因素;风速在1.2m/s时对肺结核发病的累积效应最高(CRR=1.563,95%CI:1.203~2.031),低风速(P_(1)=1.2m/s)在滞后16周时RR值最大,为1.042(95%CI:1.011~1.073),高风速(P_(99)=3.5m/s)在滞后0~13周时为肺结核的保护因素。结论:气象因素在肺结核发病中起重要作用,且具有非线性和滞后效应,低温、低相对湿度和低风速会增加肺结核发病的风险。

2022年全球及中国肺癌流行状况分析

目的根据国际癌症研究机构发布的2022年全球癌症统计报告,结合性别、年龄、人类发展指数(HDI)等特征分析2022年全球及中国肺癌发病和死亡情况。方法全球185个国家和地区的肺癌数据来源于GLOBOCAN 2022数据库,HDI根据联合国开发计划署公布的《2021年人类发展报告》数据进行整理。将癌症数据进行年龄、性别、HDI分层,描述全球及中国肺癌流行情况。采用Pearson相关分析评估年龄标化发病率(ASIR)、年龄标化死亡率(ASMR)及死亡发病比(M/I)与HDI之间的相关性。结果2022年全球肺癌总发病人数为248.1万,位列各癌种发病人数的第1位,ASIR(23.6/10万)位列各癌种的第3位;全球肺癌总死亡人数为181.7万,位列各癌种死亡人数的第1位,ASMR(16.8/10万)位列各癌种的第1位。2022年中国肺癌总发病人数为106.1万,占全球肺癌发病人数的42.8%,位列中国各癌种的第1位,ASIR(40.8/10万)位列中国各癌种的第1位;中国肺癌总死亡人数为73.3万,占全球肺癌死亡人数的40.4%,位列中国各癌种的第1位,ASMR(26.7/10万)位列中国各癌种的第1位。全球及中国男性肺癌发病人数、ASIR、死亡人数、ASMR均高于女性。全球及中国肺癌发病人数、ASIR、死亡人数、ASMR随年龄增长呈现上升趋势,40~44岁年龄组之后增长迅速。各个国家和地区ASIR、ASMR与HDI呈正相关(r=0.7393、0.6865,均P<0.0001),M/I与HDI呈负相关(r=-0.6881,P<0.0001)。结论全球及中国肺癌疾病负担严重,流行情况在不同HDI水平的国家和地区、性别、年龄别之间存在差异。