Landslide susceptibility prediction using slope unit-based machine learning models considering the heterogeneity of conditioning factors

To perform landslide susceptibility prediction(LSP),it is important to select appropriate mapping unit and landslide-related conditioning factors.The efficient and automatic multi-scale segmentation(MSS)method proposed by the authors promotes the application of slope units.However,LSP modeling based on these slope units has not been performed.Moreover,the heterogeneity of conditioning factors in slope units is neglected,leading to incomplete input variables of LSP modeling.In this study,the slope units extracted by the MSS method are used to construct LSP modeling,and the heterogeneity of conditioning factors is represented by the internal variations of conditioning factors within slope unit using the descriptive statistics features of mean,standard deviation and range.Thus,slope units-based machine learning models considering internal variations of conditioning factors(variant slope-machine learning)are proposed.The Chongyi County is selected as the case study and is divided into 53,055 slope units.Fifteen original slope unit-based conditioning factors are expanded to 38 slope unit-based conditioning factors through considering their internal variations.Random forest(RF)and multi-layer perceptron(MLP)machine learning models are used to construct variant Slope-RF and Slope-MLP models.Meanwhile,the Slope-RF and Slope-MLP models without considering the internal variations of conditioning factors,and conventional grid units-based machine learning(Grid-RF and MLP)models are built for comparisons through the LSP performance assessments.Results show that the variant Slopemachine learning models have higher LSP performances than Slope-machine learning models;LSP results of variant Slope-machine learning models have stronger directivity and practical application than Grid-machine learning models.It is concluded that slope units extracted by MSS method can be appropriate for LSP modeling,and the heterogeneity of conditioning factors within slope units can more comprehensively reflect the relationships between conditioning factors and landslides.The research results have important reference significance for land use and landslide prevention.

Improved Prediction of Slope Stability under Static and Dynamic Conditions Using Tree-BasedModels

Slope stability prediction plays a significant role in landslide disaster prevention and mitigation.This paper’s reduced error pruning(REP)tree and random tree(RT)models are developed for slope stability evaluation and meeting the high precision and rapidity requirements in slope engineering.The data set of this study includes five parameters,namely slope height,slope angle,cohesion,internal friction angle,and peak ground acceleration.The available data is split into two categories:training(75%)and test(25%)sets.The output of the RT and REP tree models is evaluated using performance measures including accuracy(Acc),Matthews correlation coefficient(Mcc),precision(Prec),recall(Rec),and F-score.The applications of the aforementionedmethods for predicting slope stability are compared to one another and recently established soft computing models in the literature.The analysis of the Acc together with Mcc,and F-score for the slope stability in the test set demonstrates that the RT achieved a better prediction performance with(Acc=97.1429%,Mcc=0.935,F-score for stable class=0.979 and for unstable case F-score=0.935)succeeded by the REP tree model with(Acc=95.4286%,Mcc=0.896,F-score stable class=0.967 and for unstable class F-score=0.923)for the slope stability dataset The analysis of performance measures for the slope stability dataset reveals that the RT model attains comparatively better and reliable results and thus should be encouraged in further research.

The boundary conditions for simulations of a shake-table experiment on the seismic response of 3D slope

Boundary conditions can significantly affect a slope＇s behavior under strong earthquakes. To evaluate the importance of boundary conditions for finite element （FE） simulations of a shake-table experiment on the slope response, a validated three-dimensional （3D） nonlinear FE model is presented, and the numerical and experimental results are compared. For that purpose, the robust graphical user-interface ＂SlopeSAR＂, based on the open-source computational platform OpenSees, is employed, which simplifies the effort-intensive pre- and post-processing phases. The mesh resolution effect is also addressed. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the influence of boundary conditions on the FE model involving the boundary extent and three types of boundary conditions at the end faces. Generally, variations in the boundary extent produce inconsistent slope deformations. For the two end faces, fixing the y-direction displacement is not appropriate to simulate the shake-table experiment, in which the end walls are rigid and rough. In addition, the influence of the length of the 3D slope＇s top face and the width of the slope play an important role in the difference between two types of boundary conditions at the end faces （fixing the y-direction displacement and fixing the （y, z） direction displacement）. Overall, this study highlights that the assessment of a comparison between a simulation and an experimental result should be performed with due consideration to the effect of the boundary conditions.

Effectiveness of Fiber Bragg Grating monitoring in the centrifugal model test of soil slope under rainfall conditions

Centrifugal model testsare playing an increasingly importantrolein investigating slope characteristics under rainfall conditions. However, conventional electronic transducers usually fail during centrifugal model tests because of the impacts of limitedtest space, high centrifugal force, and presence of water, with the result that limited valid data is obtained. In this study, Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensing technology is employed in the design and development of displacement gauge, an anchor force gauge and an anti-slide pile moment gauge for use on centrifugal model slopes with and without a retaining structure. The two model slopes were installed and monitored at a centrifugal acceleration of 100 g. The test results show that the sensors developed succeed in capturing the deformation and retaining structure mechanical response of the model slopes during and after rainfall. The deformation curvefor the slope without retaining structure shows a steepresponse that turns gradualfor the slope with retaining structure. Importantly, for the slope with the retaining structure, results suggest that more attention be paid to increase of anchor force and antislide pile moment during rainfall. This study verifies the effectiveness of FBG sensing technology in centrifuge research and presents a new and innovative method for slope model testing under rainfall conditions.

Evaluation of slope stability through rock mass classification and kinematic analysis of some major slopes along NH-1A from Ramban to Banihal, North Western Himalayas

The network of Himalayan roadways and highways connects some remote regions of valleys or hill slopes,which is vital for India’s socio-economic growth.Due to natural and artificial factors,frequency of slope instabilities along the networks has been increasing over last few decades.Assessment of stability of natural and artificial slopes due to construction of these connecting road networks is significant in safely executing these roads throughout the year.Several rock mass classification methods are generally used to assess the strength and deformability of rock mass.This study assesses slope stability along the NH-1A of Ramban district of North Western Himalayas.Various structurally and non-structurally controlled rock mass classification systems have been applied to assess the stability conditions of 14 slopes.For evaluating the stability of these slopes,kinematic analysis was performed along with geological strength index(GSI),rock mass rating(RMR),continuous slope mass rating(CoSMR),slope mass rating(SMR),and Q-slope in the present study.The SMR gives three slopes as completely unstable while CoSMR suggests four slopes as completely unstable.The stability of all slopes was also analyzed using a design chart under dynamic and static conditions by slope stability rating(SSR)for the factor of safety(FoS)of 1.2 and 1 respectively.Q-slope with probability of failure(PoF)1%gives two slopes as stable slopes.Stable slope angle has been determined based on the Q-slope safe angle equation and SSR design chart based on the FoS.The value ranges given by different empirical classifications were RMR(37-74),GSI(27.3-58.5),SMR(11-59),and CoSMR(3.39-74.56).Good relationship was found among RMR&SSR and RMR&GSI with correlation coefficient(R 2)value of 0.815 and 0.6866,respectively.Lastly,a comparative stability of all these slopes based on the above classification has been performed to identify the most critical slope along this road.

A stabilized least-squares imaging condition with structure constraints

Conventional shot-gather migration uses a cross-correlation imaging condition proposed by Clarebout （1971）, which cannot preserve imaging amplitudes. The deconvolution imaging condition can improve the imaging amplitude and compensate for illumination. However, the deconvolution imaging condition introduces instability issues. The least-squares imaging condition first computes the sum of the cross-correlation of the forward and backward wavefields over all frequencies and sources, and then divides the result by the total energy of the forward wavefield. Therefore, the least-squares imaging condition is more stable than the classic imaging condition. However, the least-squares imaging condition cannot provide accurate results in areas where the illumination is very poor and unbalanced. To stabilize the least-squares imaging condition and balance the imaging amplitude, we propose a novel imaging condition with structure constraints that is based on the least-squares imaging condition. Our novel imaging condition uses a plane wave construction that constrains the imaging result to be smooth along geological structure boundaries in the inversion frame. The proposed imaging condition improves the stability of the imaging condition and balances the imaging amplitude. The proposed condition is applied to two examples, the horizontal layered model and the Sigsbee 2A model. These tests show that, in comparison to the damped least-squares imaging condition, the stabilized least-squares imaging condition with structure constraints improves illumination stability and balance, makes events more consecutive, adjusts the amplitude of the depth layers where the illumination is poor and unbalanced, suppresses imaging artifacts, and is conducive to amplitude preserving imaging of deep layers.

长江流域30°N沿线昼夜及冬夏降水特征差异分析

利用1996—2020年逐时降水资料,统计分析长江流域30°N沿线不同地形阶梯代表区昼、夜、冬、夏降水的频率、雨量、类条件概率密度等特征,通过研究昼夜比、冬夏比随经度的分布探讨不同高度地形对降水的影响。主要结论如下:(1)30°N沿线四川盆地内降水量和频率的夜昼比向东递减,雅安附近是夜雨强中心区,夜雨现象在四川盆地东侧山地108°E以东趋于消失;盆地内强降水比弱降水更易发生于夜间。(2)30°N沿线冬雨与夏雨存在较大差异,雨量上冬雨小、夏雨大;结构上冬雨弱、夏雨强;降水频次上存在地域差异,第二地形阶梯冬雨少、夏雨多,而第三地形阶梯反之;冬雨受大地形影响更为明显。(3)根据降水第1类类条件概率密度(CCPD1)冬夏比及冬雨CCPD1距平百分比聚类分析,可将8个分区分为3类,该分类与地理位置、地形阶梯有良好的对应关系。(4)夏雨受局地地形影响显著,将夏雨CCPD1距平百分比高于10%的峰(低于-10%的谷)值区定义为夏雨强(弱)潜力区,则各分区强、弱潜力区表现各异。江汉平原南部、鄱阳湖以北发生短时强降水潜力较大,雅安出现极端短时强降水潜力大(强潜力区≥61 mm);冬雨强潜力区(CCPD1距平百分比高于50%的峰值区)位于第三地形阶梯上的Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ分区(潜力值1~20 mm),而该降水区间也是雅安和盆地中央的弱潜力区(CCPD1距平百分比低于-50%的谷值区)。

From the new Austrian tunneling method to the geoengineering condition evaluation and dynamic controlling method

The new Austrian tunneling method （NATM） is widely applied in design and construction of underground engineering projects. When the type and distribution of unfavorable geological bodies （UGBs） associated with their influences on geoengineering are complicated or unfortunately are overlooked, we should pay more attentions to internal features of rocks grades IV and V （even in local but mostly controlling zones）. With increasing attentions to the characteristics, mechanism and influences of engineering construction-triggered geohazards, it is crucial to fully understand the disturbance of these geohazards on project construction. A reasonable determination method in construction procedure, i.e. the shape of working face, the type of engineering support and the choice of feasible procedure, should be considered in order to mitigate the construction-triggered geohazards. Due to their high sensitivity to groundwater and in-situ stress, various UGBs exhibit hysteretic nature and failure modes. To give a complete understanding on the internal causes, the emphasis on advanced comprehensive geological forecasting and overall reinforcement treatment is therefore of more practical significance. Compre- hensive evaluation of influential factors, identification of UGB, and measures of discontinuity dynamic controlling comprises the geoengineering condition evaluation and dynamic controlling method. In a case of a cut slope, the variations of UGBs and the impacts of key environmental factors are presented, where more severe construction-triggered geohazards emerged in construction stage than those predicted in design and field investigation stages. As a result, the weight ratios of different influential factors with respect to field investigation, design and construction are obtained.

On Radiation Boundary Conditions and Wave Transformation Across the Surf Zone

The purpose of this paper is to extend the validity of Li's parabolic model (1994) by incorporating a combined energy factor in the mild-slope equation and by improving the traditional radiation boundary conditions. With wave breaking and energy dissipation expressed in a direct form in the equation, the proposed model could provide an efficient numerical scheme and accurate predictions of wave transformation across the surf zone. The radiation boundary conditions are iterated in the model without use of approximations. The numerical predictions for wave height distributions across the surf zone are compared with experimental data over typical beach profiles. In addition, tests of waves scattering around a circular pile show that the proposed model could also provide reasonable improvement on the radiation boundary conditions for large incident angles of waves.

Application of Voltage Response Method to Condition Assessment of Power Transformer

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power system.Its operating condition affects the reliability of power supply directly.Therefore,in order to guarantee transformer operation safely and reliably,it is necessary to assess condition of power transformer accurately.Return voltage method based on voltage response measurements is still a new non-intrusive diagnosis method for internal insulation aging of transformer.In this paper the technique and application of return voltage measurement and some results of voltage response measurements of several transformers was introduced.Voltage response measurements were performed on various transformers with different voltage grades,various operating periods,different moisture contents and aging degrees on site.Derived moisture contents from return voltage measurement were compared with the corresponding moisture contents obtained from the analysis of oil samples.Based on on-site experiments and theoretical analysis,the criteria for insulation state of transformer are proposed.Moisture condition of transformer insulation can be determined by using return dominant time constant,and a good correlation between aging degree and the return voltage initial slopes of the aged transformers.Field test performed on several transformers,its interpretation of results are also presented,which proves that return voltage measurements can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating moisture content in transformer insulation.

Engineering geological conditions and features of geologic hazards in Wudongde reservoir of Jinshajiang River valley

There is a great difference between the distribution and evolvement characteristics of slope geological hazard in the same geographical location and climatic conditions,taking the similar structural-genetic connection in Wudongde reservoir area of Jinshajiang River valley for example. In all engineering geological conditions,the chronologic age and attitude of strata,and the lithologic association factors control the distributions and evolvement characteristics of slope geological hazard in the studied area. The study shows that the slopes in geological evolution are in different stages. The conclusion helps to understand the types and the intensity of geological disasters.

UAV-mounted Ground Penetrating Radar: an example for the stability analysis of a mountain rock debris slope

This paper describes scientific research conducted to highlight the potential of an integrated GPR-UAV system in engineering-geological applications.The analysis focused on the stability of a natural scree slope in the Germanasca Valley,in the western Italian Alps.As a consequence of its steep shape and the related geological hazard,the study used different remote sensed methodologies such as UAV photogrammetry and geophysics survey by a GPR-drone integrated system.Furthermore,conventional in-situ surveys led to the collection of geological and geomorphological data.The use of the UAV-mounted GPR allowed us to investigate the bedrock depth under the detrital slope deposit,using a non-invasive technique able to conduct surveys on inaccessible areas prone to hazardous conditions for operators.The collected evidence and the results of the analysis highlighted the stability of the slope with Factors of Safety,verified in static conditions(i.e.,natural static condition and static condition with snow cover),slightly above the stability limit value of 1.On the contrary,the dynamic loading conditions(i.e.,seismic action applied)showed a Factor of Safety below the stability limit value.The UAV-mounted GPR represented an essential contribution to the surveys allowing the definition of the interface debris deposit-bedrock,which are useful to design the slope model and to evaluate the scree slope stability in different conditions.

塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡罗探1井奥陶系断控岩溶新类型油气藏勘探突破及意义

塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡罗探1井在奥陶系碳酸盐岩获得勘探新突破,是麦盖提斜坡奥陶系断控岩溶新类型油气藏的首次勘探突破,标志着斜坡区发现一个重要的战略接替领域。结合区域钻井、测井、地震等资料,开展罗探1等井分析化验资料的综合分析,对麦盖提斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩的成藏条件进行再认识。麦盖提斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩断控岩溶储层的形成主要与走滑断裂活动相关,是麦盖提斜坡三类主要成储模式之一;麦盖提斜坡目前已发现油气均来自寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩,基底古构造控制了下寒武统的沉积和烃源岩的分布;斜坡区存在加里东期、海西期—印支期和喜马拉雅期3期油气充注成藏过程,烃源岩、古构造演化及通源断裂控制油气复式聚集成藏,断裂活动期次、断穿层系决定了油气富集层系与油气藏性质。麦盖提斜坡奥陶系走滑断裂十分发育,延伸距离累计可达1000km以上,控制了断控岩溶储层和油气藏的分布,平面上具有明显的分区特征,资源规模大、可部署性强,展示出巨大的勘探潜力,是塔西南地区规模油气勘探发现和战略接替的重要现实领域。

某钼(铜)多金属矿排土场边坡稳定性分析

为了研究排土场边坡稳定性,以西藏天仁矿业有限公司邦铺矿区钼(铜)多金属矿排土场为研究对象。通过工程地质条件调研,并考虑自然工况、降雨工况、地震工况三种工况,最后采用极限平衡分析法中的简化Bishop法、Spencer法与Morgenstern-Prince法对该矿排土场边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明:排土场1-1’剖面在自然工况、降雨工况及地震工况下以极限平衡法计算所得到的安全系数均大于规范值,据此排土场边坡处于稳定状态。研究结果对该矿其他排土场边坡稳定性分析提供一定的参考依据。

基于时间最优的三节臂挖掘机斜坡工况轨迹规划

为了实现对三节臂挖掘末端的精确控制,文中运用解析法对运动学逆解进行求解,依据此方法对普通臂挖掘机和三节臂挖掘机的30°斜坡工况进行作业范围仿真和对比分析,仿真结果表明:该机型平整的斜坡范围比普通臂的增加了7.41%。通过逆解可以确定出斜坡工况时间最优轨迹规划所经过的6个路径点,根据运动学约束,以4-3-3-3-4分段多项式进行插值,采用粒子群算法对各关节的插值时间进行优化,得到各个关节的位置、速度和加速度曲线。最后,将得到的关节角度信息转化在对应的油缸变化上,为特定工况下的挖掘轨迹控制提供依据。

有限元强度折减法分析软基边坡稳定性

有限元强度折减法在均质土坡和岩石边坡中已有较多的研究和应用,但应用到强度较低的软基边坡,其模型网格划分和边界条件,与均质边坡有所不同。经对比研究得出软基边坡模型的网格节点密度达到每米2点较为适宜,模型边界应以修正后的坡高H来界定。结合具体工程案例,利用有限元强度折减法复核其稳定,并与极限平衡法进行了对比,结果表明前述网格划分和模型边界设置较为适宜,且有限元强度折减法可以较好的反映边坡应力应变分布。

区域性场地V_s30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法

地震动速报评估方法中常常考虑场地的影响,为了提高地形坡度模型的区域性地表30m的平均剪切波速Vs30估算精度,本文提出了基于工程钻孔资料的Vs30的修正方法。通过计算实际钻孔的Vs30值与坡度模型估算的Vs30值之间的残差,分析了残差的空间变化趋势,利用克里金插值对所研究区域的Vs30残差趋势面进行插值,并与估算的Vs30进行空间叠加,实现了Vs30的修正。选取K-net和Kik-net台网中台站的剪切波速资料和强震记录回归了峰值加速度放大系数与场地Vs30的经验关系,将其应用于基于ShakeMap框架的地震动快速评估系统绘制了汶川地震影响区域的基岩和地表加速度峰值,分析场地条件对于地震动的实际影响,结果表明区域性场地Vs30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法具有一定的适用性。

30%SiCp/2024Al复合材料动态再结晶临界条件

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对30%SiCp/Al复合材料进行热模拟试验,其变形温度为623~773K、应变速率为0.01~10s-1。采用加工硬化率法对应力-应变数据进行处理,结合lnθ-ε曲线的拐点和（-（lnθ）/ε）-ε）曲线最小值的判据,研究了该复合材料动态再结晶临界条件。结果表明,30%SiCp/2024Al复合材料的真应力-应变曲线主要以动态再结晶软化机制为特征,峰值应力（σp）随变形温度降低或应变速率升高而增加;该材料的lnθ-ε曲线出现拐点,（-（lnθ）/ε）-ε）曲线出现最小值;临界应变（εc）随变形温度升高与应变速率降低而减小,且临界应变与峰值应变（εp）之间具有相关性,即εc=0.563εp;临界应变与Zener-Hollomon参数（Z）之间的函数关系为εc=7.96×10-3Z0.038。

Geo-slope在工程应用中竖向边界选取问题的探讨

以西安市某均质土坝为例,在上下游地层竖向边界不设置边界条件、加透水边界、加无限边界和无限边界加透水边界等条件下,计算了大坝和坝基渗流场,并进而采用Seep和Slope耦合,研究了边界条件的选取对渗流及边坡稳定的影响,得出如下结论:竖向边界简单取为无限边界时计算结果与实际不符;加透水边界时计算的渗流量和下游坡脚处的水力坡降符合实测资料,安全系数大小也比较可信。该结论可为边界条件的选取提供参考。

宁夏黄土区典型坡面表层土壤有机碳含量的空间变化特征及尺度效应

【目的】定量认识土壤有机碳(SOC)含量在坡面上的空间异质性及尺度效应,探索“由点及面”估算坡面平均SOC含量的精确便捷途径,为细致刻画坡面土壤资源状况、全面理解生态系统碳循环、制定土壤高质量管理方案提供科学基础。【方法】在宁夏半干旱黄土丘陵区,选择3个相邻的由退耕还林工程形成的典型坡面,从坡顶向坡脚设置连续样点,调查各样点的土地利用、植被特征、立地条件及表层(0^20 cm)SOC含量,分析其坡向差异、坡位变化;以“离坡顶的水平距离或相对距离”为自变量,以表层SOC含量的顺坡滑动平均值为因变量,定量描述坡面尺度效应;再以坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值为因变量,实现由“点”到“面”的尺度上推。【结果】研究区表层SOC含量存在明显的坡向差异、坡位变化、尺度效应。表层SOC含量的坡面平均值在南坡(7.60 g·kg^(-1))最高,东坡(6.42 g·kg^(-1))次之,西坡(5.65 g·kg^(-1))最低,其坡位间变幅在东坡(15.95 g·kg^(-1))最大,其次为西坡(11.34 g·kg^(-1)),最小为南坡(9.72 g·kg^(-1)),说明东坡的坡面效应最强,其次为西坡,南坡最弱。东坡、西坡、南坡表层SOC含量的坡位变化大致相同,均由坡顶向下逐渐减小,至离坡顶水平距离200、150、280 m(相对距离0.73、0.45、0.76)后趋于稳定,主要与坡面“上部为自然状态的坡地+林草植被+恢复年限长、下部为人工梯田+林农植被+扰动频繁”的空间格局有关。在东坡、西坡、南坡上,距坡顶水平距离每增加100 m,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-3.40、-2.50、-1.51 g·kg^(-1);距坡顶相对距离每增加0.1,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-0.96、-0.75、-0.55 g·kg^(-1)。构建3个坡向不同坡位样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离或相对距离增加而变化的数量关系(R^(2)>0.7,P<0.001),籍此可由坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量精确便捷地估算坡面平均值。将所有位点数据融合得出,离坡顶相对距离0.4的位点表层SOC含量最接近坡面平均值。【结论】半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面表层SOC含量沿坡从上至下基本呈先减小后稳定的变化,与土地利用类型、植被类型、恢复年限的坡面分布格局有关。以顺坡(相对)水平坡长增加为尺度变量可较好地定量刻画表层SOC含量的坡面变化特征及尺度效应,藉此可实现坡面表层SOC含量平均值的精确便捷推算。