3D打印模型在脊柱外科住院医师规范化培训中的创新应用

目的探讨3 D打印模型在脊柱外科住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)中的应用效果。方法选取2023年1月—2023年12月在广东省人民医院脊柱外科轮转的46名二年级外科学专业住院医师作为研究对象,通过抽签方式随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各23名。观察组采用3 D打印模型辅助教学,对照组则采用传统教学。经过1个月的教学培训,通过出科考试、综合考核、教学满意度及自我鉴定问卷调查等方式多维度评估教学效果。采用独立样本t检验进行数据分析。结果观察组的出科考试成绩、综合考核评分及教学满意度均显著优于对照组(均P<0.0001)。此外,观察组自我鉴定部分的学习兴趣、自学能力、团队合作能力及综合分析能力也均显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论3 D打印模型辅助教学模式能有效提升脊柱外科住培的教学质量,并显著提高住院医师的教学满意度、综合能力及自我评价,为脊柱外科住培教学提供了新的有效路径。

Prospects of 3D Printing Technology in Dental Medicine

With the continuous advancement of technology,the application of 3D printing technology in the field of dental medicine is becoming increasingly widespread.This article aims to explore the current applications and future potential of 3D printing technology in dental medicine and to analyze its benefits and challenges.It first introduces the current state of 3D printing technology in dental implants,crowns,bridges,orthodontics,and maxillofacial surgery.It then discusses the potential applications of 3D printing technology in oral tissue engineering,drug delivery systems,personalized dental prosthetics,and surgical planning.Finally,it analyzes the benefits of 3D printing technology in dental medicine,such as improving treatment accuracy and patient comfort,and shortening treatment times,while also highlighting the challenges faced,such as costs,material choices,and technical limitations.This article aims to provide a reference for professionals in the field of dental medicine and to promote the further application and development of 3D printing technology in this area.

Analysis of the Results of Rectal Cancer Treatment via 3D Laparoscopic Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction Surgery (NOSES IV)

Objective:To investigate the effect of 3D laparoscopic natural orifice specimen extraction surgery as rectal cancer treatment.Methods:The study was carried out in Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital from July 2021 to July 2022.80 rectal cancer patients were selected and divided into two groups which are the experimental group and control group.The experimental group was given 3D laparoscopic surgery while the control group was given 2D laparoscopic surgery.The results were compared and analysed.Results:The patients in the experimental group had shorter operative and evacuation times,less intraoperative bleeding,and a lower rate of complications.Conclusion:The clinical application of 3D laparoscopic radical surgery for rectal cancer via natural lumen extraction is more effective,which can promote patients'recovery and reduce the incidence of adverse events.

A New Three-Dimensional(3D)Printing Prepress Algorithm for Simulation of Planned Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

Background:Three-dimensional printing technology may become a key factor in transforming clinical practice and in significant improvement of treatment outcomes.The introduction of this technique into pediatric cardiac surgery will allow us to study features of the anatomy and spatial relations of a defect and to simulate the optimal surgical repair on a printed model in every individual case.Methods:We performed the prospective cohort study which included 29 children with congenital heart defects.The hearts and the great vessels were modeled and printed out.Measurements of the same cardiac areas were taken in the same planes and points at multislice computed tomography images(group 1)and on printed 3D models of the hearts(group 2).Pre-printing treatment of the multislice computed tomography data and 3D model preparation were performed according to a newly developed algorithm.Results:The measurements taken on the 3D-printed cardiac models and the tomographic images did not differ significantly,which allowed us to conclude that the models were highly accurate and informative.The new algorithm greatly simplifies and speeds up the preparation of a 3D model for printing,while maintaining high accuracy and level of detail.Conclusions:The 3D-printed models provide an accurate preoperative assessment of the anatomy of a defect in each case.The new algorithm has several important advantages over other available programs.They enable the development of customized preliminary plans for surgical repair of each specific complex congenital heart disease,predict possible issues,determine the optimal surgical tactics,and significantly improve surgical outcomes.

3D Cohesive Finite Element Minimum Invasive Surgery Simulation Based on Kelvin‑Voigt Model

Minimally invasive surgery is an important technique used for cytopathological examination.Recently,multiple studies have been conducted on a three-dimensional(3D)puncture simulation model as it can reveal the internal deformation state of the tissue at the micro level.In this study,a viscoelastic constitutive equation suitable for muscle tissue was derived.Additionally,a method was developed to define the fracture characteristics of muscle tissue material during the simulation process.The fracture of the muscle tissue in contact with the puncture needle was simulated using the cohesive zone model and a 3D puncture finite element model was established to analyze the deformation of the muscle tissue.The stress nephogram and reaction force under different parameters were compared and analyzed to study the deformation of the biological soft tissue and guide the actual operation process and reduce pain.

基于实时3D鹰眼手术系统的CBL教学在脊柱肿瘤外科住培教学中的应用

目的研究基于实时3 D鹰眼手术系统的CBL教学在脊柱肿瘤外科住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)带教中的应用情况。方法选取2020年7月至2022年12月脊柱肿瘤外科住培的48名学员研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组。观察组采用实时3 D手术系统的CBL教学,对照组则利用传统的住培教学方案开展脊柱肿瘤外科教学。比较两组住院医师出入科考试、技能操作考核以及学员对教学过程、课堂氛围与满意度的问卷调查结果。结果观察组与对照组的入科成绩差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。课程结束后出科考核成绩,在理论考试成绩方面,观察组总成绩(76.00±6.30)分明显高于对照组(68.75±7.46)分,且在脊柱解剖学知识以及影像学知识方面成绩更加优秀,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。问卷调查提示,观察组课堂气氛、疾病认识程度、手术操作的掌握程度以及课堂总满意度都明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论基于实时3 D手术系统的CBL教学在脊柱肿瘤的住培教学中有较明显的优势,在医师培养中具有良好的发展前景。

3-D multidetector computed tomography in reoperative cardiac surgery

Reoperative cardiac surgery is becoming more common surgery although it carries significant risk due to possible injury to vital structures under the sternum. Three-dimensional multidetector computed tomographic angiography (3-D MDCTA) allows identifying the relationship between the sternum and the mediastinal structures. Evidence shows that 3-D MDCTA guides surgical strategy and enables to perform this challenging surgery safely.

3D打印结合虚拟手术辅助治疗C型桡骨远端骨折

目的探讨3D打印结合虚拟手术辅助治疗C型桡骨远端骨折手术的效果。方法将17例C型桡骨远端骨折患者术前薄层CT扫描的数据适当处理后导入3D打印机,快速定制模型以分析骨折具体情况,同时在计算机上进行虚拟的复位内固定手术后,制定详细的手术计划。严格按照计划实施手术,记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、复位情况和腕关节功能恢复情况。结果手术时间28～76 min,术中出血量20～75 ml。患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月。骨折全部愈合,时间为8.2～11.5周。术后6个月时,影像学测量桡骨高度为7.2～12.7 mm,掌倾角为7.1°～14.9°,尺偏角14.8°～27.3°;采用改良Sarmiento系统评估骨折复位情况:优10例,良6例,可1例;采用Dienst标准评估腕关节功能:优12例,良4例,可1例。结论借助3D打印技术快速定制骨折模型,术者可以直观、深入地观察C型桡骨远端骨折情况;通过计算机数字化虚拟手术,按照定制的术前计划实施精准手术,可以提高实际手术的效率,提高治疗效果满意度。

3D打印技术在颈椎手术术前谈话及手术中的应用

目的:介绍3D打印技术在颈椎手术术前谈话中的应用,评价其在手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾性收集47例颈椎手术患者的临床资料,3D组23例采用3D打印1∶1病变部位实物模型辅助,常规组24例采用常规影像学资料辅助,完成术前谈话及手术。仿照VAS评分法评估两组在术前谈话时患者及家属对病情及手术的理解程度和沟通满意程度。记录两组术前谈话时间、病情及手术理解程度、沟通满意程度,手术时间、术中出血量、并发症例数,术前与术后颈肩部疼痛VAS评分和颈椎神经功能JOA评分。结果:两组术中均无神经血管损伤等并发症出现。3D组与常规组术前谈话时间[(12.1±2.7)min vs(16.3±3.5)min]、沟通满意程度[(9.3±0.5)分vs (8.9±0.6)分]、手术时间[(136.5±24.4)min vs(152.9±27.3)min]、术中出血量[(148.3±29.1)mL vs(201.5±33.6)mL]差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3D组与常规组病情及手术理解程度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3D组术后术前VAS评分[(2.5±0.9)分vs (7.8±1.3)分]、JOA评分[(13.5±1.2)分vs(8.4±1.7)分]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);常规组术后术前VAS评分[(2.2±0.8)分vs(7.6±1.2)分]、JOA评分[(13.4±1.5)分vs(8.3±1.8)分]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:应用3D打印技术辅助颈椎手术术前谈话及手术,在达到与常规方法相似的理解程度下,不仅具有用时少,沟通满意度高的优点,而且缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量,临床疗效满意。

3D打印技术在胫骨PILON骨折中的应用

目的：分析胫骨PILON骨折中3D打印技术的应用价值.方法：回顾我院2011年6月-2015年6月收治72例胫骨PILON骨折患者的临床资料,按照手术治疗方式的不同进行分组,对照组和观察组各36例;对照组采用传统切开复位内固定术,观察组采用3 D打印技术进行内固定术;比较2组患者的治疗情况.结果：观察组和对照组优良率为94.4%和778.%,骨折复位质量的比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组和观察组1期愈合率为83.3%和97.2%,比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、透视次数、骨折愈合时间、疼痛评分及临床疗效和功能评估的比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论：胫骨PILON骨折治疗中,应用3D打印技术可以缩短手术时间,减少机械损伤,提高复位固定质量,有助于患者功能的健康恢复.

Augmented reality technology for preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation during hepatobiliary surgery: A review of current methods

Background: Augmented reality(AR) technology is used to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) images of hepatic and biliary structures from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data, and to superimpose the virtual images onto a view of the surgical field. In liver surgery, these superimposed virtual images help the surgeon to visualize intrahepatic structures and therefore, to operate precisely and to improve clinical outcomes.Data Sources: The keywords "augmented reality", "liver", "laparoscopic" and "hepatectomy" were used for searching publications in the Pub Med database. The primary source of literatures was from peer-reviewed journals up to December 2016. Additional articles were identified by manual search of references found in the key articles.Results: In general, AR technology mainly includes 3D reconstruction, display, registration as well as tracking techniques and has recently been adopted gradually for liver surgeries including laparoscopy and laparotomy with video-based AR assisted laparoscopic resection as the main technical application. By applying AR technology, blood vessels and tumor structures in the liver can be displayed during surgery,which permits precise navigation during complex surgical procedures. Liver transformation and registration errors during surgery were the main factors that limit the application of AR technology.Conclusions: With recent advances, AR technologies have the potential to improve hepatobiliary surgical procedures. However, additional clinical studies will be required to evaluate AR as a tool for reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality and for the improvement of long-term clinical outcomes. Future research is needed in the fusion of multiple imaging modalities, improving biomechanical liver modeling,and enhancing image data processing and tracking technologies to increase the accuracy of current AR methods.

Three-dimensional printing: review of application in medicine and hepatic surgery

Three-dimensional(3D) printing(3DP) is a rapid prototyping technology that has gained increasing recognition in many different fields. Inherent accuracy and low-cost property enable applicability of 3DP in many areas, such as manufacturing, aerospace,medical, and industrial design. Recently, 3DP has gained considerable attention in the medical field. The image data can be quickly turned into physical objects by using 3DP technology. These objects are being used across a variety of surgical specialties. The shortage of cadaver specimens is a major problem in medical education. However, this concern has been solved with the emergence of 3DP model. Custom-made items can be produced by using 3DP technology. This innovation allows 3DP use in preoperative planning and surgical training. Learning is difficult among medical students because of the complex anatomical structures of the liver. Thus, 3D visualization is a useful tool in anatomy teaching and hepatic surgical training. However,conventional models do not capture haptic qualities. 3DP can produce highly accurate and complex physical models. Many types of human or animal differentiated cells can be printed successfully with the development of 3D bio-printing technology. This progress represents a valuable breakthrough that exhibits many potential uses, such as research on drug metabolism or liver disease mechanism. This technology can also be used to solve shortage of organs for transplant in the future.

Navigated liver surgery:State of the art and future perspectives

Background:In recent years,the development of digital imaging technology has had a significant influence in liver surgery.The ability to obtain a 3-dimensional(3D)visualization of the liver anatomy has provided surgery with virtual reality of simulation 3D computer models,3D printing models and more recently holograms and augmented reality(when virtual reality knowledge is superimposed onto reality).In addition,the utilization of real-time fluorescent imaging techniques based on indocyanine green(ICG)uptake allows clinicians to precisely delineate the liver anatomy and/or tumors within the parenchyma,applying the knowledge obtained preoperatively through digital imaging.The combination of both has transformed the abstract thinking until now based on 2D imaging into a 3D preoperative conception(virtual reality),enhanced with real-time visualization of the fluorescent liver structures,effectively facilitating intraoperative navigated liver surgery(augmented reality).Data sources:A literature search was performed from inception until January 2021 in MEDLINE(Pub Med),Embase,Cochrane library and database for systematic reviews(CDSR),Google Scholar,and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)databases.Results:Fifty-one pertinent articles were retrieved and included.The different types of digital imaging technologies and the real-time navigated liver surgery were estimated and compared.Conclusions:ICG fluorescent imaging techniques can contribute essentially to the real-time definition of liver segments;as a result,precise hepatic resection can be guided by the presence of fluorescence.Furthermore,3D models can help essentially to further advancing of precision in hepatic surgery by permitting estimation of liver volume and functional liver remnant,delineation of resection lines along the liver segments and evaluation of tumor margins.In liver transplantation and especially in living donor liver transplantation(LDLT),3D printed models of the donor’s liver and models of the recipient’s hilar anatomy can contribute further to improving the results.In particular,pediatric LDLT abdominal cavity models can help to manage the largest challenge of this procedure,namely large-for-size syndrome.

Single port laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with D3 dissection for advanced colon cancer

We report the first case of single port laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for advanced colon cancer.An abdominal 3 cm length incision was made via the umbilicus.A small wound retractor and a surgical glove were used as a single port.All soft tissue anterior to the superior mesenteric vein was completely removed and D3 lymph node dissection was achieved.The total operative time was 180 min with minimal blood loss (<50 mL).The size of the tumor was 5 cm×3 cm and its tumor stage was T3N0.Sixty-nine lymph nodes were harvested and none were positive.We believe that single port surgery for colon cancer is a feasible and safe procedure with surgical results comparable to conventional laparoscopic procedures.

Up-to-date intraoperative computer assisted solutions for liver surgery

Computer assisted surgical planning allowed for a better selection of patients,evaluation of operative strategy, appropriate volumetric measurements,identification of anatomical risks, definition of tumour resection margins and choice of surgical approach in liver oncologic resections and living donor liver transplantations. Although preoperative computer surgical analysis has been widely used in daily clinical practice, intraoperative computer assisted solutions for risk analysis and navigation in liver surgery are not widely available or still under clinical evaluation. Computer science technology can efficiently assist modern surgeons during complex liver operations, mainly by providing image guidance with individualized 2 D images and 3 D models of the various anatomical and pathological structures of interest. Intraoperative computer assisted liver surgery is particularly useful in complex parenchyma-sparing hepatectomies, for intraoperative risk analysis and for the effective treatment of colorectal metastases after neoadjuvant therapy or when they are multiple. In laparoscopic liver surgery, intraoperative computer aid is definitively more important as, apart from a restricted field of view, there is also loss of the fine haptic feedback. Intraoperative computer assisted developments face challenges that prevent their application in daily clinical practice. There is a vast variety of studies regarding intraoperative computer assisted liver surgery but there are no clear objective measurements in order to compare them and select the most effective solutions. An overview of up-to-date intraoperative computer assisted solutions for liver surgery will be discussed.

A Systematic Approach for Making 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Implants for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction

Craniomaxillofacial reconstruction implants,which are extensively used in head and neck surgery,are conventionally made in standardized forms.During surgery,the implant must be bended manually to match the anatomy of the individual bones.The bending process is time-consuming,especially for inexperienced surgeons.Moreover,repetitive bending may induce undesirable internal stress concentration,resulting in fatigue under masticatory loading in v iv o and causing various complications such as implant fracture,screw loosening,and bone resorption.There have been reports on the use of patient-specific 3D-printed implants for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction,although few reports have considered implant quality.In this paper,we present a systematic approach for making 3D-printed patientspecific surgical implants for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction.The approach consists of three parts:First,an easy-to-use design module is developed using Solidworks®software,which helps surgeons to design the implants and the axillary fixtures for surgery.Design engineers can then carry out the detailed design and use finite-element modeling(FEM)to optimize the design.Second,the fabrication process is carried out in three steps:0 testing the quality of the powder;(2)setting up the appropriate process parameters and running the 3D printing process;and (3)conducting post-processing treatments(i.e.,heat and surface treatments)to ensure the quality and performance of the implant.Third,the operation begins after the final checking of the implant and sterilization.After the surgery,postoperative rehabilitation follow-up can be carried out using our patient tracking software.Following this systematic approach,we have successfully conducted a total of 41 surgical cases.3D-printed patient-specific implants have a number of advantages;in particular,their use reduces surgery time and shortens patient recovery time.Moreover,the presented approach helps to ensure implant quality.

Three-dimensional modeling in complex liver surgery and liver transplantation

Liver resection and transplantation are the most effective therapies for many hepatobiliary tumors and diseases.However,these surgical procedures are challenging due to the anatomic complexity and many anatomical variations of the vascular and biliary structures.Three-dimensional(3D)printing models can clearly locate and describe blood vessels,bile ducts and tumors,calculate both liver and residual liver volumes,and finally predict the functional status of the liver after resection surgery.The 3D printing models may be particularly helpful in the preoperative evaluation and surgical planning of especially complex liver resection and transplantation,allowing to possibly increase resectability rates and reduce postoperative complications.With the continuous developments of imaging techniques,such models are expected to become widely applied in clinical practice.

踝关节骨折手术中3D打印技术的应用

目的探讨踝关节骨折手术中采用3 D打印技术的应用价值。方法选取我院接收的踝关节骨折患者20例,进行CT扫描,将数据用14.0软件进行三维重建,再将数据利用3 D打印技术进行实体模型制作,模拟内固定植人手术,参照模拟数据再行实际手术。结果 3 D实物模型打印立体感强,可多方位、多角度呈现踝关节骨折形态,明确钢板、螺钉植入位置、长度和角度。手术均顺利完成,钢板及螺钉植入情况与3 D模拟数据相吻合,效果满意。结论踝关节骨折手术中应用3 D打印技术,模拟设计可为实际手术操作提供可靠依据。

Accurate resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma using eOrganmap 3D reconstruction and full quantization technique

BACKGROUND For treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma(HCCA),the rate of radical resection is low and prognosis is poor,and preoperative evaluation is not sufficiently accurate.3D visualization has the advantage of giving a stereoscopic view,which makes accurate resection of HCCA possible.AIM To establish precise resection of HCCA based on eOrganmap 3D reconstruction and full quantification technology.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 73 patients who underwent HCCA surgery.All patients were assigned to two groups.The traditional group received traditional 2D imaging planning before surgery(n=35).The eOrganmap group underwent 3D reconstruction and full quantitative technical planning before surgery(n=38).The preoperative evaluation,anatomical classification of hilar hepatic vessels,indicators associated with surgery,postoperative complications,liver function,and stress response indexes were compared between the groups.RESULTS Compared with the traditional group,the amount of intraoperative blood loss in the eOrganmap group was lower,the operating time and postoperative intestinal ventilation time were shorter,and R0 resection rate and lymph node dissection number were higher(P<0.05).The total complication rate in the eOrganmap group was 21.05%compared with 25.71%in the traditional group(P>0.05).The levels of total bilirubin,Albumin(ALB),aspartate transaminase,and alanine transaminase in the eOrganmap group were significantly different from those in the traditional group(intergroup effect:F=450.400,79.120,95.730,and 13.240,respectively;all P<0.001).Total bilirubin,aspartate transaminase,and alanine transaminase in both groups showed a decreasing trend with time(time effect:F=30.270,17.340,and 13.380,respectively;all P<0.001).There was an interaction between patient group and time(interaction effect:F=3.072,2.965,and 2.703,respectively;P=0.0282,0.032,and 0.046,respectively);ALB levels in both groups tended to increase with time(time effect:F=22.490,P<0.001),and there was an interaction effect between groups and time(interaction effect:F=4.607,P=0.004).In the eOrganmap group,there was a high correlation between the actual volume of intraoperative liver specimen resection and the volume of preoperative virtual liver resection(t=0.916,P<0.001).CONCLUSION The establishment of accurate laparoscopic resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on preoperative eOrganmap 3D reconstruction and full quantization technology can make laparoscopic resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma more accurate and safe.

3D打印个体化模板在骨科手术中的应用

目的设计数字化,结合3D打印个体化导板并应用于骨科复杂手术,探讨导板及其设计对手术操作及术前规划的影响。方法选取2014年11月—2015年8月期间适合使用手术导板的25例复杂骨折患者,男21例,女14例;年龄6~67岁,平均22.7岁。骨盆骨折12例,股骨骨折5例胫腓骨骨折4例,关节周围骨折3例脊柱骨折1例结果 25例患者均顺利完成术前个体化设计和3D打印手术操作。所有手术均按术前规划进行,导板模型成功配合术中操作,结论数字化结合3D打印个体化导板能模型满足手术的个体化需求,在手术中能够准确还原术前设计;不同3D打印模型对骨科复杂手术的指导意义重大,可以降低手术的难度,减少手术时间,可以在临床工作中推广。