Geological Interpretation and Identification of Albian-Aged Petroleum Prospects in Block A, San Pedro Margin (Côte d’Ivoire)

The study aims to identify Albian-age oil prospects in Block A of the San Pedro margin, Côte d’Ivoire, by conducting a detailed geological interpretation. The objective is to confirm the presence of oil reservoirs trapped by favorable geological structures, identifiable through geophysical and seismic methods. The methodological approach is based on a combined analysis of studies and seismic data. Drilling data from well PA, including well logs and end-of-well reports, were used to characterize the lithological formations encountered, particularly those of the Albian. 3D seismic profiles were interpreted to identify structures conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation. Isochrone, isovelocity, and isobath maps were developed to refine the interpretation. Sedimentological analyses revealed five sandy/gritty levels between 2610 m and 3100 m, interspersed with clay, limestone, and siltstone beds. The seismic profiles highlighted two main prospects. These prospects exhibit favorable geological structures, including normal faults and structural traps that provide oil traps.

Moderate Interpretation with Attribute Analysis and 3d Visualization for Deeper Prospects of Balkassar Field, Central Potwar, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Balkassar is an old field with considerable remaining potential. The 2d, 3d seismic and earlier vintages show that Balkassar is composed of two folds that impart heart shaped geometry. It appears likely the early Eocene age Bhadrar formation may provide commercial production with lower water cuts from the eastern lobe (yet untapped) of the structure that may have at least 30 million barrels of unrecovered oil. Horizontal drilling may have promise as an optimum technique for recovery of oil from Paleogene reservoirs. Encouraging oil indications have also been recorded from the early Permian age tobra formation from Balkassar oxy-1 that was not tested by Oxy. Tobra sandstone reservoir can have a matrix porosity approaching 8%. When fractured recoveries from it can be relatively better than the Paleogene reservoirs. The 2D and 3D seismic acquisition has confirmed that the eastern lobe (yet untapped) of the Balkassar field is structurally higher and steeper than the Western lobe which has thus far produced over 30 million barrels. The Eastern lobe thus offers good potential for recovery of oil from the Bhadrar reservoir. The entire field is likely to have potential for recovery of oil from the early Eocene aged Tobra formation. 2-d and 3-D Seismic data interpretation, attribute analysis and visualization for deeper prospect carried in Balksasar field. Tobra and Khewra formation studied for deeper potential drilling. Time contour and depth contour map shows potential for deeper prospects. Also attribute analysis and 3d visualization show good results for deeper potential of Tobra and Khewar formations. Seismic amplitude, Reflection strength, Apparent polarity attribute are visualized and interpreted to find the potential for Tobra and Khewra formation. 3-D visualization also showed positive results for Tobra and Khewra formations.

3D HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC PROSPECTING IN MINING AREAS,XIEQIAO COLLIERY

3D seismic prospecting in mining areas of Xieqiao Colliery is a successfulmodel for an advancement from the resource prospecting to mining prospecting stagein coal fields. Its results have proved that faults with a throw of 5-10 m can be detected in an area with good seismogeologic conditions by using 3D seismic technique.Detection of underground tunnels for the first time utilizing 3D seismic data indicates that subsided columns, gotten and mine goaf can be detected using 3D seismic technique, so it has a broad applied prospect.

3D HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC PROSPECTING IN COAL MINING AREAS

The production capacity and efficiency for mechanized coal faces of large-scale mines depend on the detecting degree of mining structures. It is a major task for geological exploration in coal fields to detect minor structures in district. 3D high resolution seismic prospecting is a effective measure for solving this problem.

The Practice of Forward Prospecting of Adverse Geology Applied to Hard Rock TBM Tunnel Construction： The Case of the Songhua River Water Conveyance Project in the Middle of Jilin Province

An increasing number of tunnels are being constructed with tunnel-boring machines （TBMs） due to the increased efficiency and shorter completion time resulting from their use. However, when a TBM encoun- ters adverse geological conditions in the course of tunnel construction （e.g., karst caves, faults, or frac- tured zones）, disasters such as water and mud inrush, collapse, or machine blockage may result, and may severely imperil construction safety. Therefore, the advance detection of adverse geology and water-bearing conditions in front of the tunnel face is of great importance. This paper uses the TBM tun- neling of the water conveyance project from Songhua River as a case study in order to propose a compre- hensive forward geological prospecting technical system that is suitable for TBM tunnel construction under complicated geological conditions. By combining geological analysis with forward geological prospecting using a three-dimensional （3D） induced polarization method and a 3D seismic method, a comprehensive forward geological prospecting technical system can accurately forecast water inrush geo-hazards or faults in front of the TBM tunnel face. In this way, disasters such as water and mud inrush, collapse, or machine blockage can be avoided. This prospecting technical system also has reference value for carrying out the forward prospecting of adverse geology for potential TBM tunneling and for ensuring that a TBM can work efficiently.

Structural Interpretation and Petrophysical Analysis for Reservoir Sand of Lower Goru, Miano Area, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

The main purpose of this research is to estimate the structural analysis and hydrocarbon potential of Miano Block by using seismic and well log techniques. Miano area hosts a number of gas fields with structural and stratigraphic traps. The area is located in Central Indus Basin which is a part of an extensional regime exhibiting normal faulting due to the split of the Indian Plate firstly from Africa and then from Madagascar and Seychelles. Miano area recognized as a proven petroleum province which has complex tectonic history of Cretaceous extensional and overprints of Tertiary strike-slip tectonics. The area has prospect with accumulation of hydrocarbons in structural and stratigraphic traps including pinchouts. NW-SE oriented Khairpur and Mari Highs are main structural features with impact on the fault system. The sands of Lower Goru of Lower Cretaceous age are acting as a reservoir in the area. The area has great potential of hydrocarbons for which more exploratory wells are required to be drilled with better insight of structural and stratigraphic traps.

A Comparative Study between Pseudo-static and Dynamic Analyses of Keddara Dam

The numerical analysis of static and dynamic performance of embankment dams using the finite difference approach is a complex procedure that takes into account material behavior,soil-dam foundation interaction,hydraulic conditions,and saturation effects.In this study,a numerical analysis using the finite difference method(FLAC 3D)is used to conduct a static and dynamic analysis of the Keddara earthen dam in the Boumerdes region of Algeria,with the goal of defining its behaviour in terms of settlement,deformation,and pore pressure variation during construction and operation.There are two steps to consider:dam construction and water filling.For the static analysis,two mathematical models are considered:the elastic model and the Mohr-Coulomb model.An actual earthquake record is used to conduct a coupled dynamic analysis,and the interaction between the fluid and solid phases is taken into account.Maximum displacement,acceleration,and pore pressure remain inconsequential for dam instability;horizontal and vertical displacements increase with distance from the dam body’s base to the top.

Research on fault recognition method combining 3D Res-UNet and knowledge distillation

Deep learning technologies are increasingly used in the fi eld of geophysics,and a variety of algorithms based on shallow convolutional neural networks are more widely used in fault recognition,but these methods are usually not able to accurately identify complex faults.In this study,using the advantage of deep residual networks to capture strong learning features,we introduce residual blocks to replace all convolutional layers of the three-dimensional(3D)UNet to build a new 3D Res-UNet and select appropriate parameters through experiments to train a large amount of synthesized seismic data.After the training is completed,we introduce the mechanism of knowledge distillation.First,we treat the 3D Res-UNet as a teacher network and then train the 3D Res-UNet as a student network;in this process,the teacher network is in evaluation mode.Finally,we calculate the mixed loss function by combining the teacher model and student network to learn more fault information,improve the performance of the network,and optimize the fault recognition eff ect.The quantitative evaluation result of the synthetic model test proves that the 3D Res-UNet can considerably improve the accuracy of fault recognition from 0.956 to 0.993 after knowledge distillation,and the eff ectiveness and feasibility of our method can be verifi ed based on the application of actual seismic data.

A new approach for salt dome detection using a 3D multidirectional edge detector

Accurate salt dome detection from 3D seismic data is crucial to different seismic data analysis applications. We present a new edge based approach for salt dome detection in migrated 3D seismic data. The proposed algorithm overcomes the drawbacks of existing edge-based techniques which only consider edges in the x （crossline） and y （inline） directions in 2D data and the x （crossline）, y （inline）, and z （time） directions in 3D data. The algorithm works by combining 3D gradient maps computed along diagonal directions and those computed in x, y, and z directions to accurately detect the boundaries of salt regions. The combination of x, y, and z directions and diagonal edges ensures that the proposed algorithm works well even if the dips along the salt boundary are represented only by weak reflectors. Contrary to other edge and texture based salt dome detection techniques, the proposed algorithm is independent of the amplitude variations in seismic data. We tested the proposed algorithm on the publicly available Netherlands offshore F3 block. The results suggest that the proposed algorithm can detect salt bodies with high accuracy than existing gradient based and texture-based techniques when used separately. More importantly, the proposed approach is shown to be computationally efficient allowing for real time implementation and deployment.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

鄂尔多斯盆地陕231井区盒_8储层预测

陕 2 31井区三维地震勘探是鄂尔多斯盆地的第一块大面积三维地震区块 ,部署的主要目的是准确地描述盒 8砂岩储层 ,提供水平井的钻探井位。本文在综合分析研究区地质、钻井、测井、地震资料的基础上 ,采用精细的构造解释技术及属性分析、地震相分析、地震反演等多种方法综合的储层预测技术 ,对该区的构造及储层做出精确的解释与预测 ,提出水平井的建议井位 ,为下一步天然气的开发提供了可靠依据。

CFD simulation on the generation of turbidites in deepwater areas: a case study of turbidity current processes in Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Turbidity currents represent a major agent for sediment transport in lakes, seas and oceans. In particu-lar, they formulate the most significant clastic accumulations in the deep sea, which become many of the world＇s most important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Several boreholes in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the north-western South China Sea, have recently revealed turbidity current deposits as significant hydrocarbon res-ervoirs. However, there are some arguments for the potential provenances. To solve this problem, it is es-sential to delineate their sedimentary processes as well as to evaluate their qualities as reservoir. Numerical simulations have been developed rapidly over the last several years, offering insights into turbidity current behaviors, as geologically significant turbidity currents are difficult to directly investigate due to their large scale and often destructive nature. Combined with the interpretation of the turbidity system based on high-resolution 3D seismic data, the paleotophography is acquired via a back-stripping seismic profile integrated with a borehole, i.e., Well A, in the western Qiongdongnan Basin; then a numerical model is built on the basis of this back-stripped profile. After defining the various turbidity current initial boundary conditions, includ-ing grain size, velocity and sediment concentration, the structures and behaviors of turbidity currents are investigated via numerical simulation software ANSYS FLUENT. Finally, the simulated turbidity deposits are compared with the interpreted sedimentary bodies based on 3D seismic data and the potential provenances of the revealed turbidites by Well A are discussed in details. The simulation results indicate that a sedimen-tary body develops far away from its source with an average grain size of 0.1 mm, i.e., sand-size sediment. Taking into account the location and orientation of the simulated seismic line, the consistence between normal forward simulation results and the revealed cores in Well A indicates that the turbidites should have been transported from Vietnam instead of Hainan Island. This interpretation has also been verified by the planar maps of sedimentary systems based on integration of boreholes and seismic data. The identification of the turbidity provenance will benefit the evaluation of extensively distributed submarine fans for hydro-carbon exploration in the deepwater areas.

Distribution of acceleration and empirical formula for calculating maximum acceleration of rockfill dams

To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valley were analyzed by using the equivalent-linear model. Statistical analysis was also made to the seismic coefficient, and an empirical formula for calculating the maximum acceleration was provided. The results indicate that under the condition of the same dam height and the same base acceleration excitations, with the increase of the river valley width, the position of the maximum acceleration on the axis of the top of the dam moves from the center to the riversides symmetrically. For the narrow valleys, the maximum acceleration occurs in the middle of the axis at the top of the dam; for wide valleys the maximum acceleration appears near the riversides. The result negates the application of 2D dynamical computation for wide valleys, and shows that for the seismic response of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, the seismic coefficient along the axis should be given, except for that along the dam height. Seismic stability analysis of rockfill dams using pseudo-static method can be modified according to the formula.

基于反射层的变层速度模型时深转换方法

基于反射波法的地震勘探技术是在时间域中认识地下地质情况的 ,由于地震波传播速度场的变化 ,反射成像和地下地质体间并非是一个简单的镜像对称关系 ,而是一种变异的镜像结果。要正确的认识地下地质体 ,必须把时间域中的地震数据恢复到深度域中。在断裂发育的断块区或复杂的逆掩构造区 ,由于断层错动及地层褶皱等因素 ,具有不同速度特征的地层在断层处相互接触或同一套地层多次重复。在这些地方地下空间速度场在短距离内会产生很大的变化 ,速度场变得相当复杂 ,准确的时深转换成为一件非常困难的事情。文章以反射层、断层面等时间域中的地质边界为约束条件 ,以钻井资料建立基础速度结构 ,采用“基于反射层的变层速度模型结构建立时深转换速度场”方法 ,实现精确时深转换。该方法应用灵活、建场方式直观 。

高精度三维地震在泌阳凹陷北部复杂断块群勘探中的应用

泌阳凹陷北部斜坡带构造破碎,圈闭面积小,油藏埋深70～1200 m.为了得到断层和地质层位信息齐全的地震资料,从采集、处理和解释等方面进行了探讨。设计了基于模型的三维地震观测系统.采用新工艺解决了古河道和河床区激发接收条件差的问题,采用小道距、小线距、小偏移距和小炮线距技术解决了大规模障碍区浅层信息不全的问题;采用精细速度分析和叠前时间偏移等技术.提高了成像精度.剖面上断层清楚、信息丰富;采用三维可视化、面块切片和相干体分析等技术,搞清了断裂系统和断层的空间展布;采用综合评价技术,评价了有利含油气圈闭。通过以上技术的应用,目的层主频由原来的35 Hz提高到70～80 Hz.分辨出10 m左右的断层和单砂层.发现和落实了面积大于0.05 km2的小断鼻、断块和地层不整合圈闭.部署了15口预探井.有13口井钻遇油层。

塔河油田典型地震相

奥陶系—三叠系是塔河油田的勘探目的层,寒武系—奥陶系的原油沿断裂进入以上各时代的储层中,形成构造、岩性、地层及各种复合油气藏。综合分析三维地震资料与测井、岩心等资料,识别和预测各种沉积相所控制的砂岩和岩溶储层空间展布规律成为塔河油田油气勘探与开发中的一项重要技术。在该区共识别和确定了三叠系的辫状河、曲流河典型地震相,石炭系卡拉沙依组的低弯度河和巴楚组的潟湖—障壁相,泥盆系的三角洲相及奥陶系的岩溶相共六种地震相。三维地震资料的沿层振幅切片、反射强度斜率、波形分类、测井曲线是了解沉积体系格架、骨架砂体和储层展布的主要手段。

动态应力作用与地震机制的初步研究

运用三维非线性动态有限元计算仿真方法研究了动态应力的作用及其与地震机制的关系.结果表明地震产生的冲击力在加载与卸载过程中形成的应力波,在遇断层时多次反射并发生半波损失,反射的应力波叠加或干涉而形成的动态应力使围压减小和波动.地震动态应力使围压产生低值波动,一方面使围压减小、摩擦力减小;另一方面,使裂纹串通、介质松动、接触面变平,降低摩擦系数、减小剪切强度.由此均导致抗剪强度降低,从而触发地震.动态应力作用时间短,触发地震大小与动态应力大小成正比、与距离成反比,触发地震位置、过程与孕震体断层产状有关.

三维频率-波数域视速度去噪方法

利用地震剖面的时间-空间坐标与其三维傅里叶变换之间的对应关系,在频率-波数域进行三维去噪,并通过余弦函数加权衰减避免吉普斯截断效应,形成三维频率-波数域视速度去噪方法。应用结果表明:所提方法能较好地区分有效信息和干扰信息,当有效信息和干扰信息的视速度十分接近时,在去除干扰信息的同时能较好地保留有效信息;对于信噪比一般和信噪比极低的资料,需要采取不同的去噪步骤;三维去噪能极大地提高信噪比,较好地实现保真和保幅,具有二维去噪无法比拟的优越性。

大型复杂钢结构厂房的抗震性能的有限元分析

利用通用有限元程序ANSYS建立了某大型复杂钢结构厂房的三维空间有限元模型,完成了其整体结构的动力学特性分析,还根据现有7级地震记录对其施加了横向、纵向和斜向地震激励,分别做时间历程分析,并对计算结果做了相应的对比.最后结合结构抗震规范的相关条文,对该钢结构厂房的抗震性能进行了综合评定,结果表明其满足7级抗震要求.分析结果可为工程师们设计类似结构提供相应的依据.

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系凝析气田勘探中的古地貌学方法

针对塔中地区碳酸盐岩埋藏深度大、横向非均质性强、岩层顶面地震反射强而内幕地震反射弱且分辨率低等地震地质特点,充分利用三维地震信息,精细解释了上奥陶统桑塔木组内部地震反射强振幅、强连续等时界面和碳酸盐岩顶界面,刻画了塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系碳酸盐岩台地—陆棚边缘高能礁滩体的地貌学特征,建立了碳酸盐岩建隆的地震地质模式。该模式为全面认识该区碳酸盐岩建隆沉积体系的发育特征和分布范围提供了重要依据,并在该区奥陶系凝析气田勘探、有利勘探区带评价和储量评估中得到了成功应用,取得了良好的经济效益。