Numerical Study of the Biomechanical Behavior of a 3D Printed Polymer Esophageal Stent in the Esophagus by BP Neural Network Algorithm

Esophageal disease is a common disorder of the digestive system that can severely affect the quality of life andprognosis of patients. Esophageal stenting is an effective treatment that has been widely used in clinical practice.However, esophageal stents of different types and parameters have varying adaptability and effectiveness forpatients, and they need to be individually selected according to the patient’s specific situation. The purposeof this study was to provide a reference for clinical doctors to choose suitable esophageal stents. We used 3Dprinting technology to fabricate esophageal stents with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/(Poly-ε-caprolactone) PCL polymer, and established an artificial neural network model that could predict the radial forceof esophageal stents based on the content of TPU, PCL and print parameter. We selected three optimal ratios formechanical performance tests and evaluated the biomechanical effects of different ratios of stents on esophagealimplantation, swallowing, and stent migration processes through finite element numerical simulation and in vitrosimulation tests. The results showed that different ratios of polymer stents had different mechanical properties,affecting the effectiveness of stent expansion treatment and the possibility of postoperative complications of stentimplantation.

Prospects of 3D Printing Technology in Dental Medicine

With the continuous advancement of technology,the application of 3D printing technology in the field of dental medicine is becoming increasingly widespread.This article aims to explore the current applications and future potential of 3D printing technology in dental medicine and to analyze its benefits and challenges.It first introduces the current state of 3D printing technology in dental implants,crowns,bridges,orthodontics,and maxillofacial surgery.It then discusses the potential applications of 3D printing technology in oral tissue engineering,drug delivery systems,personalized dental prosthetics,and surgical planning.Finally,it analyzes the benefits of 3D printing technology in dental medicine,such as improving treatment accuracy and patient comfort,and shortening treatment times,while also highlighting the challenges faced,such as costs,material choices,and technical limitations.This article aims to provide a reference for professionals in the field of dental medicine and to promote the further application and development of 3D printing technology in this area.

Design, Characterization, and 3D Printing of Cardiovascular Stents with Zero Poisson’s Ratio in Longitudinal Deformation

Inherent drawbacks associated with drug-eluting stents have prompted the development of bioresorbable cardiovascular stents.Additive manufacturing(3-dimentional(3D)printing)has been widely applied in medical devices.In this study,we develop a novel screw extrusion-based 3D printing system with a new designed mini-screw extruder to fabricate stents.A stent with a zero Poisson’s ratio(ZPR)structure is designed,and a preliminary monofilament test is conducted to investigate appropriate fabrication parameters.3D-printed stents with different geometric structures are fabricated and analyzed by observation of the surface morphology.An evaluation of the mechanical properties and a preliminary biological evaluation of 3D-printed stents with different parameters are carried out.In conclusion,the screw extrusion-based 3D printing system shows potential for customizable stent fabrication.

3D printing of PEEK–cHAp scaffold formedical bone implant

The major drawback associated with PEEK implants is their biologically inert surface,which caused unsatisfactory cellular response and poor adhesion between the implants and surrounding soft tissues against proper bone growth.In this study,polyetheretherketone(PEEK)was incorporated with calcium hydroxyapatite(cHAp)to fabricate a PEEK-cHAp biocomposite,using the fused deposition modeling(FDM)method and a surface treatment strategy to create microporous architectures onto the filaments of PEEK lattice scaffold.Also,nanostructure and morphological tests of the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite were modeled and analyzed on the FDM-printed PEEK-cHAp biocomposite sample to evaluate its mechanical and thermal strengths as well as in vitro cytotoxicity via a scanning electron microscope(SEM).A technique was used innovatively to create and investigate the porous nanostructure of the PEEK with controlled pore size and distribution to promote cell penetration and biological integration of the PEEK-cHAp into the tissue.In vivo tests demonstrated that the surface-treated micropores facilitated the adhesion of newly regenerated soft tissues to form tight implant-tissue interfacial bonding between the cHAp and PEEK.The results of the cell culture depicted that PEEK-cHAp exhibited better cell proliferation attachment spreading and higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PEEK alone.Apatite islands formed on the PEEK-cHAp composite after immersion in simulated body fluid of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium(DMEM)for 14 days and grew continuously with more or extended periods.The microstructure treatment of the crystallinity of PEEK was comparatively and significantly different from the PEEK-cHAp sample,indicating a better treatment of PEEK-cHAp.The in vitro results obtained from the PEEK-cHAp biocomposite material showed its biodegradability and performance suitability for bone implants.This study has potential applications in the field of biomedical engineering to strengthen the conceptual knowledge of FDM and medical implants fabricated from PEEK-cHAp biocomposite materials.

Allogenic tooth transplantation using 3D printing: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND The history of allogenic tooth transplantation can be traced back to the 16th century.Although there have been many successful cases,much needs to be better understood and researched prior to the technique being translated to everyday clinical practice.CASE SUMMARY In the present report,we describe a case of allogenic tooth transplantation between a mother and her daughter.The first left maxillary molar of the mother was diagnosed with residual root resorption and needed to be extracted.The 3rd molar of the daughter was used as a donor tooth.Prior to transplantation,a 3D printing system was introduced to fabricate an individualized reamer drill specifically designed utilizing the donor’s tooth as a template.The specific design of our 3D printed bur allowed for the recipient site to better match the donor tooth.With the ability to 3D print in layers,even the protuberance of the root can be matched and 3D printed,thereby minimizing unnecessary bone loss.CONCLUSION Our study is a pioneering case combining 3D printing with allogenic tooth transplantation,which could be able to minimize unnecessary bone loss and improve the implant stability.This article aims to enhance our understanding of allogenic tooth transplantation and 3D printing,and may potentially lead to tooth transplantation being utilized more frequently - especially since transplantations are so commonly utilized in many other fields of medicine with high success rates.

A Review of 3D Printing Technology for Medical Applications

Donor shortages for organ transplantations are a major clinical challenge worldwide. Potential risks that are inevitably encountered with traditional methods include complications, secondary injuries, and limited source donors. Three-dimensional （3D） printing technology holds the potential to solve these limitations; it can he used to rapidly manufacture personalized tissue engineering scaffolds, repair tissue defects in situ with cells, and even directly print tissue and organs. Such printed implants and organs not only perfectly match the patient＇s damaged tissue, hut can also have engineered material microstructures and cell arrangements to promote cell growth and differentiation. Thus, such implants allow the desired tissue repair to he achieved, and could eventually solve the donor-shortage problem. This review summarizes relevant studies and recent progress on four levels, introduces different types of biomedical materials, and discusses existing problems and development issues with 3D printing that are related to materials and to the construction of extracellular matrix in vitro for medical applications.

Mechanical Experiment for 3D Printing of Titanium Bone Bionic Dental Implants

[Objectives] To explore the flexural strength of 3D printed titanium bone bionic dental implants and provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of 3D printed porous bionic bone dental implants. [Methods] The cone-beam CT( CBCT) image information of 20 premolars extracted by orthodontic requirement was collected,and a new porous bone bionic dental implant was produced using modeling software and 3D printer. The premolars were divided into two groups( A and B). The universal testing machine was used to test the flexural strength of the two groups and the difference in flexural strength between the two groups was compared through statistics. [Results]Twenty 3D printed porous titanium bone bionic implants were accurately produced; the morphology of group A and group B were extremely similar to each other; the average flexural strength of group A was 2 767. 92 N,while the average flexural strength of group B was 778. 77 N,showing that the average flexural strength of group A was significantly higher than that of group B,and the difference was statistically significant( P < 0. 05).[Conclusions]The personalized porous structure root implants produced by 3D printing technology are very similar to the target tooth morphology,and show high accuracy and small error of production. Besides,the flexural strength of 3D printed personalized porous structure root implants can fully meet the requirements of the maximum occlusal force for dental implant restoration. It is expected to provide a scientific basis for clinical application of 3 D printed porous bionic bone tooth implants.

Enlarged and Colored Enhanced 3D Printing of Renal Artery Aneurysms for Improved Imaging and Treatment Planning

Three dimensional printing (3D printing) technology is increasingly used to improve results in many areas of medicine. Physical models produced by this technology allow better appreciation of complex anatomical and pathologic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine and surgery, 3D modeling has been reported to be of help in treatment planning of abdominal aortic aneurysm, especially in cases of complex angulations and branching at the aneurysm neck. Here we report the use of 3D printing in cases of renal aneurysms. Enhanced 3D models of CTA images of renal aneurysms were prepared in house using common and freely available software programs, and an accurate desktop 3D printer. Eight reconstructed models were enlarged by a factor of 2 or more and then differentially painted to delineate normal arteries and aneurysmatic ones. These enhanced 3D solid models allowed visual and tactile inspection for a better appreciation of complex aneurysms. Color enhancement of these models added another dimension of comprehension, even for experienced surgeons and invasive radiologists, and allowed more accurate measurements of branch numbers, distances, and angles in space even with severe tortuosity. Endovascular use of covered stents and embolization techniques could be easily envisioned preoperatively. We conclude that enhanced, enlarged, and colored 3D printed models are a powerful tool for preoperative endovascular treatment planning of complex renal artery aneurysms.

The role of a drug-loaded poly(lactic co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) copolymer stent in the treatment of ovarian cancer

Objectives:Cisplatin(CDDP)is a widely used and effective basic chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of a variety of tumors,including ovarian cancer.However,adverse side effects and acquired drug resistance are observed in the clinical application of CDDP.Identifying a mode of administration that can alleviate side effects and reduce drug resistance has become a promising strategy to solve this problem.Methods:In this study,3 D printing technology was used to prepare a CDDP-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(CDDP-PLGA)polymer compound stent,and its physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.Results:The CDDP-PLGA stent had a significant effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis and clearly decreased the size of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice,whereas the systemic side effects were mild compared with those of intraperitoneal CDDP injection.Compared with the control group,CDDP-PLGA significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of p-glycoprotein(P<0.01;P<0.01)and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA(P<0.05)and protein levels(P<0.01),however,CDDP-PLGA significantly decreased the mR NA and protein levels of p-glycoprotein(P<0.01;P<0.01)and vascular endothelial growth factor(P<0.01;P<0.01),which are associated with chemoresistance,in subcutaneous tumor tissue.Immunohistochemistry assay results revealed that,in the CDDP-PLGA group,the staining of the proliferation-related genes Ki67 and PCNA were lightly,and the apoptosis-related gene caspase-3 stained deeply.Conclusions:PLGA biomaterials loaded with CDDP,as compared with the same amount of free CDDP,showed good efficacy in terms of cytotoxicity,as evidenced by changes in apoptosis.Continuous local CDDP release can decrease the systemic side effects of this drug and the occurrence of drug resistance and angiogenesis,and improve the therapeutic effect.This new approach may be an effective strategy for the local treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.

From oral formulations to drug-eluting implants:using 3D and 4D printing to develop drug delivery systems and personalized medicine

Since the start of the Precision Medicine Initiative by the United States of America in 2015,interest in personalized medicine has grown extensively.In short,personalized medicine is a term that describes medical treatment that is tuned to the individual.One possible way to realize personalized medicine is 3D printing.When using materials that can be tuned upon stimulation,4D printing is established.In recent years,many studies have been exploring a new field that combines 3D and 4D printing with therapeutics.This has resulted in many concepts of pharmaceutical devices and formulations that can be printed and,possibly,tailored to an individual.Moreover,the first 3D printed drug,Spritam®,has already found its way to the clinic.This review gives an overview of various 3D and 4D printing techniques and their applications in the pharmaceutical field as drug delivery systems and personalized medicine.

A Systematic Approach for Making 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Implants for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction

Craniomaxillofacial reconstruction implants,which are extensively used in head and neck surgery,are conventionally made in standardized forms.During surgery,the implant must be bended manually to match the anatomy of the individual bones.The bending process is time-consuming,especially for inexperienced surgeons.Moreover,repetitive bending may induce undesirable internal stress concentration,resulting in fatigue under masticatory loading in v iv o and causing various complications such as implant fracture,screw loosening,and bone resorption.There have been reports on the use of patient-specific 3D-printed implants for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction,although few reports have considered implant quality.In this paper,we present a systematic approach for making 3D-printed patientspecific surgical implants for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction.The approach consists of three parts:First,an easy-to-use design module is developed using Solidworks®software,which helps surgeons to design the implants and the axillary fixtures for surgery.Design engineers can then carry out the detailed design and use finite-element modeling(FEM)to optimize the design.Second,the fabrication process is carried out in three steps:0 testing the quality of the powder;(2)setting up the appropriate process parameters and running the 3D printing process;and (3)conducting post-processing treatments(i.e.,heat and surface treatments)to ensure the quality and performance of the implant.Third,the operation begins after the final checking of the implant and sterilization.After the surgery,postoperative rehabilitation follow-up can be carried out using our patient tracking software.Following this systematic approach,we have successfully conducted a total of 41 surgical cases.3D-printed patient-specific implants have a number of advantages;in particular,their use reduces surgery time and shortens patient recovery time.Moreover,the presented approach helps to ensure implant quality.

Total endovascular repair of an intraoperative stent-graft deployed in the false lumen of Stanford type A aortic dissection: A case report

BACKGROUND A 46-year-old male underwent ascending aortic replacement,total arch replacement,and descending aortic stent implantation for Stanford type A aortic dissection in 2016.However,an intraoperative stent-graft was deployed in the false lumen inadvertently.This caused severe iatrogenic thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection,and the dissection involved many visceral arteries.CASE SUMMARY The patient had pain in the chest and back for 1 mo.A computed tomography scan showed that the patient had secondary thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection.The ascending aortic replacement,total arch replacement,and descending aortic stent implantation for Stanford type A aortic dissection were performed 2 years prior.An intraoperative stent-graft was deployed in the false lumen.Endovascular aneurysm repair was performed to address this intractable situation.An occluder was used to occlude the proximal end of the true lumen,and a covered stent was used to direct blood flow back to the true lumen.A three-dimensional printing technique was used in this operation to guide prefenestration.The computed tomography scan at the 1stmo after surgery showed that the thoracic and abdominal aortic dissection was repaired,with all visceral arteries remaining patent.The patient did not develop renal failure or neurological complications after surgery.CONCLUSION The total endovascular repair for false lumen stent-graft implantation was feasible and minimally invasive.Our procedures provided a new solution for stent-graft deployed in the false lumen,and other departments may be inspired by this case when they need to rescue a disastrous stent implantation.

Design,fabrication,and structural safety validation of 3D-printable biporous bone augments

The use of commercial products such as a cup and liner for total hip arthroplasty for patients with severe bone defects has a high probability of failure.In these patients the cup alone cannot cover the bone defect,and thus,an additional augment or cage is required.In this study,we designed three-dimensional(3D)printable bone augments as an alternative to surgeries using reinforcement cages.Thirty-five sharp-edged bone augments of various sizes were 3D printed.A biporous structure was designed to reduce the weight of the augment and to facilitate bone ingrowth.Two types of frames were used to prevent damage to the augment’s porous structure and maintain its stability during printing.Furthermore,two types of holes were provided for easy augment fixation at various angles.Fatigue tests were performed on a combination of worst-case sizes derived using finite element analysis.The test results confirmed the structural stability of the specimens at a load of 5340 N.Although the porosity of the specimens was measured to be 63.70%,it cannot be said that the porous nature was uniformly distributed because porosity tests were performed locally and randomly.In summary,3D-printable biporous bone augments capable of bonding from various angles and bidirectionally through angulation and bottom-plane screw holes are proposed.The mechanical results with bone augments indicate good structural safety in patients.However,further research is necessary to study the clinical applications of the proposed bone augment.

In vivo analysis of post-joint-preserving surgery fracture of 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V implant to treat bone cancer

Cancer growth in the bone due to its random shape disables bone strength and thus changes its capacity to support body weight or muscles,which can crucially affect the quality of human life in terms of normal walking or daily activities.For successful patient recovery,it is necessary to remove the cancer-affected minimal bone area and quickly replace it with a biocompatible metal implant within less than 2 weeks.An electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V implant was designed and applied in a patient to preserve the natural knee joint close to the bone tumor.The developed implant fits the bone defect well,and the independent ambulatory function of the natural knee joint was restored in the patient within six weeks after surgery.A delayed fracture occurred six months after the successful replacement of cancer-affected bone with Ti-6Al-4V implant at the proximal meshed junction of the implant because of a minor downward slip.Microstructural,mechanical,and computational analyses were conducted for the fractured area to find the main reason for the delayed fracture.Our findings pertaining to the mechanical and material investigation can help realize the safe implantation of the three-dimensionally printed titanium implant to preserve the natural joints of patients with massive bone defects of the extremities.

Orthodontic treatment combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration for edentulism and its influence on mastication and phonic function

BACKGROUND Dentition defect,a common clinical oral disease developed in humans,not only causes masticatory dysfunction and articulation difficulties but also affects facial appearance and increases the burden on the intestinal tract.Restorative treatment is the primary option for this disease.However,traditional restorations have many drawbacks,such as mismatch with the body,low reliability,and incomplete occlusal function recovery.AIM to analyze the efficacy of orthodontics combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration in treating patients with dentition defects and its influence on masticatory and phonic functions.METHODS A prospective study was carried out in 86 patients with dentition defects who received implant prosthesis after orthodontic treatment in our hospital between January 2018 and January 2019.Those patients were divided into a control group and an intervention group with 43 patients in each group using a random number table.The control group received traditional implant restoration,whereas the intervention group received 3D printing guide plate implant restoration.Treatment outcomes,cosmetic appearance,dental function,implant deviation,and quality of life were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The overall response rate in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group(95.35%vs 81.40%,χ^(2)=4.071,P=0.044).The number of cases with neatly trimmed cosmetic appearance(χ^(2)=4.497,P=0.034),complete coverage(χ^(2)=4.170,P=0.041),and normal occlusion(χ^(2)=5.512,P=0.019)in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group.After treatment,mastication,swallowing,and articulation were significantly improved in both groups.Masticatory(t=2.980,P=0.004),swallowing(t=2.199,P=0.031),and phonic functions(t=3.950,P=0.004)were better in the intervention group than those in the control group.The deviation value and the deviation angle(t=5.440,P=0.000)at the top(t=6.320,P=0.000)and middle parts of the implants(t=22.295,P=0.000)in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group after treatment.Functional limitations,psychosocial and physical pain and discomfort,and total scores decreased in both groups.The functional limitation(t=2.379,P=0.020),psychosocial(t=2.420,P=0.000),physical pain and discomfort(t=6.581,P=0.000),and total scores(t=2.140,P=0.035)were lower in the intervention group than those in the control group.CONCLUSION Orthodontic treatment combined with 3D printing guide plate implant restoration can significantly improve the masticatory and phonic functions,quality of life,and psychological health of patients with dentition defects.Therefore,it is highly recommended in clinic application.

Impact of three dimensional printing in orthopedics

The primary objective of this article is to explore effects of latest development in the area of three dimensional(3D)printing&to assess its abilities,and further undertake helpful reporting.Here the focus is to assess ad vantages of 3D printing in orthopedics and analyze how 3D printed models help solve complex 3D orthopedics distortions.This study identified that 3D models manufactured by 3D printing models reduce medical parts de velopment cost and surgical planning time.Integrating 3D printing with orthopaedics helps in understanding the conditions of problems and achieving the operation succssfully.This technology can enable doctors/surgeons to design,produce,recreate and plan operations more accurately,carefully,and economicaly.3D models can assist specialists with a visual comprehension of the patient-particular pathology and life structures.Innovation in 3D printing initiated a scaffold for the virtual outline and execution of medical procedures.This research proposes the utilisation of 3D printers as an elective procedure for the fabrication of parts.It empowers surgeons/patients for better raining,education and research.In the future,there is a foreseeable expansion of additive manufacturing in orthopedics.

Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring

Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics(IHB)can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases.However,achieving biodegradability,biocompatibility,and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB.Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues.This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film(GCF)with mechanical programmability.The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics,an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa,and a Poisson’s ratio from-0.25 to 0.52.The negative Poisson’s ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces.The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability.Notably,the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration.The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.

Advances in the Application of Three-dimensional Printing for the Clinical Treatment of Osteoarticular Defects

As a promising manufacturing technology,three-dimensional(3D)printing technology is widely used in the medical field.In the treatment of osteoarticular defects,the emergence of 3D printing technology provides a new option for the reconstruction of functional articular surfaces.At present,3D printing technology has been used in clinical applications such as models,patient-specific instruments(PSIs),and customized implants to treat joint defects caused by trauma,sports injury,and tumors.This review summarizes the application status of 3D printing technology in the treatment of osteoarticular defects and discusses its advantages,disadvantages,and possible future research strategies.

3D打印非共面模板CT引导下^(125)Ⅰ粒子植入治疗恶性肿瘤临床应用

目的探讨3D打印非共面模板CT引导下放射性粒子植入治疗对于肿瘤治疗的安全性和有效性。方法20例恶性肿瘤患者,在接受3D打印非共面模板联合CT引导下放射性粒子植入治疗后进行回顾性研究。粒子植入流程包据术前CT定位及计划设计、术中方案优化、共面模板辅助CT引导下穿刺、粒子植入、术后3天计划验证、术后1~3个月疗效评价。疗效评价采用实体瘤评价标准(RECIST)v1.1,不良反应评价采用不良事件常用术语评定标准(CTCAE)v3.0。观察肿瘤区(gross tumor volume,GTV)接受90~120 Gy处方剂量的近期疗效和安全性。结果所有患者经过3D打印非共面模板联合CT引导下放射性粒子植入治疗后临床症状均有改善,1个月后部分缓解(PR)8例(40%),3个月后完全缓解+部分缓解(CR+PR)18例(90%),5例CR,13例PR,粒子植入后局部病灶均无进展,无严重并发症。结论3D打印非共面模板联合术中CT引导下永久性^(125)Ⅰ粒子组织间植入治疗术前术后计划可获得良好的一致性,有良好的治疗准确性,具有并发症少,简便安全等优点,为规范临床操作流程及精确植入的提供了新的方法。

3D-printed versatile biliary stents with nanoengineered surface for anti-hyperplasia and antibiofilm formation

Biliary strictures are characterized by the narrowing of the bile duct lumen,usually caused by surgical biliary injury,cancer,inflammation,and scarring from gallstones.Endoscopic stent placement is a well-established method for the management of biliary strictures.However,maintaining optimal mechanical properties of stents and designing surfaces that can prevent stent-induced tissue hyperplasia and biofilm formation are challenges in the fabrication of biodegradable biliary stents(BBSs)for customized treatment.This study proposes a novel approach to fabricating functionalized polymer BBSs with nanoengineered surfaces using 3D printing.The 3D printed stents,fabricated from bioactive silica poly(ε-carprolactone)(PCL)via a sol-gel method,exhibited tunable mechanical properties suitable for supporting the bile duct while ensuring biocompatibility.Furthermore,a nanoengineered surface layer was successfully created on a sirolimus(SRL)-coated functionalized PCL(fPCL)stent using Zn ion sputtering-based plasma immersion ion implantation(S-PIII)treatment to enhance the performance of the stent.The nanoengineered surface of the SRL-coated fPCL stent effectively reduced bacterial responses and remarkably inhibited fibroblast proliferation and initial burst release of SRL in vitro systems.The physicochemical properties and biological behaviors,including in vitro biocompatibility and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in the rabbit bile duct,of the Zn-SRL@fPCL stent demonstrated its potential as a versatile platform for clinical applications in bile duct tissue engineering.