Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results: Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concen-tration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida:Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725μg GAE/g. Conclusions: The IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.

Statistical Modelling of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar using Response Surface Methodology

The fly ash based geopolymer has emerged as a capable and sustainable binder material in construction industry.Ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)method is a non-destructive technique for investigating the mechanical performance of concrete.Experimental investigation was performed for studying the effect of NaOH Molarity,Na2SiO3/NaOH and curing temperature on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of geopolymer mortar.Experiments were designed based on central composite design(CCD)technique of response surface methodology(RSM).Statistical model was developed and statistically validated and found significant as the difference between adjustable R-squared and predicted R-squared less than 0.2.Finally,the optimized mix proportion was assessed for maximized value of UPV.Experimental validation on the optimized mix reveals the close agreement between experimental and predicted values of UPV with significance level of more than 95%.The proposed technique improves the yield,the reliability of the product and the processes.

Linarin ameliorates innate inflammatory response in an experimental dry eye model via modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of linarin(LA) in an experimental dry eye model.Methods LA or vehicle was applied in two dry eye models: an in vitro hyperosmotic stress model and an in vivo desiccating stress(DS) murine model. The viability of human corneal epithelial cells(HCECs) was measured using a cell counting kit(CCK-8).Tear secretion was assessed using the phenol red cotton test. The tear break-up time(TBUT) was recorded using 0.1% liquid fluorescein sodium. Corneal epithelial permeability was evaluated through Oregon green dextran(OGD) staining.Conjunctival goblet cells were counted using periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer d UTP nickend labeling(TUNEL) staining was used to quantify apoptotic cells in both models. The expression of Ki-67 was measured in HCECs in the cell model while that of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-3 and-9 was measured in the murine model through immunofluorescence staining. Real-time quantitative PCR(RTqPCR) was performed to assess the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in the corneal epithelium and NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1,interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in the conjunctiva. The protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC,Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the conjunctiva were assessed via Western blot.Results In the in vitro model, treatment of HCECs with LA showed no toxicity, increased proliferation, and reduced apoptosis. In the murine model, compared to the control, LA significantly increased tear production and TBUT, improved OGD staining, and increased the number of goblet cells. Topical treatment of LA to mice provided decreased expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, TNF-α, and apoptotic corneal epithelium. Topical administration of LA also suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome in the dry eye disease(DED) murine model by decreasing the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the conjunctiva.Conclusion Our findings support the safety and efficacy of LA in the treatment of DED. LA alleviated corneal epithelial damage and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated immunity in the conjunctiva in a murine model of DED.

响应面法模拟优化蜡样芽孢杆菌W-3菌株产木聚糖酶发酵条件

【目的】应用响应面法对产木聚糖酶的工艺进行优化,为进一步大规模生产提供参考依据。【方法】通过单因素试验分别考察碳源、氮源、pH、温度、接种量和转速6个因素对蜡样芽孢杆菌W-3产木聚糖酶的影响。通过Design Expert 10.0.3软件中的Box-Behnken进行响应面优化设计。通过对小麦麸皮、氯化铵、pH、温度、接种量和转速进行不同组合,系统地优化了发酵条件。利用二次响应面回归方法建立酶产量与各因素之间的数学模型,并通过回归分析确定各因素对酶产量的影响程度。【结果】小麦麸皮添加量、氯化铵添加量、pH和温度是影响发酵的主效应因素,单因子优化显示,蜡样芽孢杆菌W-3发酵产木聚糖酶条件为小麦麸皮35 g/L、氯化铵5 g/L、pH 8.0、温度70℃、接种量2%、转速210 r/min。在单因子优化的基础上进一步应用响应面优化,找到了更优的发酵参数,经过优化后的发酵条件为小麦麸皮33.0 g/L、氯化铵5.1 g/L、pH 8.3、温度73℃、接种量2%、转速210 r/min,该条件下蜡样芽孢杆菌W3发酵产生的木聚糖酶的酶活为523.24 U/mL。【结论】本试验通过响应面法优化了蜡样芽孢杆菌W-3发酵条件,在33.0 g/L小麦麸皮、5.1 g/L氯化铵、pH 8.3、73℃、2%接种量、210 r/min条件下,可获得较高的木聚糖酶的酶活(523.24 U/mL),比优化之前(225.53 U/mL)提高了2.32倍。

磁性Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)的除氟性能

通过水热法制备了Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)复合材料,研究了Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)对水溶液中F^(-)的吸附性能,并通过响应曲面法优化了吸附条件。实验结果表明:在pH=3.6、实验温度为40℃、初始氟离子浓度为17.4 mg/L的条件下,Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)的吸附效果最佳,F^(-)去除率可达94.5%。除氟特性实验数据更适合用Langmuir模型进行描述,拟合得到最大吸附容量(q_(max))为147.23 mg/g,热力学参数ΔG^(o)、ΔH^(o)和ΔS^(o)表明该吸附反应是一个自发吸热的熵增过程。动力学研究表明Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)对F^(-)的吸附符合准二级反应动力学过程。对复合材料的形貌和结构进行了表征分析,并结合吸附热力学和动力学研究探讨了吸附机理,该吸附过程主要是离子交换和静电吸附共同作用。共存离子实验、循环再生实验结果显示,Ce-La-MOFs@Fe_(3)O_(4)对F^(-)具有较好的选择性,该复合材料的再生性能较好,回收率可达96%,两次循环后对F^(-)的去除率仍达81.74%。

Acoustical properties of a 3D printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers:Experimental analysis and optimization for emerging applications

The novelty of this research lies in the successful fabrication of a 3D-printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers for acoustic properties,utilizing an impedance tube setup in accordance with ASTM standard E 1050-12.The Creality Ender-3,a 3D printer,was used for printing the honeycomb structures,and polylactic acid(PLA)material was employed for their construction.The organic,inorganic,and polymeric compounds within the composites were identified using fourier transformation infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The structure and homogeneity of the samples were examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM).To determine the sound absorption coefficient of the 3D printed honeycomb structure,numerous samples were systematically developed using central composite design(CCD)and analysed using response surface methodology(RSM).The RSM mathematical model was established to predict the optimum values of each factor and noise reduction coefficient(NRC).The optimum values for an NRC of 0.377 were found to be 1.116 wt% carbon black,1.025 wt% aluminium powder,and 3.151 mm distance between parallel edges.Overall,the results demonstrate that a 3Dprinted honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers is an excellent material that can be utilized in various fields,including defence and aviation,where lightweight and acoustic properties are of great importance.

Pt-W/Al_(2)O_(3)催化甲酸铵转移氢化变压器油的应用研究

通过浸渍法制备Pt-W/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂,以甲酸铵为氢供体、乙醇为溶剂对老化变压器油进行转移加氢以实现变压器油的回收再利用。得益于Pt-W/Al_(2)O_(3)中丰富的酸性位点,与Pd/C、Pd/Al_(2)O_(3)、Pt/Al_(2)O_(3)等单效催化剂相比,本研究所制备的催化剂性能更优。采用响应面法对工艺条件进行优化并作回归分析,结果表明最优工艺条件为甲酸铵用量39%,催化剂用量2.35%,温度69℃,经验证该模型置信度良好。在此条件下的氢化变压器油脱色率和脱酸率分别达到98.1%和97.4%,主要电气性能恢复至国标新油水平。

Heterogeneous Fenton-like discoloration of methyl orange using Fe3O4/MWCNTs as catalyst： process optimization by response surface methodology

Fe3O4/MWCNTs nanocomposites were prepared by chemical oxidation coprecipitation method and developed as highly efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. XRD results revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles deposited onto MWCNTs surface remained the inverse spinel crystal structure of cubic Fe3O4 phase. The FTIR characteristic peaks of MWCNTs weakened or disappeared due to the anchor of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe-O peak at 570 cm^-1 was indicative of the formation of Fe3O4. TEM observation revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were tightly anchored by MWCNTs. The Fenton-like catalytic activity of Fe3O4/MWCNTs nanocomposites for the discoloration of methyl orange （MO） was much higher than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The process optimization of this heterogeneous Fenton-like system was implemented by response surface methodology （RSM）. The optimum conditions for MO discoloration were determined to be of 12.3 mmoi/L H2O2 concentration, 2.9 glL catalyst dosage, solution pH 2.7 and 39.3 min reaction time, with the maximum predicted value for MO discoloration ratio of 101.85%. The corresponding experimental value under the identical conditions was obtained as 99.86%, which was very close to the predicted one with the absolute deviation of 1.99%.

Optimization of the O_(3)/H_(2)O_(2) process with response surface methodology for pretreatment of mother liquor of gas field wastewater

The present study reports the use of the O_(3)/H_(2)O_(2) process in the pretreatment of the mother liquor of gas field wastewater(ML-GFW),obtained from the multi-effect distillation treatment of the gas field wastewater.The range of optimal operation conditions was obtained by single-factor experiments.Response surface methodology(RSM)based on the central composite design(CCD)was used for the optimization procedure.A regression model with Total organic carbon(TOC)removal efficiency as the response value was established(R^(2)=0.9865).The three key factors were arranged according to their significance as:pH>H_(2)O_(2) dosage>ozone flow rate.The model predicted that the best operation conditions could be obtained at a pH of 10.9,an ozone flow rate of 0.8 L/min,and H_(2)O_(2) dosage of 6.2 mL.The dosing ratio of ozone was calculated to be 9.84 mg O3/mg TOC.The maximum removal efficiency predicted was 75.9%,while the measured value was 72.3%.The relative deviation was found to be in an acceptable range.The ozone utilization and free radical quenching experiments showed that the addition of H_(2)O_(2) promoted the decomposition of ozone to produce hydroxyl radicals(·OH).This also improved the ozone utilization efficiency.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis showed that most of the organic matters in ML-GFW were degraded,while some residuals needed further treatment.This study provided the data and the necessary technical supports for further research on the treatment of ML-GFW.

Experimental design for optimization of 4-nitrophenol reduction by green synthesized CeO2/g-C3N4/Ag catalyst using response surface methodology

In this study,the enhancement of catalytic activity of ceria when modified with co-catalysts such as graphitic carbon nitride and silver was establishe d.The material was synthe sized using phytogenic combustion method,a green alternative to the traditional preparative routes.The catalyst was characterized using XRD,FTIR,SEM,EDX,XPS and TEM techniques.The synergistic effect of the composite CeO2/g-C3 N4/Ag was tested for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the prese nce of sodium borohydride.The reaction was carried out at room tempe rature without any light source or exte rnal stirring.The individual and combined effects of four parameters,viz.,concentration of 4-NP,amount of catalyst,amount of NaBH4 and time for the reduction of reduction 4-NP were investigated using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology(RSM).This statistical model was used to optimize the reaction conditions for maximum reduction of 4-NP.The optimum conditions for the reduction reaction are found to be 0.01 mmol/L 4-NP,15 mg catalyst,20 mg NaBH4 and 13.7 min time interval.

Application of response surface methodology for optimization of Orange Ⅱ removal by heterogeneous Fenton-like process using Fe_3O_4nanoparticles

In this study, Fe3O4nanoparticles（Fe3O4NPs） were successfully prepared via oxidation–precipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）. The characterization results indicated that Fe3O4 NPs with regular crystal structure and a narrow of diameters had been synthesized successfully and had high purity. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the degradation of Orange II by the obtained heterogeneous Fe3O4 catalysts in the presence of H2O2. The response surface methodology（RSM） based on Box–Behnken design（BBD） was employed to design and optimize individual and interactive effects of the four main independent parameters（catalyst loading, initial p H, reaction temperature and H2O2concentration） on decolorization efficiency of Orange II. A significant quadratic model（p-value 〈0.0001, R2= 0.9369） was derived using analysis of variance（ANOVA）. Optimum conditions were catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L, initial p H of 2.7, reaction temperature of 42 8C and H2O2 concentration of 22 mmol/L, respectively. The predicted decolorization rate under the optimum conditions as determined by the proposed model was 99.55%. Confirmatory tests were carried out and the decolorization rate of 99.49% was observed under the optimum conditions, which agreed well with the model prediction.

响应面法对3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定水果中还原糖含量条件的优化

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法测定水果中还原糖的含量,在单因素试验的基础上,采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法(RSM)优化DNS法测定苹果还原糖的最佳条件,同时建立数学模型并验证其可靠性。回归方程失拟项不显著(P=0.133 7),预测值与实际值吻合(R^2=0.957 4);影响DNS法测定还原糖含量的因素主次顺序为:DNS用量﹥反应温度﹥显色时间;DNS法测定还原糖含量的最佳条件为:DNS用量4.0 m L,显色时间5.0 min,反应温度87.0℃,测得还原糖实际浓度为94.66 mg/L,与理论预测值基本相符。按照优化的最佳条件,以苹果、桃、葡萄、哈密瓜、脐橙、菠萝6种代表性水果为对象验证该方法的精密度、重复性和准确度,其标准偏差为0.1%~0.5%,相对标准偏差为2.0%~4.8%,加标回收率为90.6%~104.2%。该方法简便、快速,准确度高,重现性好,适合于苹果及其他水果中还原糖的测定。

弓形虫表面抗原SAG3基因和IL-2基因佐剂混合诱导小鼠免疫应答研究

目的了解编码SAG3的重组质粒和IL-2基因佐剂在小鼠体内的免疫反应,为进一步的核酸疫苗及免疫学研究创造条件。方法将编码SAG3的质粒和鼠源性IL-2表达载体以100μg的剂量感染小鼠,3周中两次以相同的剂量加强免疫,分别以PBS和空质粒pcDNA3.1感染。采用ELISA法测定抗体水平、亚型、IFN-γI、L-4和IL-2的含量,RT-PCR方法检测注射部位目的基因的转录,所有鼠均由强毒力ZS2株弓形虫感染。结果SAG3表达质粒3次免疫后鼠体内特异IgG水平明显上升,IL-2表达质粒的联合使用导致IgG2a水平的升高和IFN-γ的产生,提高了其分泌IL-2的水平,但对IL-4的水平产生轻微的影响;RT-PCR显示首次使用导致IgG2a水平的升高和IFN-γ的产生,提高了其分泌IL-2的水平,但对IL-4的水平产生轻微的影响;RT-PCR显示首次免疫15天后,目的基因在肌肉组织中仍有表达;混合质粒注射和小鼠抗弓形虫感染的存活时间延长。结论由SAG3 DNA诱导的免疫应答因IL-2表达质粒的共同注射而增强,DNA疫苗和适当细胞因子的共注射对抵抗弓形虫感染的效果值得进一步研究。

Study on the Removal of Carbendazim Residues by Combination of Ca(ClO)_2 and O_3

[Objective] The research aimed to investigate the influences of each factor in the combination of Ca（ClO）2 and O3 on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat. [Method] By using Box-Behnken response surface methodology （RSM）, the effects of initial concentration of carbendazim, soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, soaked time of ozone water and Ca（ClO）2 concentration on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat were studied. [Result] In the test range, the effects of each factor on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat were soaked time of ozone water, soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, initial residual amount of carbendazim and concentration of Ca（ClO）2 solution in turn. By fitting the experimental result, the quadratic polynomial model of relationship between residual amount of carbendazim and the above each factor was obtained. The verified experimental result showed that the model had high precision. [Conclusion] The model could be used to guide using the appropriate soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, soaked time of ozone water and Ca（ClO）2 concentration under the certain initial concentration and residue limits of carbendazim, which guaranteed obtaining the expected residue limits of carbendazim.

响应面法优化酿酒酵母产3-甲硫基丙醇发酵条件

为提高酿酒酵母工程菌S288C-CYS3发酵产3-甲硫基丙醇的产率,采用响应面法对其发酵条件进行了研究.首先考察不同水平的温度、接种量、初始pH、转速以及时间对3-甲硫基丙醇产率的影响,在此基础上确定发酵温度、时间及起始pH值对3-甲硫基丙醇产率影响较为显著,然后利用Design Expert 8.05软件针对上述3个因素进行响应面优化实验并建立二次回归模型.最终确定的最佳参数为发酵温度31℃,起始pH为5,接种量10%,转速200r/min,发酵时间64h.此条件下3-甲硫基丙醇产量为0.69g/L,较优化前提高了14.96%.

洋葱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas cepacia)PCL-3产脂肪酶发酵条件研究

研究了洋葱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas cepacia)PCL-3发酵产碱性脂肪酶培养条件的优化。采用单因子试验筛选出糊精为最适碳源,蛋白胨和尿素为复合氮源。通过Plackett-Burman设计试验,对影响产酶条件的8个相关因子进行评估并筛选出具有显著效应的3个因子:尿素、接种量以及初始pH值。用最陡爬坡实验逼近显著因子的最大响应区域后,采用响应面分析法,确定尿素、接种量以及初始pH值最优值分别为0.15%,3.05%和8.59。优化后液体发酵培养基中脂肪酶活力提高到48.88U/ml,比初始酶活25.37U/ml提高了1.93倍。10L的发酵罐中,脂肪酶活力在52h达到最大,为47.69U/ml。

响应面法优化啤酒酵母泥中β-1,3-葡聚糖提取工艺

为提高啤酒酵母泥中β-1,3-葡聚糖的得率,采用响应面法优化酸碱法提取葡聚糖的工艺条件,对NaOH质量分数、碱提温度、碱提时间3个因素进行单因素试验。根据单因素试验结果,设计中心组合试验,以葡聚糖得率为指标,采用响应面分析法确定最优工艺参数。结果表明:在NaOH溶液质量分数2.05%、92.70℃处理2.50h条件下,β-1,3-葡聚糖得率实测值为15.76%,模型预期值为15.82%,响应面优化法提高了β-1,3-葡聚糖的得率。

1-己基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸的制备及催化氧化环己烯制备己二酸的研究

以溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体和磷钨酸为原料,采用一步法合成了1-己基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸盐[HMIM]PW12O_40催化剂。使用红外光谱、热重分析对催化剂进行了表征。以催化氧化环己烯制备己二酸为模板反应,探讨了催化剂的催化活性。结果表明,当催化剂添加量为0.75 mmol,n(离子液体)∶n(磷钨酸)=1.5∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为10 h时,己二酸产率为98.2%。催化剂在重复使用5次时,己二酸的产率为89.8%。采用design-expert对催化氧化环己烯制备己二酸进行了响应曲面建模,模型预测制备己二酸工艺参数的交互影响顺序为:(反应温度×反应时间)>(反应温度×催化剂配比)>(催化剂配比×反应时间)。

星点设计-效应面优化法优化2-(3-羟基-1-金刚烷基)-2-乙醛酸的合成工艺

采用星点设计-效应面优化法对2-金刚烷基乙醛酸5合成2-(3-羟基-1-金刚烷基)-2-乙醛酸6的因素进行考证,以提高化合物6的收率。以金刚烷甲酸1为起始原料,酰氯化后与丙二酸二乙酯钠盐缩合,脱羧得到乙酰金刚烷4,4经两步高锰酸钾氧化分别得5和6。化合物5到6的氧化反应是关键步骤,通过单因素考察法对化合物5合成6的工艺影响因素进行初步考察,并用星点设计-效应面优化法对显著性因素进行优化和多元线性回归与二项式方程拟合。优化后的化合物4到6的工艺总收率由文献报道的30%～40%提高到57.8%。星点设计-效应面优化法是一种简便、可行的工艺优化方法。

响应面法优化合成1,1,1,3,5,5,5-七甲基三硅氧烷

选用六甲基二硅氧烷(MM)和高含氢硅油(DH)为原料,强酸型离子交换树脂作催化剂,采用响应面优化法对1,1,1,3,5,5,5-七甲基三硅氧烷(MDHM)的合成工艺进行优化。在单因素实验的基础上,依次采用Plackett-Burman设计,最陡爬坡实验及Box-Behnken设计法进行工艺优化,以MDHM的质量分数为响应值作响应面,然后进行回归分析。实验结果表明,MDHM的最佳合成条件为:反应物质量比为m(DH)∶m(MM)=1∶13.45,反应温度为62.5℃,催化剂用量为7.09%。在反应时间10h的条件下,产物中MDHM的质量分数为40.62%,与模型预测值基本相符。通过研究温度对反应动力学的影响,进一步验证了所取温度和时间的合理性。