Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

激光重熔对激光粉末床熔合制备Ti-6Al-4V合金热稳定性的影响机制研究

研究了激光重熔(LR)对激光粉末床熔合(LPBF)制备Ti-6Al-4V合金的组织性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明,LR处理后,LRed-Ti-6Al-4V钛合金样品内α′相热稳定性显著提升,β-Ti相出现的温度点由500℃升至700℃。热处理后,LPBF-Ti-6Al-4V钛合金内晶粒持续生长,700℃以上出现明显的“短棒状”和“粗层片状”特征;而LRed-Ti-6Al-4V样品表层熔化区内晶粒仍维持等轴特征,700℃以上的熔化区和热影响区内呈现较为均匀细小的针状组织。两组样品的表面显微硬度值随温度升高而不断降低,并且分别在700℃和850℃显著下降,β-Ti晶粒的迅速粗化是引起硬度下降的主要原因。

Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel were investigated using a ring-on-block test rig in both artificial seawater and distilled water. It is found that friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear losses of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys are larger in seawater compared with distilled water. The mechanical action can destroy the passive film and increase the corrosion rate. The synergism effect between corrosion and wear occurs. The synergism action between corrosion and wear is related to the corrosion rate and with the increase of corrosion rate, the synergism becomes more important. 316 stainless steel suffers severe wear sliding against Monel K500 alloy compared with sliding against Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both distilled water and seawater.

基于选区激光熔化的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金节点增强型点阵结构及其力学行为

以Ti-6Al-4V钛合金粉末为原材料,采用选区激光熔化技术制备了常规和节点增强型体心四方点阵结构。研究了两种点阵结构的形貌、微观结构及力学性能。并探究了常规热处理对节点增强型点阵结构微观结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明,在节点处提高制备激光功率后该处直径增大,节点处表面粗糙度及孔隙率值均增大,整体结构相对密度提高24.8%,节点处初生β晶发生了等轴化。增强后的点阵结构失效由贯穿整体的斜60°瞬间坍塌模式转变为逐层沉降式坍塌模式,比弹性模量增加了112%,比抗压强度增加了52%,30%应变时的比吸能提升了88%,整体力学性能有了显著提升。热处理后节点增强型点阵结构抗压强度下降,但能量吸收能力得到了提高。

Development of processing windows for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel with silver as intermediate layer

As titanium alloy is chemically reactive,it is very difficult to join by conventional welding techniques.Titanium alloys can easily pick up nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere.In the fusion welding method,brittle intermetallic compounds are formed when joining titanium alloy and stainless steel,which decrease the mechanical behavior of the couples.Hence,for joining of titanium alloy,diffusion bonding is recommended.This work dealt with the measurement of feasible process parameters for diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V and AISI 304 stainless steel with silver as an intermediate layer.The quality of the bonds was confirmed by the lap shear test and microstructural analysis.With the experimental results obtained,diffusion bonding windows were constructed and this will act as reference maps to identify the process parameters for obtaining defect free bond.Bonding was successful in the temperature range of 750-800 °C.Maximum lap shear strength was achieved under a bonding pressure of 5 MPa and holding time of 90 min.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Mechanical properties of strengthened surface layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy induced by wet peening treatment

A modified surface layer was formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by wet peening treatment. The variations of the residual stress,nano-hardness and microstructure of the modified layer with depth from surface were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,nano-indentation analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show thatboth the compressive residual stress and hardness decrease with increasing depth, and the termination depths are 160 and 80 μm,respectively. The microstructure observation indicates that within 80 μm, the compressive residual stress and the hardness areenhanced by the co-action of the grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Within 80–160 μm, the compressiveresidual stress mainly derives from the dislocation strengthening. The strengthened layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after wet peeningtreatment was quantitatively analyzed by a revised equation with respect to a relation between hardness and yield strength.

Process parameters optimization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet during hot stretch-creep forming

Hot stretch-creep forming （SCF） is a novel technique to produce hard-to-form thin-walled metal components. Comprehensively considering the analysis results of the springback angle, yield strength and microstructure, four hot SCF process parameters including temperature, stretch velocity, post stretch percentage and dwelling time of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet were optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The results reveal that temperature is the most important factor on springback angle. The yield strength of the deformed material in 0° direction increases, while those in directions of 45° and 90° fluctuate around the original value. After hot SCF, the shape of some a phases changes from short thin grains to long slender ones, and the microhardness changes very little. The optimized parameters with temperature of 700 ℃, stretch velocity of 5 mm/min, post stretch percentage of 2% and dwelling time of 8 min are achieved finally.

Influence of hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate

Electromagnetic forming tests were done at room temperature to reveal the influence of hydrogen content on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Microstructure was observed to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen-enhanced compressive properties. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen has favorable effects on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy first increases up to a maximum and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen content at the same discharge energy under EMF tests. The compression increases by 47.0% when 0.2% (mass fraction) hydrogen is introduced into Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimal hydrogen content for cold formation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under EMF was determined. The reasons for the hydrogen-induced compressive properties were discussed.

Influence of spark plasma sintering on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy reinforced with micron-sized Si_3N_4powder

Ti-6 Al-4 V-Si3 N4 composites were effectively fabricated by spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique. The addition of Si_3 N_4 on Ti-6 AI-4 V was varied from 5% to 15%(wt fraction). The effect of Si_3 N_4 addition on the densification, microstructure, and microhardness and corrosion behaviour of Ti-6 Al-4 V was investigated.An increase in microhardness value was recorded from 325.46 HV_(0.1) to 585.73 HV_(0.1). X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis showed that the intensity of diffraction peaks of Si3 N4 phase in the composites increased.The sintered Ti-6 Al-4 V reinforced with Si_3 N_4 compacts revealed the non-existence of intermediate phases, such as TiSi_2(titanium silicide) which was expected. SEM analysis of the spark plasma sintered composites revealed a and β phase microstructures in Ti-6 Al-4 V with uniform distribution of Si3 N4 particulates in the matrix. The corrosion resistance property of the material was improved by the addition of Si_3 N_4 from 0.986629 mm/year to 0.030547 mm/year.

Effect of grain size of primary α phase on bonding interface characteristic and mechanical property of press bonded Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of grain size of primary α phase on the bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of bond was investigated in the press bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The quantitative results show that the average size of voids increases from 0.8 to 2.6 μm and the bonding ratio decreases from 90.9% to 77.8% with an increase in grain size of primary α phase from 8.2 to 16.4 μm. The shape of voids changes from the tiny round to the irregular strip. The highest shear strength of bond can be obtained in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a grain size of 8.2 μm. This is contributed to the higher ability of plastic flow and more short-paths for diffusion in the alloy with smaller grain size of primary α phase, which promote the void closure process and the formation of α/β grains across bonding interface.

Dynamic fracture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Taylor impact test

The dynamic fracture behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate loading were investigated systemically through Taylor impact test, over the range of impact velocities from 145 m/s to 306 m/s. The critical impact velocity of fracture ranges from 217 m/s to 236 m/s. Smooth surfaces and ductile dimple areas were observed on the fracture surfaces. As the impact velocity reached 260 m/s, the serious melting regions were also observed on the fracture surfaces. Self-organization of cracks emerges when the impact velocity reaches 260 m/s, while some special cracks whose ＂tips＂ are not sharp but arc and smooth, and without any evidence of deformation or adiabatic shear band were also observed on the impact end surfaces. Examination of the sections of these special cracks reveals that the cracks expand along the two maximum shear stress directions respectively, and finally intersect as a tridimensional ＂stagger ridge＂ structure.

3D打印Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面纳米孔洞制备技术

目的通过3D打印技术制得钛合金,并构建出微米级多孔粗糙表面,再通过阳极氧化表面处理技术在微米级多孔粗糙表面构建出纳米级结构。方法首先,通过高压水处理与酸蚀处理相结合的方法,对3D打印钛合金表面进行前处理,去除不良结合的球形粉末颗粒,降低3D打印钛合金表面的粗糙度及各向异性。然后,通过阳极氧化处理,在3D打印钛合金表面制备出具有纳米级孔洞的TiO_(2)类骨膜层。结果3D打印钛合金表面存在较大的各向异性,导致后续的电化学过程中电场放电不均匀,形成的TiO_(2)类骨膜层稳定性差,而阳极氧化的前处理方法可有效解决这些问题。此外,纳米多孔结构抑制了阳极氧化处理中不稳定放电现象的发生,保证了膜层表面颜色的均匀性,且使膜层与钛或钛合金结合牢固,可在3D打印钛合金表面构建纳米级膜层结构。结论该工艺方法制备的3D打印钛合金表面膜层的成膜速率和稳定性较好,膜层呈三维网状结构,大孔内附有小孔。该结构有利于细胞在其表面更好地粘附、分化和增殖,是理想的医用植入材料。

Ti_3Al基合金与Ti-6Al-4V合金TLP连接接头的组织转变

采用TiZrNiCu合金作为中间层材料研究了Ti3Al基合金与Ti-6Al-4V合金的瞬间液相(TLP)扩散连接接头成分、组织转变及显微硬度。研究结果表明,连接温度和连接时间对接头成分和组织有较大的影响。随着连接温度的提高和连接时间的延长,接头中元素分布趋于均匀,连接区宽度增大。连接温度为850℃和900℃时,液相的残留使得接头中存在Ti-Cu金属间化合物。当连接温度为950℃,连接时间为30min时,等温凝固的完成使Ti-Cu金属间化合物从接头中消失。随着连接温度的提高和连接时间的延长,接头连接区硬度降低。当连接温度为950℃,连接时间为30min时,接头硬度分布较均匀。

Quasi-static and dynamic tensile behaviors in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The quasi-static and dynamic tensile behaviors in electron beam welded（EBW） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated at strain rates of 10-3 and 103 s-1,respectively,by materials test system（MTS） and reconstructive Hopkinson bars apparatus.The microstructures of the base metal（BM） and the welded metal（WM） were observed with optical microscope.The fracture characteristics of the BM and WM were characterized with scanning electronic microscope.In Ti-6Al-4V alloy joint,the flow stress of WM is higher than that of BM,while the fracture strain of WM is less than that of BM at strain rates of 103 and 10-3 s-1,respectively.The fracture strain of WM has apparent improvement when the strain rate rises from 10-3 to 103 s-1,while the fracture strain of BM almost has no change.At the same time,the fracture mode of WM alters from brittle to ductile fracture,which causes improvement of the fracture strain of WM.

Y_2O_3对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面原位自生TiC-TiB_2颗粒增强涂层结合力的影响

研究了稀土氧化物Y_2O_3对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面原位自生Ti C-Ti B_2颗粒增强涂层结合力的影响。结果表明,在Al-B4C体系涂层中添加少量稀土氧化物Y_2O_3不仅可大幅提高内/外层界面结合强度,而且改变了涂层的破环方式。

Effect of electropulsing on deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during cold drawing

Electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to investigate effect of electropulsing on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti-6Al-4V during cold drawing. Research results demonstrate that the electropulsing treatment （EPT） can enhance the deformability of the grains with unfavorable orientations, which makes the compatibility of deformation among grains much better. A comparison in texture evolution between conventional cold drawing and EPT cold drawing indicates that the EPT promotes prismatic 〈a〉 slip moving, restricts pyramidal 〈c＋a〉 slip occurring and accommodates the deformation with c-component by grain boundary sliding. The fraction decrease of low-angle grain boundaries for samples deformed with EPT reveals that the application of electropulsing restricts the formation of the incidental dislocation boundaries and the geometrically necessary boundaries.

Ti-6Al-4V表面超声滚压制备Al_2O_3膜层的微观组织及性能研究

运用超声滚压处理(USRP)的方法,在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制得一层Al2O3薄膜。利用SEM、XRD、光学干涉仪及显微硬度计分析了超声滚压处理后试样表面层的微观组织和性能。结果表明:加入Al2O3粉末进行USRP后可以在基体金属表面形成厚度约为7μm的Al2O3膜层,且结合处基体金属存在残余压应力和塑性变形。相对于母材,处理后试样表面粗糙度降低50%,表面硬度提高98%。同时,处理后试样表面层存在残余压应力场,最大压应力值为-687MPa,位于最表层,残余压应力深度为420μm。加入Al2O3粉末的USRP后的试样,既利用表面Al2O3的加入进一步提高其表面硬度,同时保留了USRP的优势。

Stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by fiber laser

Stitch welding of plate covered skeleton structure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys has a variety of applications in aerospace vehicle manufacture. The laser stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys was carried out by a 4 kW ROFIN fiber laser. Influences of laser welding parameters on the macroscopic geometry, porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the stitch welded seams were investigated by digital microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that the three-pipe nozzle with gas flow rate larger than 5 L/min could avoid oxidization, presenting better shielding effect in comparison with the single-pipe nozzle. Porosity formation could be suppressed with the gap between plate and skeleton less than 0.1 mm, while the existing porosity can be reduced with remelting. The maximum shear strength of stitch welding joint with minimal porosity was obtained by employing laser power of 1700 W, welding speed of 1.5 m/min and defocusing distance of ＋8 ram.

电子束3D打印Ti-6Al-4V合金电化学腐蚀性能研究

研究了电子束3D打印Ti-6Al-4V合金的微观组织和电化学腐蚀性能之间的关系。研究表明,在平行于成型方向(XOZ面),观察到竖直生长的原始β柱状晶,其主要由晶界柱状α、沿晶界生长的集束α以及β晶内网篮状α组成,其中,网篮组织内部α片层取向各异,细小的棒状β相位于α片层之间。通过在1 mol/L HCl溶液中对合金动态极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测量来研究各成型面抗腐蚀性能,与XOY面相比,XOZ面表现出更好的耐腐蚀性,这种性能的差异与合金显微组织密切相关,利用OM、SEM和TEM等分析手段可得,各个成型面抗腐蚀性能差异主要是由于β相含量不同,其中XOZ面β相含量最高,其耐腐蚀性能最好,因此通过控制成型过程以获得高含量β相可以提高合金耐腐蚀性能,除此之外,合理选择电子束3D打印Ti-6Al-4V合金的应用表面可以获得更好的耐腐蚀性。