The 3D magnetic structure beneath the continental margin of the northeastern South China Sea

Understanding the continental margin of the Northeastern South China Sea is critical to the study of deep structures, tectonic evolution, and dynamics of the region. One set of important data for this endeavor is the total-field magnetic data. Given the challenges associated with the magnetic data at low latitudes and with remanent magnetism in this area, we combine the equivalent-source technique and magnetic amplitude inversion to recover 3D subsurface magnetic structures. The inversion results show that this area is characterized by a north-south block division and east-west zonation. Magnetic regions strike in EW, NE and NW direction and are consistent with major tectonic trends in the region. The highly magnetic zone recovered from inversion in the continental margin differs visibly from that of the magnetically quiet zones to the south. The magnetic anomaly zone strikes in NE direction, covering an area of about 500 km × 60 km, and extending downward to a depth of 25 km or more. In combination with other geophysical data, we suggest that this strongly magnetic zone was produced by deep underplating of magma associated with plate subduction in Mesozoic period. The magnetically quiet zone in the south is an EW trending unit underlain by broad and gentle magnetic layers of lower crust. Its magnetic structure bears a clear resemblance to oceanic crust, assumed to be related to the presence of ancient oceanic crust there.

Earthquake relocation and 3-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in cen-tral-western China

采用中国中西部地区(2l°～36°N，98°～112°E)193个地震台在1992～1999年间记录到的9988次地震的Pg和Sg震相走时的读数资料，用Roecker的SPHYPIT90程序，反演了该地区三维地壳P波速度结构，并用SPHREL3D90程序进行了地震的重新定位．反演结果揭示了中国中西部地区地震P波速度结构明显的横向不均匀性，这些不同深度上波速的横向变化多以该地区的活动断裂为分界线．可以看出活动断裂两侧存在明显的速度反差．通过重新定位，得到了6459次地震的震源参数，这些精确定位的地震震中明显沿该区活动断裂呈现条带状分布，其范围和尺度清晰地表示了这一地区地震活动与活动断裂的紧密关系．其中，82％重新精确定位的事件的震源深度在20km以内．这一结果与笔者用双差地震定位法得到的重新定位的震源深度分布相一致．

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in China's Mainland and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block＇s interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional （3D） P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north-south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by low- velocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan-Dian and Songpan-Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan-Ganzi Block and the sub-block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80-120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background for the area＇s strong earthquake activity.

3D Velocity Structure and Its Tectonic Implications in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

3D structure of the crust and upper mantle in the studied area has been analyzed from surface wave tomography. The velocity distribution in the uppermost crust is symmetrical on two sides of the central line of the sea, and coincides with the structure of crystalline basement. The essential difference in tectonics between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea mainly lies in that the velocity structures of their lower crust and upper mantle are identical to those of South China and North China respectively. In the upper mantle there exists a high-velocity zone with a nearly EW strike from the Hangzhou Bay, China, to the Tokara Channel, Japan, along about the latitude of 30°N. It is found that between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea there are systematical differences in geomorphology, geology, seismicity, heat flow, quality factor and gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies, which is related to both left-lateral shear dislocation and right-lateral tear of the Benioff zone from the Hangzhou Bay to the Tokara Channel.It is inferred that the East China Sea was formed by Cenozoic back-arc extension. The boundary between the North China and South China crustal blocks stretches along the southern piedmont of Mts. Daba-Dabie-Hangzhou Bay-Tokara Channel, and the subduction zone at the Okinawa trench is the eastern boundary of the South China crustal block. The movements of the Pacific plate, Indian plate and upper mantle rather than the Philippine plate subduction have played a dominant role for the modern tectonic movements in East Asia.

Earthquake relocation and 3-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in central-western China

A simultaneous inversion of earthquake relocation and three-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in central-western China (21癗~36癗, 98癊~112癊) were performed in this paper. The crustal P-wave velocity model and earthquake relocation for this region are obtained using Pg and Sg phase readings of 9 988 earthquakes from 1992 to 1999 recorded at 193 seismic stations within central-western China by SPHYPIT90 and SPHREL3D90 programs. A lateral inhomogeneous structure of P-wave velocity in this region was obtained. Ob-vious contrast of P-wave velocities was revealed on both sides of active fault zones. Relocated epicenters of 6 459 events show clear lineation along active faults, which indicated a close correlation between seismicity and the active faults in this region. Focal depths of 82% relocated events ranged from 0 to 20 km, which is in good agreement with that from double-difference earthquake location algorithm.

3-D velocity structure of P wave in the upper mantle beneath southwestern China and its adjacent areas

3-D velocity structure of P wave in the upper mantle beneath southwestern China and its adjacent areas (10°N [similar to] 36°N, 70°E [similar to] 110°E) down to the depth of 400 km has been studied by using 80 974 P-wave first arrival times recorded at 165 stations from 7 053 events both within the studying areas, selected from the ISC bulletin and the Bulletin of China and NEIC fundamental seismic network. With a resolution of grid spacing of 2°×2°, the velocity heterogeneity on the horizontal profile is obvious though it attenuates with the depth increasing. On the vertical profiles of velocity along the latitude of 16°N and 24°N, the collision and extrusion of India plate to Eurasia plate is displayed, and a remarkable velocity difference between India plate and Eurasia plate is shown. In the vertical profile along the longitude of 90°E, the subducting of India plate northward beneath Eurasia plate (Tibet plateau) is also obvious. On the horizontal profile at the depth of 90 km, a slow velocity stripe from Myitkyina, Myanmar to Donghai, Vietnam seems to be related to Honghe fault belt. An illustration method of describing the resolution more directly and exactly has been proposed and utilized in this paper.

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.

CRUST AND UPPER STRUCTURE OF QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS FROM SURFACE WAVEFORM INVERSION

In this paper,218 long period Rayleigh wave records from 7 seismic station of CDSN are selected.We applied a partitioned waveform inversion to these data in order to construct a 3\|D model of shear velocity down to 400km depth in the crust and upper mantle of Qinghai\|Tibet plateau and Its Adjacent Regions (22°～44°N,70°～110°E).The first step of the waveform inversion used involved the matching of the waveforms of fundamental and highermost Ravleigh waves with waveforms synthesized from stratified models;in the second stage,the 3\|D model was constructed by solve linear constrains equation. The major structural features inferred from the surface waveform inversions can be summarized as follows:(1) There is a great contrast between surface waveform through Qinghai—Thibet plateau and the others.Main frequency of the former is lower than the latter, which indicate the crust depth of Qinghai—Tibet plateau is deeper than the others. In addition,the amplitude of about 30s period and 50s period is lower than both sides,which implied these exist lower velocity layer at about 25km depth and about 50km depth in Qinghai—Tibet plateau Crust.The former is common,the latter was argued because resolution of most method can not prove it.

Tectonic characteristics and structural styles of a continental rifted basin:Revelation from deep seismic reflection profiles

The Fushan Depression is a half-graben rifted sub-basin located in the southeast of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea. The Paleogene Liushagang sequence is the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratigraphic unit in the sub-basin. Using three-dimensional（3-D）seismic data and logging data over the sub-basin, we analyzed structural styles and sedimentary characteristics of the Liushagang sequence. Five types of structural styles were defined： ancient horst, traditional slope, flexure slope-break, faulted slope-break and multiple-stage faults slope, and interpretations for positions, background and development formations of each structural style were discussed. Structural framework across the sub-basin reveals that the most remarkable tectonic setting is represented by the central transfer zone（CTZ） which divides the sub-basin into two independent depressions, and two kinds of sequence architectures are summarized：（i） the western multi-stage faults slope;（ii） the eastern flexure slope break belt. Combined with regional stress field of the Fushan Depression, we got plane combinations of the faults, and finally built up plan distribution maps of structural system for main sequence. Also, we discussed the controlling factors mainly focused on subsidence history and background tectonic activities such as volcanic activity and earthquakes. The analysis of structural styles and tectonic evolution provides strong theoretical support for future prospecting in the Fushan subbasin and other similar rifted basins of the Beibuwan Basin in South China Sea.

A star-based data structure to store efficiently 3D topography in a database

For storing and modeling three-dimensional(3D)topographic objects(e.g.buildings,roads,dykes,and the terrain),tetrahedralizations have been proposed as an alternative to boundary representations.While in theory they have several advantages,current implementations are either not space efficient or do not store topological relationships(which makes spatial analysis and updating slow,or require the use of an expensive 3D spatial index).We discuss in this paper an alternative data structure for storing tetrahedralizations in a database management system(DBMS).It is based on the idea of storing only the vertices and stars of edges;triangles and tetrahedra are represented implicitly.It has been used previously in main memory,but not in a DBMS.We describe how to modify it to obtain an efficient implementation in a DBMS,and we describe how it can be used for modeling 3D topography.As we demonstrate with different real-world examples,the structure is compacter than known alternatives,it permits us to store attributes for any primitives,and has the added benefit of being topological,which permits us to query it efficiently.The structure can be easily implemented in most DBMS(we describe our implementation in PostgreSQL),and we present some of the engineering choices we made for the implementation.

青藏高原东部及其边缘地区的地壳上地幔三维速度结构

利用在青藏高原东部及其邻近地区记录到的１万余条近震到时资料，反演该地区的地壳上地幔三维速度结构。采用网格点模型描述三维速度结构，模型维数为２２２２６，网格点间距水平向为１００ｋｍ，垂直向为２０ｋｍ，网格点之间的速度值通过线性插值给出。采用改进了的快速三维射线追踪方法，确定三维非均匀介质中的地震射线路径和理论走时。反演结果显示，青藏高原南部的上地壳中（３０ｋｍ左右的深度）存在一低速区，这和面波反演的结果一致，羌塘块体下地壳有明显的低速异常带，青藏公路沿线的垂直速度剖面显示出岩石层受挤压增厚的构造特征。

龙门山岩石圈地壳三维结构及汶川大地震成因浅析

地质构造研究和地震测深剖面的构造解析显示,龙门山碰撞造山带岩石圈存在既有显著差异又有密切联系的两套断裂系统:一是以地壳表层脆性剪切带为主的浅层断裂系统;另一是以切割莫霍界面或壳幔过渡带的壳幔韧性剪切带为主的深部断裂系统。根据地质构造和地震测深成果的综合研究,在建立起龙门山造山带及邻区岩石圈地壳结构模型的基础上,论述了两套断裂系统的特征与相互关系,提出岩石圈壳幔韧性剪切带可能是四川汶川8.0级强烈地震的发震构造之一,以及强烈地震形成的动力学模式等。

深地震测深揭示的华南地区地壳结构及其动力学意义

20世纪70年代以来,我国实施与华南地区有关的深地震测深剖面达57条.本文收集该区的深地震测深研究成果,利用保真能力强的三维克里金插值技术构建了100°E～125°E,18°N～34°N区域内的三维地壳速度模型.基于三维地壳结构模型,分别探讨了华南地区不同构造单元地壳厚度空间变化特征、地壳属性、上地幔顶部地震波速变化以及太平洋向欧亚板块的俯冲方向等.研究结果表明:(1)扬子地块平均地壳厚度为40 km左右,地壳平均速度为6.30 km/s;华夏地块平均地壳厚度32 km左右,地壳平均速度6.24 km/s.(2)扬子地块的四川盆地与全球地台区具有相似的地壳速度-深度变化特征,华夏地块与全球伸展区结构相似,台湾造山带具有较典型全球大陆弧的特点.(3)华夏地块上地幔顶部Pn波平均速度为8.02 km/s;台湾造山带Pn波平均速度为7.98 km/s;扬子地块的Pn波速度为7.94 km/s,包含四川盆地(Pn速度达8.02 km/s)和川滇地区(Pn速度最低为7.75 km/s).川滇地区和松潘—甘孜褶皱带东部构造活动性较强,四川盆地和华夏地块相对较稳定.(4)推测太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的方向为Nw-SE方向.

中国岩石圈三维结构数据库地理信息系统设计

数据是地理信息系统的基础,数据库的建设是地理信息系统建设的关键,也是最重要的一步。按照ArcSDEGeoDatabase模型结构进行空间数据库建模,将数据库存放在数据库服务器端,用户通过空间数据库引擎ArcSDE访问数据库,便于实现数据共享和多用户并发操作。ArcObjects是ESRI公司开发的面向对象的地理数据模型和高度集成的软件组件库,是一套完全符合COM标准的大型软件架构。在服务器端以SQLServer2000+ArcSDE8.1为空间数据库平台,客户端的管理系统通过ArcObjects+VB6来开发设计。

中国岩石圈三维结构数据库总库管理系统

中国岩石圈三维结构数据库总库管理系统是中国岩石圈三维结构数据库的管理和服务中心。在中国岩石圈三维结构数据库需求分析基础上,完成了系统总体设计,制订各项技术标准;开发设计一个元数据编辑器和元数据浏览器;应用统一建模语言UML设计和优化了数据库结构;采用ESRI公司Geodatabase的数据模型,利用计算机辅助设计CASE工具设计中国岩石圈三维结构数据库。在ArcObjects和MapObjects的基础上,分别建立了功能齐全、操作简便的两套组件式总库管理系统,分别适合专业和非地理信息系统专业人员。

苏鲁大别造山带岩石圈三维P波速度结构特征

本文全面收集整理并解析了地学断面、地震测深、体波和面波层析成像资料,得到了苏鲁大别造山带及其邻区岩石圈1°×1°三维P波速度数据体。研究结果表明,苏鲁与大别造山带高压、超高压变质带的岩石圈速度结构具有上地壳明显高速且上凸;中地壳增厚;下地壳埋藏较深且下凹等相似的基本特征。苏鲁和大别超高压变质带下的莫霍面比其周围深2～4 km,深度分别达到32～33 km和34～38 km。在大别造山带,有地壳低速体从南向北俯冲到上地幔的迹象,可能显示了扬子地块地壳物质向华北地块俯冲,坠入上地幔的残留体。超高压变质带岩石圈底部的地幔,往往有明显高速层或高速体存在。苏鲁与大别地区的岩石圈速度结构不同特征及其成因在于苏鲁地区上地壳P波速度更高,但是,下地壳下凹没有大别地区明显,而且区域构造较为均一。这可能是受到郯庐断层左行平移的主控影响所致。郯庐断裂带的上、中地壳和上地幔表现为相对低速异常,郯庐断裂及其地下延伸部分将岩石圈地幔浅部低速层和深部高速层切为两段,其影响深达岩石圈底部约90 km处。

东亚及西太平洋边缘海高分辨率面波层析成像

根据欧亚大陆及西太平洋地区 58个数字地震台站约 1 2 0 0 0个长周期波形记录 ,挑选出 41 0 0条面波大圆传播路径 ,采用面波频散及波形拟合反演方法 ,对东亚及西太平洋边缘海地区 (60°E— 1 60°E ,2 0°S— 60°N)的地壳上地幔进行了高分辨率三维S波速度成像 .结果表明 ,从上地壳到 70km深 ,在东亚东部及西太平洋边缘海地区为高速分布 ,西部以青藏高原为中心呈极低速分布 .自地中海经土耳其、伊朗、喜马拉雅山到缅甸、印尼群岛的特提斯汇聚碰撞带 ,显示为低速异常链 .从 85km至 2 50km深 ,在东亚东部及西太平洋边缘海 ,自北向南显示出一条巨型低速异常带 ,西部地区为高速异常分布 .以东经 1 1 0°E为界 ,东西两部分岩石圈、软流圈的结构与深部动力过程有着巨大的差异 .此界线以西主要是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞引起的岩石圈汇聚增厚区 ,东部则主要是由于软流圈上涌 (地幔热物质上升 )

华北莫霍面构造形态—深地震测深数据的三维反演

给出了利用反射波走时重建地壳三维界面的方法 ,并处理了华北地区人工地震测深测线网中的PmP走时资料 ,获得了研究区莫霍界面的三维构造形态 ,确定了壳内深断裂的展布。结果表明 ,研究区莫霍界面埋深整体上由东南向西北加深 ,并在这一背景之上呈现波浪起伏 ,断陷盆地对应上地幔的隆起 ;区内存在数条延伸至莫霍面的地壳深断裂 ,其中大致沿北东走向展布的地壳厚度陡变带和沿北西西向的地壳厚度变异带是区内两条主要的深部构造带。将研究结果与本区中、强地震空间分布特征相结合 ,揭示了地震活动的深部构造背景。

中国内蒙古高原及周边地带岩石圈三维速度结构

我国内蒙古高原和其周边地域地壳与上地幔的专门研究尚属空白，然而全区又为第四纪以来的沙漠所覆盖，地表地质构造亦不十分清晰。本文利用了一种测量面波频散信号的新技术；即适配滤波频时分析和改进的分格随机反演理论与方法从混合路径中提取了４°×４°的计１８个网络中每一个网格单元的纯路径频散，并依据频散反演出该区地表与上地幔的剪切波三维速度结构。结果表明：１．该区地壳为成层结构，Ｍｏｈｏ界面埋深平均为３７±３ｋｍ，并向东减薄，断裂分布与构造迹线在深部均有显示，并存在着一系列北北东向，近北东向和北西向的断裂，且断抵上地幔顶部。２．上地幔亦为成层结构，地幔低速层平均埋深为８５±１０ｋｍ，南部地区则较深，地幔低速层速度均偏低。３．该区地幔盖层似一＂楔板，体向北插入。４．沙漠地带与造山地带相比不论是地壳厚度，还是地幔低速层埋深，前者均比后者浅约±５ｋｍ，该区有着良好的油气前景。

基于C/S模式的女子体型识别及应用

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