Fatigue properties of 48MnV steel with twin arc spraying 3Cr13 coatings

The fatigue behaviors of 48MnV steel, both uncoated and coated with different thicknesses of 3Cr13 deposits using twin arc spraying, were investigated. The fatigue properties of the 48MnV steel, determined under axial loading conditions, can be substantially decreased by coating 3Cr13 films, deposited by twin arc spraying. And the fatigue behavior of the thinner coatings is better than that of the thicker ones, of which the fatigue limits decrease by 9%[CD*2]14%. The decrease in fatigue life attributes to the less mechanical properties of the coatings in comparison with those of the substrate, their relative bad bonding strength and trapped oxide or Al2O3 particles retain in the matrix after blasting responsible for the initiation of fatigue cracks.

析出相及夹杂物对L80-9Cr钢耐蚀性的影响

通过电化学测试和FeCl_(3)点蚀试验,研究了Cr_(23)C_(6)析出相及Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物对L80-9Cr钢耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:Cr_(23)C_(6)在原马氏体板条束内的析出聚集增大了小角度晶界处的晶格畸变程度,使其具有较高的电化学活性,导致材料耐腐蚀性能降低;另一方面,Cr_(23)C_(6)析出导致周围贫Cr区的形成,增大材料的点蚀倾向;此外,Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物的存在也为点蚀萌生与发展提供有利位置,两者的共同作用导致L80-9Cr钢的严重点蚀。

Effect of anions on stress corrosion cracking behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo

The effects of chloride,sulfate and carbonate anions on stress corrosion behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo were studied by stress corrosion cracking(SCC)test method using double cantilever beam(DCB)specimens.The SCC morphology was observed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the composition of corrosion products was analyzed by using energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).The results show that the crack propagates to bifurcation in NaCl and Na2SO4 solution,while the crack in Na2CO3 solution propagates along the load direction.The SCC rate in NaCl solution is the highest,while lower in Na2SO4 solution and little in Na2CO3 solution.From the SEM morphologies,quasi-cleavage fracture was observed in NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions,but intergranular features in Na2CO3 solution.The mechanism of anion effect on SCC of steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo was studied by using full immersion test and electrochemical measurements.

Simulation of dynamic recrystallization in 23Co13Ni11Cr3Mo steel using a modified cellular automaton

A modified cellular automaton(CA) program was developed to simulate the process of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) for 23Co13Ni11Cr3Mo ultrahigh strength steel.In this model,influences of deformation parameters on hardening rate and solute drag effect were considered.Moreover,an inverse analysis method was proposed for parameters identification of dislocation model and solute drag effect based on the results of isothermal compression tests on Gleeble-1500.Then,simulated microstructures under different deformation conditions were compared with those of experiments.A good agreement is achieved.Furthermore,influences of deformation parameters on microstructure evolution for 23Co13Ni11Cr3Mo steel were investigated in details.High strain is an effective measure to refine grain and improve homogeneity.Meanwhile,the desired deformation parameters are temperature of 1000-1050 °C and strain rate of 0.008-0.01 s-1 for obtaining grains smaller than 22.5 μm.

Study of High Temperature Deformation and Recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V Steel

The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels. ABSTRACT:The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels.

CYCLIC OXIDATION OF Ni-La_2O_3 COMPOSITE COATINGS ELECTRODEPOSITED ON NICKEL AND Fe26Cr STAINLESS STEEL

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IN-SITU OBSERVATION OF THERMAL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN STEEL 3Cr2W8V

The growing process of thermal fatigue cracking,in steel 3Cr2WSV was observed under desk SEM fitted with sell-made minisized device for thermal faligue test.Before the growing of thermal fatigue crack,the main crack tip reveals to blunt firstly,and some holes and uncontinuous microcraeks occur in front of it.The growth is developed by bridging of main crack together with holes and microcracks.

Effect of Metallurgical Behaviour at the Interface between Ceramic and Interlayer on the Si_3N_4/1.25Cr-0.5Mo Steel Joint Strength

By using newly developed CuNi5~25Ti16~28 B rapldly solidifled brazing filler the joining of Si3 N4/1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel has been carried out with interlayer method. If employing the interlayer structure of steel (0.2 mm)/W (2.0 mm)/Ni(0.2 mm), the joint strength can be increased greatly compared with employing that of Ni/W/Ni, and the three point bend strength of the Joint shows the value of 261 MPa. The metallurgical behaviour at the interface between Si3N4 and the interlayer has been studied. It is found that Fe participated in the interfacial reactions between Si3N4 and the brazing filler at the Si3N4/steel (0.2 mm) interface and the compound Fe5Si3 was produced. However, since the reactions of Fe with the active Ti are weaker than those of Ni with Ti, the normal inter facial reactions were still assured at the interface of Si3N4/steel (0.2 mm) instead of Si3N4/Ni (0.2 mm), resulting in the improvement of the joint strength. The mechanism of the formation of Fe5Si3 is also discussed. Finally, some ideas to further ameliorate and simplify the interlayer structure are put forward.

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF M/B DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN A HIGH CARBON Cr-Mo-W STEEL

Determination was carried out of fatigue crack propagation rate of steel 65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi (LM2)with various bainite contents and M/B duplex structure tempered at various tempera- tures.The threshold value of fatigue for each processing was estimated by experimental data. The mechanism for fatigue crack propagation of M/B duplex structure in steel LM2 seems to be non-continuous.The calculated fatigue crack micro-propagation rates are found to agree with the experimental data.

含Cr钢的CO2腐蚀行为及成膜动力学研究

目前对含Cr钢CO2腐蚀中的产物膜生长动力学过程研究不多。为此,采用高温高压反应釜、动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱、光电子能谱、高分辨拉曼光谱等方法研究了不同Cr含量钢在模拟油井下环境中的CO2腐蚀行为及成膜动力学。结果表明:Cr含量的升高会明显降低含Cr钢在模拟CO2腐蚀环境中的腐蚀速率,其中3Cr钢和5Cr钢的腐蚀速率相近,腐蚀速率高于3 mm/a;6Cr钢和7Cr钢的腐蚀速率明显低于3Cr和5Cr钢,腐蚀速率低于1mm/a;腐蚀产物膜成膜过程可以分为2个阶段,阶段1为Cr(OH)3的生长过程,成膜电流I和时间t取对数后满足线性关系;阶段2中随着腐蚀时间的增加,腐蚀电流逐渐增大;产物膜在成膜初期以直接成膜的Cr(OH)3为主,随着腐蚀时间的延长,Cr(OH)3发生溶解,留下的位置被FeCO3沉淀填充。

长时高温运行后12%Cr钢高温螺栓微观组织分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段考察了不同运行阶段12%Cr钢高温螺栓的微观组织变化。经与新螺栓对比,结果表明受检螺栓的组织中,局部区域δ铁素体含量超过10%。螺栓运行6万h后,其金相组织逐渐老化,碳化物沿δ铁素体边界析出,合金元素开始向碳化物迁移,材料进入老化初期;运行35万h后,碳化物颗粒粗化更加明显,沿δ铁素体边界已形成粗大的碳化物链,合金元素向碳化物中迁移严重,材料进入老化后期。

α-相对2.625t 1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢锭初轧坯表面质量的影响

生产实践表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢α-相数量(级别)是影响2．625 t钢锭初轧坯表面质量的主要因素,当钢中α-相超过2．5级[α-相含量(面积)=12％]时,钢坯表面质量急剧下降。当钢中C为0．08％、(Cr+ 3．28Ti)／Ni≤2,钢锭均热温度≤1 270℃时,钢中α-相≤2．5级,可得到良好表面质量的轧坯。为获得较好的轧坯表面质量,应控制钢中Ti≤0．70％、电渣母材的Ti≤0．80％。

4Cr9Si2阀门钢丝冷拔过程中脆断的失效分析

用扫描电镜 /能谱分析、X射线萃取相分析和Thermo -Calc热力学相计算等方法 ,分析了 4Cr9Si2阀门钢丝在冷拔过程中发生脆断的原因。结果表明 ,钢丝脆断是由于中间退火温度选择不合理 ,使 (Cr,Fe) 7C3

Effect of Morphology for Novel Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel on Its Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility

With TEM、SEM, various high temperature deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel were investigated. The sub structures,recrystallized nuclei, as well as the dynamic precipitation were also studied and analyzed. The relationship between recrystallized structures and dynamic precipitation was discussed. The results showed that the deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. Because W9Mo3Cr4V steel is a high speed steel, there are a large number of residual carbides on the matrix. Also, much dynamic precipitating carbides will precipitate during deformation at high temperature.

Cr-Ni轻型气瓶旋压收口金属脱落原因分析

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析等手段,分析了Cr-Ni气瓶用无缝钢管在中频感应加热旋压收口过程中产生金属脱落缺陷的原因。结果表明:金属脱落是由于钢管过烧所致。制瓶厂家在收口过程中,采用中频感应加热及三轴联动旋压收口时加热温度过高、形变速度过大,机械能转化为热能致使局部温度上升至液相点以上,导致形变过烧。

Evaluation of increasing service life of epoxy zinc-rich coating on 3 wt.%Ni-advanced low-alloy steel in marine atmospheric environment

The addition of Ni element into steel to prolong the service life of coated steel was investigated in marine atmospheric environment by laboratory simulated accelerated experiment.The scanning electron microscope and electron probe microanalysis combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize coated steel properties and examined the anti-corrosion performance.The results showed that 3 wt.%Ni-advanced steel(3Ni steel)substrate obviously delayed the failure time of coating compared to carbon steel,therefore prolonging the service life of coating on the steel.X-ray diffraction patterns for the corrosion products under the scratched coating on 3Ni steel exhibited that FeNi_(2)O_(4) and Fe_(2)O_(3) occurred in the corrosion product of 3Ni steel.It was also found that Ni element enriched in the product layer through analyzing the appearance and composition of corrosion products by electron probe micro-analysis.Chloride ions were blocked out of product by the enrichment of Ni element in rust layer.

Optimizing the low-pressure carburizing process of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE gear steel

Compared with the traditional atm ospheric carburization, low-pressure carburization has the benefits of producing no surface oxidation and leaving fine, uniformly dispersed carbides in the carburized layer. However, the process param eters for low-pressure carburization of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE steel have yet to be optimized. Thus, we use the saturation-value method to optimize these parameters for aviation-gear materials. Toward this end, the m icrostructure and properties of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE steel after different carburization processes are studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transm ission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Considering the saturated austenite carbon concentration, we propose a model of carbon flux and an alloy coefficient for low -pressure carburization to reduce the carbon concentration in austenite and avoid the surface carbide network. At the early stage of carburization (30 s), the gas-solid interface has a higher concentration gradient. The averaging method is not ideal in practical applications, but the carbon flux measured by using the segm ented average m ethod is 2.5 times that measured by the overall average method, which is ideal in practical applications. The corresponding carburization tim e is reduced by 60%. By using the integral average method, the actual carburization time increases, which leads to the rapid form ation of carbide on the surface and affects the entire carburization process. Nb and Wcombine with C to form carbides, which hinders carbon diffusion and consumes carbon, resulting in a sharp decrease in the rate of C diffusion in austenite (the diffusion rate is reduced by 52% for 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE steel). By changing the diffusion coefficient model and comparing the hardness gradient of different processes, the depth of the actual layer is found to be very similar to the design depth.

Effects of rare earth modifying inclusions on the pitting corrosion of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel

In this study,the pitting corrosion behavior of 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel(BASE)and that modified with rare earth(REM)in 0.1 mol/L Na Cl solution were characterized.Techniques such as automatic secondary electron microscope(ASPEX PSEM detector),scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),scanning Kelvin probe force microscope(SKP),potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations were employed.The results obtained indicate that BASE steel contains Al_(2)O_(3)/Mn S,Al_(2)O_(3) and Mn S inclusions,while REM steels contain(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O and(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O-S inclusions.Compared with BASE steel,REM steel is more susceptible to induce the metastable pitting nucleation and repassivation,whereas it restrains the transition from metastable pitting to stable pitting.Adding 0.021%rare earth element to BASE steel can reduce the number and area of inclusions,while that of 0.058%can increase the number and enlarged the size of inclusions,which is also the reason that pitting corrosion resistance of 58 REM steel is slightly lower than that of 21 REM steel.In the process of pitting corrosion induced by Al_(2)O_(3)/Mn S inclusions,Mn S is preferentially anodic dissolved,and also the matrix contacted with Al_(2)O_(3) is subsequently anodic dissolved.For REM steels,anodic dissolution preferentially occurs at the boundary between inclusions and matrix,while(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O inclusions chemically dissolve in local acidic environment or are separated from steel matrix.The chemically dissolved substance(La^(3+) and Ce^(3+))of(La,Ce,Cr,Fe)-O inclusions are concentrated in pitting pits,which inhibits its continuous growth.

Modeling Flow Stress of 70Cr3Mo Steel Used for Back-Up Roll During Hot Deformation Considering Strain Compensation

A constitutive model incorporating the influence of strain developed based on the Arrhenius equation by considering the variation of material constants as a fifth polynomial function of strain is presented. Materials con- stants are fit to data from hot compression tests of 70Cr3Mo steel used for back-up roll at the temperatures from 1 173 to 1 473 K and strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s ~ by using a Gleeble-1500D thermo-mechanieal simulator. The de- veloped constitutive model is then used to predict the flow stress under all the tested conditions. The statistical pa- rameters of correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error are used to analyze the predictable efficiency and the values are 0. 997 and 3. 64%, respectively. The results show a good agreement between experimental stress and predicted stress.

On Laves phase in a 9Cr3W3CoB martensitic heat resistant steel when aged at high temperatures

9Cr3W3 CoB steels are developed to serve at the temperature range of 620-650℃,and have been recognized as the most promising martensitic heat-resistant steels for supercritical power plants.Due to the high W and Co contents,the Fe_(2)W Laves phase in such 9Cr3W3 CoB steel possesses some specialties in thermodynamics.In the present research,it was found that even when aged at 800℃in the 9Cr3W3 CoB steel,instead of dissolving,Laves phase formed after 50 h and kept on increasing in size and number density until 1000 h,indicating that the Laves phase was marching for the thermodynamic equilibrium during aging.In this thermodynamic process,the W-rich M_(3)B_(2)borides in as-received steel and M23C6 carbides were revealed to dissolve,supporting the growth of Laves phase.SEM investigation indicates that Laves phase tended to form clusters,and finally grow as a unit bulk Laves phase with an irregular shape.Besides,Laves phase nucleated next to M23C6 carbides and enwrapped them inside at 800℃.In addition,the growth processes of Laves phase and M23C6 carbides were a competitive procedure,the coarsening of M23C6 carbides was prior to the growth of Laves phase at 750℃while the growth of Laves phase was prior to the coarsening of M23C6 carbides at 800℃.