The Application of Digital Optical 3D Image Analyzer Evaskin in The Evaluation of Wrinkles

To verify the effectiveness of digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN in the objective and quantitative evaluation of wrinkles.A total of 115 subjects were recruited,the facial images of the subjects were collected by digital optical 3D image analyzer and manual camera,the changes of crow’s feet with age were analyzed.Pictures obtained by manual photography can be directly used for observation and preliminary grading of wrinkles.However,the requirements for evaluators are high,and the results are prone to errors,which will affect the accuracy of the evaluation.Therefore,skilled raters are needed.Compared with the manual photography method,the digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN can realize three-dimensional extraction of wrinkles,and obtain the change trend of crow’s feet with age.20~30 years old,wrinkles begin to appear slowly;wrinkles will increase rapidly at the age of 30~50;The length of 50~60 year old wrinkles is basically fixed,the wrinkles develop longitudewise,gradually widen and deepen,and the area,depth and volume increase is obvious,and the skin aging condition is intensified.the digital optical 3D image analyzer EvaSKIN realizes the 3D extraction of wrinkles,quantifies the circumference,area,average depth,maximum depth and volume of wrinkles,realizes the objective and quantitative evaluation of wrinkle state,is more accurate in the measurement of wrinkles,and provides a new instrument and method for the evaluation of wrinkles.it is a perfect and supplement to the traditional evaluation methods,and to a certain extent,it helps the research and development and evaluation institutions of cosmetics to obtain more abundant and three-dimensional data support.

Computation of elastic properties of 3D digital cores from the Longmaxi shale

The dependence of elastic moduli of shales on the mineralogy and microstructure of shales is important for the prediction of sweet spots and shale gas production. Based on 3D digital images of the microstructure of Longmaxi black shale samples using X-ray CT, we built detailed 3D digital images of cores with porosity properties and mineral contents. Next, we used finite-element （FE） methods to derive the elastic properties of the samples. The FE method can accurately model the shale mineralogy. Particular attention is paid to the derived elastic properties and their dependence on porosity and kerogen. The elastic moduli generally decrease with increasing porosity and kerogen, and there is a critical porosity （0.75） and kerogen content （ca. ≤3%） over which the elastic moduli decrease rapidly and slowly, respectively. The derived elastic moduli of gas- and oil-saturated digital cores differ little probably because of the low porosity （4.5%） of the Longmaxi black shale. Clearly, the numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility of combining microstructure images of shale samples with elastic moduli calculations to predict shale properties.

Uniaxial experimental study of the acoustic emission and deformation behavior of composite rock based on 3D digital image correlation(DIC)

In this paper, uniaxial compression tests were carried out on a series of composite rock specimens with different dip angles, which were made from two types of rock-like material with different strength. The acoustic emission technique was used to monitor the acoustic signal characteristics of composite rock specimens during the entire loading process. At the same time, an optical non-contact 3 D digital image correlation technique was used to study the evolution of axial strain field and the maximal strain field before and after the peak strength at different stress levels during the loading process. The effect of bedding plane inclination on the deformation and strength during uniaxial loading was analyzed. The methods of solving the elastic constants of hard and weak rock were described. The damage evolution process, deformation and failure mechanism, and failure mode during uniaxial loading were fully determined. The experimental results show that the θ = 0?–45?specimens had obvious plastic deformation during loading, and the brittleness of the θ = 60?–90?specimens gradually increased during the loading process. When the anisotropic angle θincreased from 0?to 90?, the peak strength, peak strain,and apparent elastic modulus all decreased initially and then increased. The failure mode of the composite rock specimen during uniaxial loading can be divided into three categories:tensile fracture across the discontinuities(θ = 0?–30?), slid-ing failure along the discontinuities(θ = 45?–75?), and tensile-split along the discontinuities(θ = 90?). The axial strain of the weak and hard rock layers in the composite rock specimen during the loading process was significantly different from that of the θ = 0?–45?specimens and was almost the same as that of the θ = 60?–90?specimens. As for the strain localization highlighted in the maximum principal strain field, the θ = 0?–30?specimens appeared in the rock matrix approximately parallel to the loading direction,while in the θ = 45?–90?specimens it appeared at the hard and weak rock layer interface.

Multi-source data-based 3D digital preservation of large scale ancient chinese architecture:A case report

The 3D digitalization and documentation of ancient Chinese architecture is challenging because of architectural complexity and structural delicacy.To generate complete and detailed models of this architecture,it is better to acquire,process,and fuse multi-source data instead of single-source data.In this paper,we describe our work on 3D digital preservation of ancient Chinese architecture based on multi source data.We first briefly introduce two surveyed ancient Chinese temples,Foguang Temple and Nanchan Temple.Then,we report the data acquisition equipment we used and the multi-source data we acquired.Finally,we provide an overview of several applications we conducted based on the acquired data,including ground and aerial image fusion,image and LiDAR(light detection and ranging)data fusion,and architectural scene surface reconstruction and semantic modeling.We believe that it is necessary to involve multi-source data for the 3D digital preservation of ancient Chinese architecture,and that the work in this paper will serve as a heuristic guideline for the related research communities.

Reconstructing the 3D digital core with a fully convolutional neural network

In this paper, the complete process of constructing 3D digital core by fullconvolutional neural network is described carefully. A large number of sandstone computedtomography (CT) images are used as training input for a fully convolutional neural networkmodel. This model is used to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) digital core of Bereasandstone based on a small number of CT images. The Hamming distance together with theMinkowski functions for porosity, average volume specifi c surface area, average curvature,and connectivity of both the real core and the digital reconstruction are used to evaluate theaccuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the reconstruction achieved relativeerrors of 6.26%, 1.40%, 6.06%, and 4.91% for the four Minkowski functions and a Hammingdistance of 0.04479. This demonstrates that the proposed method can not only reconstructthe physical properties of real sandstone but can also restore the real characteristics of poredistribution in sandstone, is the ability to which is a new way to characterize the internalmicrostructure of rocks.

Microscale crack propagation in shale samples using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional numerical modeling

Reliable prediction of the shale fracturing process is a challenging problem in exploiting deep shale oil and gas resources.Complex fracture networks need to be artificially created to employ deep shale oil and gas reserves.Randomly distributed minerals and heterogeneities in shales significantly affect mechanical properties and fracturing behaviors in oil and gas exploitation.Describing the actual microstructure and associated heterogeneities in shales constitutes a significant challenge.The RFPA3D(rock failure process analysis parallel computing program)-based modeling approach is a promising numerical technique due to its unique capability to simulate the fracturing behavior of rocks.To improve traditional numerical technology and study crack propagation in shale on the microscopic scale,a combination of high-precision internal structure detection technology with the RFPA^(3D) numerical simulation method was developed to construct a real mineral structure-based modeling method.First,an improved digital image processing technique was developed to incorporate actual shale microstructures(focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy was used to capture shale microstructure images that reflect the distri-butions of different minerals)into the numerical model.Second,the effect of mineral inhomogeneity was considered by integrating the mineral statistical model obtained from the mineral nanoindentation experiments into the numerical model.By simulating a shale numerical model in which pyrite particles are wrapped by organic matter,the effects of shale microstructure and applied stress state on microcrack behavior and mechanical properties were investigated and analyzed.In this study,the effect of pyrite particles on fracture propagation was systematically analyzed and summarized for the first time.The results indicate that the distribution of minerals and initial defects dominated the fracture evolution and the failure mode.Cracks are generally initiated and propagated along the boundaries of hard mineral particles such as pyrite or in soft minerals such as organic matter.Locations with collections of hard minerals are more likely to produce complex fractures.This study provides a valuable method for un-derstanding the microfracture behavior of shales.

基于数字图像的复合岩石试验与损伤模型研究

为研究层状复合岩石破坏过程和形态,采用相似理论制作出层状复合岩石相似模型,在单轴压缩条件下观测岩石的破坏特征,结合三维数字图像相关技术(3D digital image correlation,DIC)对试件的整体变形及破坏进行全过程的观测,得到复合岩石三维场的位移和应变,同时基于试件表面应变场的变化,建立了表面损伤程度与损伤因子D之间的量化关系,进而得到基于DIC表征的层状复合岩石损伤演化模型,研究结果表明:层状复合岩石的破坏形态与脆性岩石特征相似,以拉伸劈裂破坏和Y型剪切破坏为主;DIC试验记录的表面应变与损伤因子之间的量化关系可有效反映岩石破坏的全过程,以此为基础建立的损伤演化方程与实验数据拟合效果较好,证明了模型的合理性。

Quantitative analysis of the effect of the PAY1 gene on rice canopy structure during different reproductive stages

The leaf and stem types are core structural characteristics of the rice phenotype that determine the light interception ability of the canopy and directly affect crop yield.The PLANT ARCHITECTURE AND YIELD 1(PAY1)gene has been shown to alter the prostrate growth habit of wild rice and to inhibit the wild rice prostrate growth gene PROSTRATE GROWTH 1(PROG1).In this paper,the wild rice introgression line YIL55,which contains the PROG1 gene;its mutant,PAY1;and its parent,TQ,were used as test varieties to construct three-dimensional(3D)canopy structure models based on 3D digital assay technology.On this basis,quantitative analyses of the PAY1 gene and the plant leaf and stem types at the jointing,heading and filling stages were performed.Under the influence of the PAY1 gene,the plant stem and leaf angles from vertical decreased significantly;the plants were upright,with larger leaves;the culm angle changed from loose to compact;and the average tiller angle during the three key reproductive stages decreased from 44.9,28.5 and 21.3°to 17.6,8.4 and 10.5°,respectively.Moreover,the PAY1 mutant retained the PROG1 gene characteristic of exhibiting dynamic changes in the tiller angle throughout the growth period,and its culm angle changed from loose during the jointing stage to compact during the heading stage.The measurements of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)in the canopy also showed that the mutant PAY1 allowed more PAR to reach the bottom of the canopy than the other varieties.The light-extinction coefficients for PAY1 at the jointing,heading and filling stages were 0.535,0.312 and 0.586,respectively,which were lower than those of the other two varieties.In this study,the influence of the PAY1 gene on rice canopy structural characteristics was quantitatively analyzed to provide effective canopy structure parameters for breeding the ideal plant type.

Biomimetic Riblets Inspired by Sharkskin Denticles： Digitizing, Modeling and Flow Simulation

While sharkskin surface roughness in terms of denticle morphology has been hypothesized but remains yet controversial to be capable of achieving turbulent flow control and drag reduction, sharkskin-inspired ＂riblets＂ have been reported to be an effective biomimetic design. Here we address an integrated study of biomimetic riblets inspired by sharkskin denticles by combining 3D digitizing and mod- eling of＂fresh＂ denticles and computational fluid dynamic modeling of turbulent flows on a rough surface with staggered denticles and hound-tooth-patterned grooves. Realistic microstructures of denticles in five shark species of Galapagos, great white, whitetip reef, blacktip reef, and hammerhead sharks were first measured and digitized in three fold： （1） 2D imaging of lubricated sharkskin in a wet state by means of a ＂nano-suit＂ technique with a Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope （FE-SEM）; （2） 3D structures of sharkskin denticles with a micro-focus X-ray CT; and （3） single denticles of the five shark species in a 3D manner with 3D-CAD. The denticles at mid-body location in the five species were observed to have a structure of five non-uniform-ridges （herein termed ＂non-uniform grooves＂） with Angles Of Inclination （AOI） ranging over 20° - 32°. Hydrodynamics associated with the unique five-ridge denticles were then in- vestigated through modeling turbulent flow past a denticle-staggered skin surface. We further constructed a biomimetic riblet model inspired by the non-uniform grooves and investigated the hydrodynamic effects of height-to-spacing ratios of mid-ridge and side-ridges. Our results indicate that the morphological non-uniformity in sharkskin denticles likely plays a critical role in passively controlling local turbulent flow and point to the potential of denticle-inspired biomimetic riblets for turbulent-flow control in aquatic vehicles as well as other fluid machinery.

Ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation applied for deformation measurement in thermal testing with infrared quartz lamps

In thermal-structural testing of hypersonic materials and structures,deformation measurement on the front surface of an object directly heated by quartz lamps is highly necessary and very challenging.This work describes a novel front-surface high-temperature deformation measurement technique,which adopts ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation(UV 3D-DIC)to observe and measure the high-temperature deformation fields on front surfaces directly heated by quartz lamps.Compared with existing blue light DIC techniques,the established UV 3D-DIC,which combines UV CCD camera,active UV illumination and bandpass filter imaging,can effectively suppress the strong disturbing light emitted by the quartz lamps and the heated sample itself during heating process.Two experiments were carried out to verify the robustness and accuracy of the developed technique:(1)direct observation of front surfaces of a hypersonic thermal structure sample heated from room temperature to 1050℃,and(2)front-surface thermal stain and coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)measurement of an Inconel 718 sample up to 800℃.The well matched strain and CTE results with literature data show that UV 3D-DIC system is an effective technique for front-surface deformation measurement and has great potential in characterizing deformation response of hypersonic materials and structures subjected to transient aerodynamic heating.

Using modular 3D digital earth applications based on point clouds for the study of complex sites

This article discusses the use of 3D technologies in digital earth applications(DEAs)to study complex sites.These are large areas containing objects with heterogeneous shapes and semantic information.The study proposes that DEAs should be modular,have multi-tier architectures,and be developed as Free and Open Source Software if possible.In DEAs requiring high reliability in the 3D measurements,point clouds are proposed as basis for the 3D Digital digital earth representation.For the development of DEAs,we propose to follow a workflow with four components:data acquisition and processing,data management,data analysis and data visualization.For every component,technological challenges of using 3D technologies are identified and solutions applied for a case study are presented.The case study is a modular 3D DEA developed for the archaeological project Mapping the Via Appia.The 3D DEA allows archaeologists to virtually analyze a complex study area.

Application of 3D Digital Reconstruction and Printing to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Iliac Vein Compression

The objective of this research was to explore the feasibility and clinical application of a new diagnostic imaging method for the diagnosis and treatment of iliac vein compression(IVC)based on three-dimensional(3D)digital reconstruction and printing.This study included patients with chronic venous disease(CVD)who were admitted to the Department of Vascular Surgery,Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,from January to March,2019,and underwent computed tomography venography(CTV)to detect IVC.CTV findings were used to reconstruct 3D-printed models of blood vessels.A total of 17 patients(5 men and 12 women)with IVC,who were primarily diagnosed with CTV,were included in this study.In addition,24 significant venous compression sites were found in 17 patients,of which 7 patients had only one compression site(41.2%),nine patients had two compression sites(52.9%),and one patient had three compression sites(5.9%).3D digital reconstruction and printing is a convenient,noninvasive,and accurate diagnostic imaging method that provides a clear and accurate evaluation of veins and arteries,as well as the anatomical positional relationship for the diagnosis and treatment of IVC.

Computational approaches for fast generation of digital 3D video holograms(Invited Paper)

Several approaches for fast generation of digital holograms of a three-dimensional （3D） object have been discussed. Among them, the novel look-up table （N-LUT） method is analyzed to dramatically reduce the number of pre-calculated fringe patterns required for computation of digital holograms of a 3D object by employing a new concept of principal fringe patterns, so that problems of computational complexity and huge memory size of the conventional ray-tracing and look-up table methods have been considerably alleviated. Meanwhile, as the 3D video images have a lot of temporally or spatially redundant data in their inter- and intra-frames, computation time of the 3D video holograms could be also reduced just by removing these redundant data. Thus, a couple of computational methods for generation of 3D video holograms by combined use of the N-LUT method and data compression algorithms are also presented and discussed. Some experimental results finally reveal that by using this approach a great reduction of computation time of 3D video holograms could be achieved.

Comparison of sampling designs for calibrating digital soil maps at multiple depths

Digital soil mapping (DSM) aims to produce detailed maps of soil properties or soil classes to improve agricultural management and soil quality assessment. Optimized sampling design can reduce the substantial costs and efforts associated with sampling, profile description, and laboratory analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare common sampling designs for DSM, including grid sampling (GS), grid random sampling (GRS), stratified random sampling (StRS), and conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS). In an agricultural field (11 ha) in Quebec, Canada, a total of unique 118 locations were selected using each of the four sampling designs (45 locations each), and additional 30 sample locations were selected as an independent testing dataset (evaluation dataset). Soil visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectra were collected in situ at the 148 locations (1 m depth), and soil cores were collected from a subset of 32 locations and subdivided at 10-cm depth intervals, totaling 251 samples. The Cubist model was used to elucidate the relationship between Vis-NIR spectra and soil properties (soil organic matter (SOM) and clay), which was then used to predict the soil properties at all 148 sample locations. Digital maps of soil properties at multiple depths for the entire field (148 sample locations) were prepared using a quantile random forest model to obtain complete model maps (CM-maps). Soil properties were also mapped using the samples from each of the 45 locations for each sampling design to obtain sampling design maps (SD-maps). The SD-maps were evaluated using the independent testing dataset (30 sample locations), and the spatial distribution and model uncertainty of each SD-map were compared with those of the corresponding CM-map. The spatial and feature space coverage were compared across the four sampling designs. The results showed that GS resulted in the most even spatial coverage, cLHS resulted in the best coverage of the feature space, and GS and cLHS resulted in similar prediction accuracies and spatial distributions of soil properties. The SOM content was underestimated using GRS, with large errors at 0–50 cm depth, due to some values not being captured by this sampling design, whereas larger errors for the deeper soil layers were produced using StRS. Predictions of SOM and clay contents had higher accuracy for topsoil (0–30 cm) than for deep subsoil (60–100 cm). It was concluded that the soil sampling designs with either good spatial coverage or feature space coverage can provide good accuracy in 3D DSM, but their performances may be different for different soil properties.

Sampling Designs for Validating Digital Soil Maps: A Review

Sampling design(SD) plays a crucial role in providing reliable input for digital soil mapping(DSM) and increasing its efficiency.Sampling design, with a predetermined sample size and consideration of budget and spatial variability, is a selection procedure for identifying a set of sample locations spread over a geographical space or with a good feature space coverage. A good feature space coverage ensures accurate estimation of regression parameters, while spatial coverage contributes to effective spatial interpolation.First, we review several statistical and geometric SDs that mainly optimize the sampling pattern in a geographical space and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of these SDs by considering spatial coverage, simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency. Furthermore, Latin hypercube sampling, which obtains a full representation of multivariate distribution in geographical space, is described in detail for its development, improvement, and application. In addition, we discuss the fuzzy k-means sampling, response surface sampling, and Kennard-Stone sampling, which optimize sampling patterns in a feature space. We then discuss some practical applications that are mainly addressed by the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling with the flexibility and feasibility of adding multiple optimization criteria. We also discuss different methods of validation, an important stage of DSM, and conclude that an independent dataset selected from the probability sampling is superior for its free model assumptions. For future work, we recommend: 1) exploring SDs with both good spatial coverage and feature space coverage; 2) uncovering the real impacts of an SD on the integral DSM procedure;and 3) testing the feasibility and contribution of SDs in three-dimensional(3 D) DSM with variability for multiple layers.

Bi-prism-based single-lens three dimensional digital image correlation system with a long working distance: Methodology and application in extreme high temperature deformation test

As a novel three dimensional digital image correlation （3D DIC） method, the bi-prism-based single lens （BSL） 3D DIC method has been proposed and developed in recent years. Making use ofa bi-prism, this method is able to perform a 3D DIC measurement using only a single camera. Thus, the integration level of a BSL 3D DIC system could be much higher than that of the double-camera 3D DIC system. In this paper, using a small-angle bi-prism and a camera with a longer focal length, a special BSL 3D DIC system with a long working distance is designed for measurements in extreme environments. The principle of the system is first studied, and practical methods are then proposed for the system set-up and the determination of system parameters. Then, feasibility of the measurement system is verified by out-of-plane rigid-body translation tests. Finally, the BSL 3D DIC system is proven to be capable of combining with a high-temperature testing instrument to perform deformation tests in a high-temperature environment of up to 1500℃.

Remote Measurement in Steel Grid Structure Based on Control Grid Network

Based on a control grid network and in combination with a remote total station and digital camera,the distribution of steel nodes and deflection curve of a steel grid structure can be obtained easily.The measurement result shows that this method is effective and utilitarian.