Grain design is essentially filling a prescribed volume （chamber case） with a certain shape of propellant so as to ensure mission requirements. An infinite number of possibilities exist, covering from two dimensiona...Grain design is essentially filling a prescribed volume （chamber case） with a certain shape of propellant so as to ensure mission requirements. An infinite number of possibilities exist, covering from two dimensional to three dimensional grain designs. Accurate calculation of grain geometrical properties plays a vital role in performance prediction. In this paper a methodology has been presented for designing 3D grain configuration for Solid Rocket Motors （SRMs）. The design process involves parametric modeling of the geometry in CAD software through dynamic variables that define the complex configuration. Initial geometry is defined in the form of a surface which defines the grain configuration. Grain bum back is achieved by making new surfaces at each web increment and calculating geometrical properties at each step. Geometrical calculations are based on volume and change in volume calculations. Models for Axisymetric and Finocyl grain configuration have been developed. Equilibrium pressure method is used to calculate the internal ballistics. The procedure adopted can be applied to any complex geometry in a relatively simple way for preliminary designing of grain configuration.展开更多
A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived throughthe grain topology-size correlation model, combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rateequation in three dimensions. It shows clearly...A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived throughthe grain topology-size correlation model, combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rateequation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model mayalso be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in themodel is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aidof quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grainsurface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be wellapproximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in theHillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangentradius.展开更多
A 3D stochastic modeling was carried out to simulate the dendritic grains during solidification of aluminum alloys, including time-dependent calculations for temperature field, solute redistribution in liquid, curvatu...A 3D stochastic modeling was carried out to simulate the dendritic grains during solidification of aluminum alloys, including time-dependent calculations for temperature field, solute redistribution in liquid, curvature of the dendritic tip, and growth anisotropy. The nucleation process was treated by continuous nucleation. A 3D simplified grain shape model was established to represent the equiaxed dendritic grain. Based on the Cellular Automaton method, a grain growth model was proposed to capture the neighbor cells of the nucleated cell. During growing, each grain continues to capture the nearest neighbor cells to form the final shape. When a neighbor cell was captured by other grains, the grain growth along this direction would be stopped. Three-dimensional calculations were performed to simulate the evolution of dendritic grain. In order to verify the modeling results, the predictions were compared with the observation on samples cast in the sand mold and the metal mold.展开更多
Grain coalescence has been applied in many areas of nanofabrication technology, including modification of thinfilm properties, nanowelding, and self-assembly of nanostructures. However, very few systematic studies of ...Grain coalescence has been applied in many areas of nanofabrication technology, including modification of thinfilm properties, nanowelding, and self-assembly of nanostructures. However, very few systematic studies of selfassembly using the grain coalescence, especially for threedimensional(3D) nanostructures, exist at present. Here, we investigate the mechanism of plasma triggered grain coalescence to achieve the precise control of nanoscale phase and morphology of the grain coalescence induced by exothermic energy. Exothermic energy is generated through etching a silicon substrate via application of plasma. By tuning the plasma power and the flow rates of reactive gases, different etching rates and profiles can be achieved, resulting in various morphologies of grain coalescence. Balancing the isotropic/anisotropic substrate etching profile and the etching rate makes it possible to simultaneously release 2D nanostructures from the substrate and induce enough surface tension force,generated by grain coalescence, to form 3D nanostructures.Diverse morphologies of 3D nanostructures have been obtained by the grain coalescence, and a strategy to achieve self-assembly, resulting in desired 3D nanostructures, has been proposed and demonstrated.展开更多
A grain-based distinct element model featuring three-dimensional （3D） Voronoi tessellations （randompoly-crystals） is proposed for simulation of crack damage development in brittle rocks. The grainboundaries in pol...A grain-based distinct element model featuring three-dimensional （3D） Voronoi tessellations （randompoly-crystals） is proposed for simulation of crack damage development in brittle rocks. The grainboundaries in poly-crystal structure produced by Voronoi tessellations can represent flaws in intact rockand allow for numerical replication of crack damage progression through initiation and propagation ofmicro-fractures along grain boundaries. The Voronoi modelling scheme has been used widely in the pastfor brittle fracture simulation of rock materials. However the difficulty of generating 3D Voronoi modelshas limited its application to two-dimensional （2D） codes. The proposed approach is implemented inNeper, an open-source engine for generation of 3D Voronoi grains, to generate block geometry files thatcan be read directly into 3DEC. A series of Unconfined Compressive Strength （UCS） tests are simulated in3DEC to verify the proposed methodology for 3D simulation of brittle fractures and to investigate therelationship between each micro-parameter and the model＇s macro-response. The possibility of numericalreplication of the classical U-shape strength curve for anisotropic rocks is also investigated innumerical UCS tests by using complex-shaped （elongated） grains that are cemented to one another alongtheir adjoining sides. A micro-parameter calibration procedure is established for 3D Voronoi models foraccurate replication of the mechanical behaviour of isotropic and anisotropic （containing a fabric） rocks. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
The Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength was investigated experimentally and numerically with the aim of enhancing the understanding of rock grain breakage.The morphologies of pebble grains were obtai...The Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength was investigated experimentally and numerically with the aim of enhancing the understanding of rock grain breakage.The morphologies of pebble grains were obtained using white light 3D laser scanning and image processing.A grain shape library was constructed for grain shape analysis with different shape descriptors.The use of the shape library and grain stability analysis is discussed for a suggested procedure to rotate a grain to its most stable configuration.Single grain crushing tests were performed for 30 pebbles to obtain force-displacement curves and fracture patterns.Each grain was compressed diametrically between flat platens.As expected,the values of the stress at bulk fracture follow a Weibull distribution.A procedure for generating crushable agglomerates with realistic particle shapes was demonstrated,which was accomplished in the discrete element modeling(DEM)of the single grain crushing test.The work presented here is novel in that both the heterogeneous micro-structures and randomly distributed flaws are considered.The DEM results demonstrate that the proposed modeling approach and calibrated parameters are reliable and can reflect the crushing behavior of rock pebbles.Finally,three parametric studies were presented evaluating the effects of micro-crack density,micro-crack disorder,and grain morphology on the Weibullian behavior of the crushing strength,none of which has previously been thoroughly considered.These three studies provide a deeper insight into the origin of the Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength.展开更多
文摘Grain design is essentially filling a prescribed volume （chamber case） with a certain shape of propellant so as to ensure mission requirements. An infinite number of possibilities exist, covering from two dimensional to three dimensional grain designs. Accurate calculation of grain geometrical properties plays a vital role in performance prediction. In this paper a methodology has been presented for designing 3D grain configuration for Solid Rocket Motors （SRMs）. The design process involves parametric modeling of the geometry in CAD software through dynamic variables that define the complex configuration. Initial geometry is defined in the form of a surface which defines the grain configuration. Grain bum back is achieved by making new surfaces at each web increment and calculating geometrical properties at each step. Geometrical calculations are based on volume and change in volume calculations. Models for Axisymetric and Finocyl grain configuration have been developed. Equilibrium pressure method is used to calculate the internal ballistics. The procedure adopted can be applied to any complex geometry in a relatively simple way for preliminary designing of grain configuration.
基金This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50171008 and No.50271009).
文摘A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived throughthe grain topology-size correlation model, combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rateequation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model mayalso be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in themodel is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aidof quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grainsurface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be wellapproximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in theHillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangentradius.
文摘A 3D stochastic modeling was carried out to simulate the dendritic grains during solidification of aluminum alloys, including time-dependent calculations for temperature field, solute redistribution in liquid, curvature of the dendritic tip, and growth anisotropy. The nucleation process was treated by continuous nucleation. A 3D simplified grain shape model was established to represent the equiaxed dendritic grain. Based on the Cellular Automaton method, a grain growth model was proposed to capture the neighbor cells of the nucleated cell. During growing, each grain continues to capture the nearest neighbor cells to form the final shape. When a neighbor cell was captured by other grains, the grain growth along this direction would be stopped. Three-dimensional calculations were performed to simulate the evolution of dendritic grain. In order to verify the modeling results, the predictions were compared with the observation on samples cast in the sand mold and the metal mold.
基金supported by an NSF CAREER Award(CMMI-1454293)a Grant-In-Aid(GIA)program/a start-up fund at the University of Minnesota,Twin Cities+2 种基金Parts of this work were carried out in the Characterization Facility,University of Minnesota,a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network(www.mrfn.org)via the MRSEC programA portion of this work was also carried out in the Minnesota Nano Center which receives partial support from the NSF through the NNCI programthe 3M Science and Technology Fellowship
文摘Grain coalescence has been applied in many areas of nanofabrication technology, including modification of thinfilm properties, nanowelding, and self-assembly of nanostructures. However, very few systematic studies of selfassembly using the grain coalescence, especially for threedimensional(3D) nanostructures, exist at present. Here, we investigate the mechanism of plasma triggered grain coalescence to achieve the precise control of nanoscale phase and morphology of the grain coalescence induced by exothermic energy. Exothermic energy is generated through etching a silicon substrate via application of plasma. By tuning the plasma power and the flow rates of reactive gases, different etching rates and profiles can be achieved, resulting in various morphologies of grain coalescence. Balancing the isotropic/anisotropic substrate etching profile and the etching rate makes it possible to simultaneously release 2D nanostructures from the substrate and induce enough surface tension force,generated by grain coalescence, to form 3D nanostructures.Diverse morphologies of 3D nanostructures have been obtained by the grain coalescence, and a strategy to achieve self-assembly, resulting in desired 3D nanostructures, has been proposed and demonstrated.
文摘A grain-based distinct element model featuring three-dimensional （3D） Voronoi tessellations （randompoly-crystals） is proposed for simulation of crack damage development in brittle rocks. The grainboundaries in poly-crystal structure produced by Voronoi tessellations can represent flaws in intact rockand allow for numerical replication of crack damage progression through initiation and propagation ofmicro-fractures along grain boundaries. The Voronoi modelling scheme has been used widely in the pastfor brittle fracture simulation of rock materials. However the difficulty of generating 3D Voronoi modelshas limited its application to two-dimensional （2D） codes. The proposed approach is implemented inNeper, an open-source engine for generation of 3D Voronoi grains, to generate block geometry files thatcan be read directly into 3DEC. A series of Unconfined Compressive Strength （UCS） tests are simulated in3DEC to verify the proposed methodology for 3D simulation of brittle fractures and to investigate therelationship between each micro-parameter and the model＇s macro-response. The possibility of numericalreplication of the classical U-shape strength curve for anisotropic rocks is also investigated innumerical UCS tests by using complex-shaped （elongated） grains that are cemented to one another alongtheir adjoining sides. A micro-parameter calibration procedure is established for 3D Voronoi models foraccurate replication of the mechanical behaviour of isotropic and anisotropic （containing a fabric） rocks. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金financial support by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFC0404801)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51579193 and 51779194)Major Special Project of Guizhou Science Cooperation (No.[2017]3005-2)
文摘The Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength was investigated experimentally and numerically with the aim of enhancing the understanding of rock grain breakage.The morphologies of pebble grains were obtained using white light 3D laser scanning and image processing.A grain shape library was constructed for grain shape analysis with different shape descriptors.The use of the shape library and grain stability analysis is discussed for a suggested procedure to rotate a grain to its most stable configuration.Single grain crushing tests were performed for 30 pebbles to obtain force-displacement curves and fracture patterns.Each grain was compressed diametrically between flat platens.As expected,the values of the stress at bulk fracture follow a Weibull distribution.A procedure for generating crushable agglomerates with realistic particle shapes was demonstrated,which was accomplished in the discrete element modeling(DEM)of the single grain crushing test.The work presented here is novel in that both the heterogeneous micro-structures and randomly distributed flaws are considered.The DEM results demonstrate that the proposed modeling approach and calibrated parameters are reliable and can reflect the crushing behavior of rock pebbles.Finally,three parametric studies were presented evaluating the effects of micro-crack density,micro-crack disorder,and grain morphology on the Weibullian behavior of the crushing strength,none of which has previously been thoroughly considered.These three studies provide a deeper insight into the origin of the Weibullian behavior of single grain crushing strength.
