Multi-Schlieren CT Measurements of Supersonic Microjets from Circular and Square Micro Nozzles

Instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) density distributions of a shock-cell structure of perfectly and imperfectly expanded supersonic microjets escaping into an ambient space are measured. For the 3D observation of supersonic microjets, non-scanning 3D computerized tomography (CT) technique using a 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system with flashlight source is employed for simultaneous schlieren photography. The 3D density distributions data of the microjets are obtained by 3D-CT reconstruction of the projection’s images using maximum likelihood-expectation maximization. Axisymmetric convergent-divergent (Laval) circular and square micro nozzles with operating nozzle pressure ratio 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.67, and 3.5 have been studied. This study examines perfectly expanded, overexpanded, and underexpanded supersonic microjets issued from micro nozzles with fully expanded jet Mach numbers Mj ranging from 1.47 - 1.71, where the design Mach number is Md = 1.5. A complex phenomenon for free square microjets called axis switching is clearly observed with two types “upright” and “diagonal” of “cross-shaped”. The initial axis-switching is 45° within the first shock-cell range. In addition, from the symmetry and diagonal views of square microjets for the first shock-cells, two different patterns of shock waves are viewed. The shock-cell spacing and supersonic core length for all nozzle pressure ratios are investigated and reported.

3D微纳米打印技术与应用研究进展

近年来3D微纳米打印技术发展迅速,尤其是在微纳米结构成型方面有着独特的优势。重点讲述了微立体光刻(MSLA)、微激光烧结(MSLS)、熔融沉积造型(FDM)、片材层压(LOM)、双光子聚合(TPP)、直写成型技术(DIW)的基本结构原理和国内外研究现状,对不同3D微纳米打印技术进行了对比分析,详细阐述了3D微纳米打印在生物医疗、组织工程和微流控芯片的应用,并展望了3D微纳米打印的应用前景。

激光电子散斑干涉法隐形牙齿矫治器全场变形测量

构建三维表面微变形同步干涉测量系统,客观准确地测量隐形矫治器的全场变形信息,为提高其临床矫治效能以及安全性提供数据支持。由蓝绿红激光构建三组各自独立的散斑干涉光路,用于同步测量物体表面的二维面内和一维离面变形,利用一个集成相移装置实现三色激光准90°步长的同步相移,并由一台3CCD彩色相机同时记录三色散斑干涉图。通过四步相移算法从分离的红、蓝及绿色散斑干涉图中计算出与离面和面内变形相关的干涉条纹相位;最后,结合自适应条纹滤波和数字差分算法计算得到与表面变形有关的6个应变分量。微转动实验表明:系统的微转角测量精度为2.4",变形测量精度为10με(微应变)。对隐形矫治器的变形测量结果分析表明,矫治器的变形效用与设定的矫治目标相一致。

Imaging/nonimaging microoptical elements and stereoscopic systems based on femtosecond laser direct writing

The development of modern information technology has led to significant demand for microoptical elements with complex surface profiles and nanoscale surface roughness.Therefore,various micro-and nanoprocessing techniques are used to fabricate microoptical elements and systems.Femtosecond laser direct writing(FsLDW)uses ultrafast pulses and the ultraintense instantaneous energy of a femtosecond laser for micro-nano fabrication.FsLDW exhibits various excellent properties,including nonlinear multiphoton absorption,high-precision processing beyond the diffraction limit,and the universality of processable materials,demonstrating its unique advantages and potential applications in three-dimensional(3D)micro-nano manufacturing.FsLDW has demonstrated its value in the fabrication of various microoptical systems.This study details three typical principles of FsLDW,several design considerations to improve processing performance,processable materials,imaging/nonimaging microoptical elements,and their stereoscopic systems.Finally,a summary and perspective on the future research directions for FsLDW-enabled microoptical elements and stereoscopic systems are provided.

并行共焦测量中的并行光源技术综述

并行共焦测量技术的核心是将单点共焦测量变成多点同时扫描测量,从而使共焦测量速度显著提高。本文介绍了共焦测量技术原理,综述了用于并行共焦的并行光源技术,分析了这些方法的优点和不足。结合作者近年来的研究成果,重点阐述了基于微透镜阵列和数字微镜器件(DMD)产生并行光源的新方法。分析和研究了DMD的空间光调制机理,最终建立了一种单光源双光路并行像散共焦测量系统。

一种提高并行共焦显微测量重复性精度的方法

并行共焦测量是利用微透镜和小孔列阵产生一个二维点光源阵列,实现对物面上一个二维阵列物点的同步共焦测量。传统的共焦显微测量系统对三维形貌进行重构,是通过搜索各个轴向扫描图像中光斑光强极值点的位置来获取三维轮廓,轴向扫描间距的选取对测量精度和重复性的影响很大。文章介绍了一种新的数据处理方法,其先对各物点的轴向光强采样值进行线性拟合,再由拟合得到的直线确定最大光强所对应的轴截面位置,这样可以在较大的轴向采样间距下获得较高精度的三维轮廓信息。实验结果表明,采用这种数据处理方法,测量精度和重复性精度均有所提高。

Synthesis of 3D printing materials and their electrochemical applications

Three-dimensional(3 D)printing,also known as additive manufacturing,has the advantages of low cost,easy structure operation,rapid prototyping,and easy customization.In the past few years,materials with different structures,compositions,and properties have been widely studied as prospects in the field of 3 D printing.This paper reviews the synthesis methods and morphologies of one-,two-and threedimensional micro/nano materials and their composites,as well as their applications in electrochemistry,such as supercapacitors,batteries and electrocatalysis.The latest progress and breakthroughs in the synthesis and application of different structural materials in 3 D-printing materials,as well as the challenges and prospects of electrochemical applications,are discussed.

计算机微视觉的三维显微测试及构形系统的研究

微结构三维显微测量是研究微加工工艺和微尺度结构特性的主要测试手段。一种基于计算机微视觉的方法被提出用来对三维微结构进行显微测量。对微结构测试及构形系统的基本原理进行了研究,构建了微结构测试及构形系统的硬件和软件平台。从而实现了在光学显微镜下对微结构的三维观测[0]。通过运用微结构测试及构形系统的硬件平台实现了对微结构高分辨率的观察测量、三维精确运动控制以及水平与竖直方向的精确制动。通过软件平台完成了对微结构的三维重构。课题利用微结构测试及构形系统对微结构进行了测试及重构。通过实验,证明了理论研究和系统的可行性,该研究在微结构的测试方面具有较大的理论意义和实用价值。

复杂微结构三维形貌测量方法的研究

微结构三维形貌测量是研究微加工工艺和微尺寸特性的重要测试内容。本文提出一种基于相移显微干涉术、利用干涉图建立二维结构模板指导相位展开的新方法,它不仅适用于静态测量,而且能应用于在动态测量中,特别是微机电系统(MEMS)器件的运动测量。以微谐振器为测试器件,对其运动梳齿结构进行了静态三维形貌测量,实验的离面理论测量精度优于0.5 nm,测试结构内部的面内理论测量精度优于0.5μm,而边缘尺寸因受到边缘提取方法的影响,其测量精度仅在μm量级。对该方法的缺点和发展方向做了探讨。