When discovering the potential of canards flying in 4-dimensional slow-fast system with a bifurcation parameter, the key notion “symmetry” plays an important role. It is of one parameter on slow vector field. Then, ...When discovering the potential of canards flying in 4-dimensional slow-fast system with a bifurcation parameter, the key notion “symmetry” plays an important role. It is of one parameter on slow vector field. Then, it should be determined to introduce parameters to all slow/fast vectors. It is, however, there might be no way to explore for another potential in this system, because the geometrical structure is quite different from the system with one parameter. Even in this system, the “symmetry” is also useful to obtain the potentials classified by R. Thom. In this paper, via the coordinates changing, the possible way to explore for the potential will be shown. As it is analyzed on “hyper finite time line”, or done by using “non-standard analysis”, it is called “Hyper Catastrophe”. In the slow-fast system which includes a very small parameter , it is difficult to do precise analysis. Thus, it is useful to get the orbits as a singular limit. When trying to do simulations, it is also faced with difficulty due to singularity. Using very small time intervals corresponding small , we shall overcome the difficulty, because the difference equation on the small time interval adopts the standard differential equation. These small intervals are defined on hyper finite number N, which is nonstandard. As and the intervals are linked to use 1/N, the simulation should be done exactly.展开更多
Background: 4D-CT has been used to localize the parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia since 2006 as a second line study after TC-99 m MIBI and ultrasonography. However, multiple studies have shown that 4D-CT is a robus...Background: 4D-CT has been used to localize the parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia since 2006 as a second line study after TC-99 m MIBI and ultrasonography. However, multiple studies have shown that 4D-CT is a robust imaging method with high diagnostic accuracy, becoming increasingly popular among surgeons and radiologists. Purpose: To assess the diagnostic performance of 4D-CT scans to identify the pathologic gland(s), using pathology and intraoperative findings as gold standards. Methods: We analyzed patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism who had intraoperative reports, pathology, parathyroid hormone levels, and preoperative 4D-CT. Histology, surgical findings, and decreased parathyroid hormone levels were used as gold standards. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Fleiss’ kappa was used to assess the inter-observer agreement. Results: Sixty-seven patients were included. Sixty-two patients had a single adenoma, and five patients had a multiple gland disease (adenomas or hyperplasia). A total of 72 glands were proven to have parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy are 85%, 97%, 96%, 87% and 91% for lateralization and 76%, 96%, 85%, 92% and 90% for quadrant localization, respectively in single-gland disease. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy are 88%, 100%, 100%, 50% and 90% for lateralization and 71%, 100%, 100%, 60% and 80% for quadrant localization respectively in multiple-gland disease. Fleiss’ kappa value is 5.6 (moderate inter-observer agreement). Conclusion: 4D-CT is a robust method in the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands with high accuracy and at least moderate inter-observer agreement.展开更多
In this paper, we mainly investigate the realization of 3-Lie algebras from a family of Lie algebras. We prove the realization theorem, offer a concrete example realizing all type of 4-dimensional 3-Lie algebras, and ...In this paper, we mainly investigate the realization of 3-Lie algebras from a family of Lie algebras. We prove the realization theorem, offer a concrete example realizing all type of 4-dimensional 3-Lie algebras, and also give some properties about semi-simple n-Lie algebras.展开更多
Initiation, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms are caused by hemodynamic factors. It is extensively accepted that the cerebral aneurysm wall is assumed to be rigid using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Furt...Initiation, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms are caused by hemodynamic factors. It is extensively accepted that the cerebral aneurysm wall is assumed to be rigid using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Furthermore, fluid-structure interactions have been recently applied for simulation of an elastic cerebral aneurysm model. Herein, we examined cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics in a realistic moving boundary deformation model based on 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (4D-CTA) obtained by high time-resolution using numerical simulation. The aneurysm of the realistic moving deformation model based on 4D-CTA at each phase was constructed. The effect of small wall deformation on hemodynamic characteristics might be interested. So, four hemodynamic factors (wall shear stress, wall shear stress divergence, oscillatory shear index and residual residence time) were determined from the numerical simulation, and their behaviors were assessed in the basilar bifurcation aneurysm.展开更多
Downconversion （DC） with emission of two near-infrared photons about 1000 nm for each blue photon absorbed was obtained in thulium （Tm3＋） and ytterbium （Yb3＋） codoped yt- trium lithium fluoride （LiYF4） singl...Downconversion （DC） with emission of two near-infrared photons about 1000 nm for each blue photon absorbed was obtained in thulium （Tm3＋） and ytterbium （Yb3＋） codoped yt- trium lithium fluoride （LiYF4） single crystals grown by an improved Bridgman method. The luminescent properties of the crystals were measured through photoluminescence excitation, emission spectra and decay curves. Luminescence between 960 and 1050 nm from yb3＋： 2Fs/2--＋2FT/2 transition, which was originated from the DC from Tm3＋ ions to Yb3＋ ions, was observed under the excitation of blue photon at 465 nm. Moreover, the energy transfer processes were studied based on the Inokuti-Hirayama model, and the results indicated that the energy transfer from Tm3＋ to Yb3＋ was an electric dipole-dipole interaction. The max- imum quantum cutting efficiency approached with 0.49mo1% Tm3＋ and 5.99mo1% Yb3＋. increasing the energy efficiency of crystalline energy part of the solar spectrum. up to 167.5% in LiYF4 single crystal codoped Application of this crystal has prospects for Si solar cells by photon doubling of the high展开更多
Titanium alloys are very chemically reactive and,therefore,have a tendency to weld to the cutting tool during machining.The deterioration in the tool life caused by adhesion is a serious problem when titanium alloys a...Titanium alloys are very chemically reactive and,therefore,have a tendency to weld to the cutting tool during machining.The deterioration in the tool life caused by adhesion is a serious problem when titanium alloys are cut using carbide tools.The chemical reactivity of titanium alloys with carbide tool materials and their consequent welding by adhesion onto the cutting tool during dry cutting leads to excessive chipping,premature tool failure,and poor surface finish.In the present study,dry turning and milling tests were carried out on Ti-6Al-4V alloys with WC?Co carbide tools.The adhesion on the tool rake and flank face was explored,the adhesive joint interface between the workpiece materials and tools were observed.SEM observation showed that adhesion can be observed both on the rake and the flank face,and was more pronounced in rake face than in flank face.There was evidence of element diffusion from the tool rake face to the adhering layer(vice versa) through the adhesive joint interface,which leads to the tool element loss and microstructure change.While the adhering materials at the flank face can be easily separated from the joint interface owing to the lower temperature and less pressure at the flank face,the adhesive wear attack results in an abrasive wear in the flank face.Moreover,adhesion is more notable in turning than in milling.The proposed research provides references for studying the adhesion between the workpiece materials and the tools,the adhesion mechanisms and their effect on the tool wear.展开更多
The world petroleum exploration suggests that,about70%of the world’s potash resources were discovered during oil and gas exploration(Zheng et al.,2007).The Kuqa depression in the Tarim basin is abundant with petroleu...The world petroleum exploration suggests that,about70%of the world’s potash resources were discovered during oil and gas exploration(Zheng et al.,2007).The Kuqa depression in the Tarim basin is abundant with petroleum exploration data,and展开更多
The Blume-Capel model in the presence of external magnetic field H has been simulated using a cellular automaton algorithm improved from the Creutz cellular automaton in three-dimension lattice. The field critical exp...The Blume-Capel model in the presence of external magnetic field H has been simulated using a cellular automaton algorithm improved from the Creutz cellular automaton in three-dimension lattice. The field critical exponent 5 is estimated using the power law relations and the finite size scaling functions for the magnetization and the susceptibility in the range -0.1≤ h = H/J ≤0. The estimated value of the field critical exponent 5 is in good agreement with the universal value （δ = 5） in three dimensions. The simulations are carried out on a simple cubic lattice under periodic boundary conditions.展开更多
In order to decrease cutting fluid and improve environment, the cutting fluid was replaced by solid lubricant. Four kinds of solid lubricants were tested on a high temperature friction tester, from which nano K 2Ti ...In order to decrease cutting fluid and improve environment, the cutting fluid was replaced by solid lubricant. Four kinds of solid lubricants were tested on a high temperature friction tester, from which nano K 2Ti 4O 9 whisker enhanced solid lubrication film was chosen. It was coated on the surface of cutters and tested on a CA6140 lathe. At the rate of 400r/min, the wear of the tool flank with solid lubrication film is 1/6 of that without the film, and it is even lower than that using cutting fluid. With the increase of cutting speed, the wear of the tool flank with solid lubrication film is still lower than that without film, but it is higher than that using cutting fluid. Surface analyses by AFM, SEM and EDX reveal that the solid lubrication film can prevent Fe element of chips from diffusing the cutter surface; adhesion of the cutter and chips is abated and the wear of the tool flank is obviously decreased.展开更多
The generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SRT) is proposed. In this model, the possibility of unification of scalar gravity and electromagnetism into a single unified field is considered. Formall...The generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SRT) is proposed. In this model, the possibility of unification of scalar gravity and electromagnetism into a single unified field is considered. Formally, the generalization of the SRT is that instead of (1+3)-dimensional Minkowski space the (1+4)-dimensional extension G is considered. As the fifth additional coordinate the interval S is used. This value is saved under the usual Lorentz transformations in Minkowski space M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. If the rest mass of a particle does not change and the physical quantities do not depend on an additional variable S, then the electromagnetic and gravitational fields exist independently of each other. But if the rest mass is variable and there is a dependence on S, then these two fields are combined into a single unified field. In the extended space model a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. In this model the 5- vectors which components correspond to energy, pulse and mass of a particle are isotropic both for massive and massless particles. The rotations in the (1+4) dimensional extended space G can transform massive particles into massless and vice versa.展开更多
Based on the idea of hypothetical 4-dimensial substance with an inverse population of energy levels, a model of accelerated expansion of the Universe has been developed, which describes Hubble diagrams with great accu...Based on the idea of hypothetical 4-dimensial substance with an inverse population of energy levels, a model of accelerated expansion of the Universe has been developed, which describes Hubble diagrams with great accuracy for type Ia supernovae, quasars and gamma-ray burst sources at the Hubble parameter value of 67.7 km/s/Mpc, coinciding with the value obtained from analysis of inhomogeneities of relic radiation. Calculations at the Hubble parameter value of 73.5 km/s/Mpc, obtained using the ΛCDM model based on the analysis of data on type Ia supernovae and cepheids, differ markedly from the observed data. An explanation of the two values of the Hubble constant is proposed. It is shown that in this model, the magnitude of 13.8 billion years characterizes not the age of the Universe, but the time of propagation of light from those galaxes whose acceleration of removal has a minimal value. Based on the recently discovered curvature of the Universe, estimates are given of the lower limits of its size and lifetime, which turned out to be at least 270 billon years. The probability of transition from the excited state to the underlying energy levels of a hypothetical 4-dimensial substance, as well as the low of increasing energy density as a result of transitions to the underlying levels of this substance, is determined.展开更多
文摘When discovering the potential of canards flying in 4-dimensional slow-fast system with a bifurcation parameter, the key notion “symmetry” plays an important role. It is of one parameter on slow vector field. Then, it should be determined to introduce parameters to all slow/fast vectors. It is, however, there might be no way to explore for another potential in this system, because the geometrical structure is quite different from the system with one parameter. Even in this system, the “symmetry” is also useful to obtain the potentials classified by R. Thom. In this paper, via the coordinates changing, the possible way to explore for the potential will be shown. As it is analyzed on “hyper finite time line”, or done by using “non-standard analysis”, it is called “Hyper Catastrophe”. In the slow-fast system which includes a very small parameter , it is difficult to do precise analysis. Thus, it is useful to get the orbits as a singular limit. When trying to do simulations, it is also faced with difficulty due to singularity. Using very small time intervals corresponding small , we shall overcome the difficulty, because the difference equation on the small time interval adopts the standard differential equation. These small intervals are defined on hyper finite number N, which is nonstandard. As and the intervals are linked to use 1/N, the simulation should be done exactly.
文摘Background: 4D-CT has been used to localize the parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia since 2006 as a second line study after TC-99 m MIBI and ultrasonography. However, multiple studies have shown that 4D-CT is a robust imaging method with high diagnostic accuracy, becoming increasingly popular among surgeons and radiologists. Purpose: To assess the diagnostic performance of 4D-CT scans to identify the pathologic gland(s), using pathology and intraoperative findings as gold standards. Methods: We analyzed patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism who had intraoperative reports, pathology, parathyroid hormone levels, and preoperative 4D-CT. Histology, surgical findings, and decreased parathyroid hormone levels were used as gold standards. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Fleiss’ kappa was used to assess the inter-observer agreement. Results: Sixty-seven patients were included. Sixty-two patients had a single adenoma, and five patients had a multiple gland disease (adenomas or hyperplasia). A total of 72 glands were proven to have parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy are 85%, 97%, 96%, 87% and 91% for lateralization and 76%, 96%, 85%, 92% and 90% for quadrant localization, respectively in single-gland disease. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy are 88%, 100%, 100%, 50% and 90% for lateralization and 71%, 100%, 100%, 60% and 80% for quadrant localization respectively in multiple-gland disease. Fleiss’ kappa value is 5.6 (moderate inter-observer agreement). Conclusion: 4D-CT is a robust method in the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands with high accuracy and at least moderate inter-observer agreement.
文摘In this paper, we mainly investigate the realization of 3-Lie algebras from a family of Lie algebras. We prove the realization theorem, offer a concrete example realizing all type of 4-dimensional 3-Lie algebras, and also give some properties about semi-simple n-Lie algebras.
文摘Initiation, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms are caused by hemodynamic factors. It is extensively accepted that the cerebral aneurysm wall is assumed to be rigid using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Furthermore, fluid-structure interactions have been recently applied for simulation of an elastic cerebral aneurysm model. Herein, we examined cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics in a realistic moving boundary deformation model based on 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (4D-CTA) obtained by high time-resolution using numerical simulation. The aneurysm of the realistic moving deformation model based on 4D-CTA at each phase was constructed. The effect of small wall deformation on hemodynamic characteristics might be interested. So, four hemodynamic factors (wall shear stress, wall shear stress divergence, oscillatory shear index and residual residence time) were determined from the numerical simulation, and their behaviors were assessed in the basilar bifurcation aneurysm.
文摘Downconversion （DC） with emission of two near-infrared photons about 1000 nm for each blue photon absorbed was obtained in thulium （Tm3＋） and ytterbium （Yb3＋） codoped yt- trium lithium fluoride （LiYF4） single crystals grown by an improved Bridgman method. The luminescent properties of the crystals were measured through photoluminescence excitation, emission spectra and decay curves. Luminescence between 960 and 1050 nm from yb3＋： 2Fs/2--＋2FT/2 transition, which was originated from the DC from Tm3＋ ions to Yb3＋ ions, was observed under the excitation of blue photon at 465 nm. Moreover, the energy transfer processes were studied based on the Inokuti-Hirayama model, and the results indicated that the energy transfer from Tm3＋ to Yb3＋ was an electric dipole-dipole interaction. The max- imum quantum cutting efficiency approached with 0.49mo1% Tm3＋ and 5.99mo1% Yb3＋. increasing the energy efficiency of crystalline energy part of the solar spectrum. up to 167.5% in LiYF4 single crystal codoped Application of this crystal has prospects for Si solar cells by photon doubling of the high
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51075237)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2009CB724402)+1 种基金Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province of China, Provincial Outstanding Young Scholar Science Foundation of Shandong, China (Grant No. JQ200917)Provincial National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong, China (Grant No. ZR2010EZ002)
文摘Titanium alloys are very chemically reactive and,therefore,have a tendency to weld to the cutting tool during machining.The deterioration in the tool life caused by adhesion is a serious problem when titanium alloys are cut using carbide tools.The chemical reactivity of titanium alloys with carbide tool materials and their consequent welding by adhesion onto the cutting tool during dry cutting leads to excessive chipping,premature tool failure,and poor surface finish.In the present study,dry turning and milling tests were carried out on Ti-6Al-4V alloys with WC?Co carbide tools.The adhesion on the tool rake and flank face was explored,the adhesive joint interface between the workpiece materials and tools were observed.SEM observation showed that adhesion can be observed both on the rake and the flank face,and was more pronounced in rake face than in flank face.There was evidence of element diffusion from the tool rake face to the adhering layer(vice versa) through the adhesive joint interface,which leads to the tool element loss and microstructure change.While the adhering materials at the flank face can be easily separated from the joint interface owing to the lower temperature and less pressure at the flank face,the adhesive wear attack results in an abrasive wear in the flank face.Moreover,adhesion is more notable in turning than in milling.The proposed research provides references for studying the adhesion between the workpiece materials and the tools,the adhesion mechanisms and their effect on the tool wear.
基金financially supported by the project of investigation and evaluation of potash deposits in the Cretaceous-Tertiary salt basin of the Tarim basin from potash investigation project of China Geological Survey (1212011220790)
文摘The world petroleum exploration suggests that,about70%of the world’s potash resources were discovered during oil and gas exploration(Zheng et al.,2007).The Kuqa depression in the Tarim basin is abundant with petroleum exploration data,and
文摘The Blume-Capel model in the presence of external magnetic field H has been simulated using a cellular automaton algorithm improved from the Creutz cellular automaton in three-dimension lattice. The field critical exponent 5 is estimated using the power law relations and the finite size scaling functions for the magnetization and the susceptibility in the range -0.1≤ h = H/J ≤0. The estimated value of the field critical exponent 5 is in good agreement with the universal value （δ = 5） in three dimensions. The simulations are carried out on a simple cubic lattice under periodic boundary conditions.
文摘In order to decrease cutting fluid and improve environment, the cutting fluid was replaced by solid lubricant. Four kinds of solid lubricants were tested on a high temperature friction tester, from which nano K 2Ti 4O 9 whisker enhanced solid lubrication film was chosen. It was coated on the surface of cutters and tested on a CA6140 lathe. At the rate of 400r/min, the wear of the tool flank with solid lubrication film is 1/6 of that without the film, and it is even lower than that using cutting fluid. With the increase of cutting speed, the wear of the tool flank with solid lubrication film is still lower than that without film, but it is higher than that using cutting fluid. Surface analyses by AFM, SEM and EDX reveal that the solid lubrication film can prevent Fe element of chips from diffusing the cutter surface; adhesion of the cutter and chips is abated and the wear of the tool flank is obviously decreased.
文摘The generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SRT) is proposed. In this model, the possibility of unification of scalar gravity and electromagnetism into a single unified field is considered. Formally, the generalization of the SRT is that instead of (1+3)-dimensional Minkowski space the (1+4)-dimensional extension G is considered. As the fifth additional coordinate the interval S is used. This value is saved under the usual Lorentz transformations in Minkowski space M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. If the rest mass of a particle does not change and the physical quantities do not depend on an additional variable S, then the electromagnetic and gravitational fields exist independently of each other. But if the rest mass is variable and there is a dependence on S, then these two fields are combined into a single unified field. In the extended space model a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. In this model the 5- vectors which components correspond to energy, pulse and mass of a particle are isotropic both for massive and massless particles. The rotations in the (1+4) dimensional extended space G can transform massive particles into massless and vice versa.
文摘苹果公司近年来在视频市场发展迅速,表现出强烈的进取心。苹果的视频编辑软件FinalCut Pro,自1999年4月诞生以来,在世界范围内刮起一股强劲的FCP旋风,一路攻城拔寨,斩获多多,在美国和欧洲都已取得很大成功。2002年起,Final Cut Pro作为苹果公司的专业视频急先锋,开始大举进军中国专业视频市场,其别具一格的独特魅力,吸引了众多国内的一流导演和剪辑师。苹果Final Cut Pro身手不凡,成长迅速,现在已经升级到第4代。6月12日,苹果公司面向中国市场正式推出Final Cut Pro 4。6月16日,苹果公司针对Final Cut Pro 4专门接受了记者采访。苹果公司就Final Cut Pro 4的强大功能及价格,销售渠道及服务,视频市场及策略等方面,与记者做了深入浅出的交谈。苹果公司表示:苹果公司会积极运作,包括战略规划、渠道建设、市场推广,以及完善内部团队。其中有两个重点,一是要有一个好的视频产品团队,二是给用户提供好的成功案例。在中国视频市场,苹果公司会扮演一个非常积极的角色,把苹果优秀的视频解决方案带给广大用户,苹果公司诚恳地希望能够得到大家的支持。
文摘Based on the idea of hypothetical 4-dimensial substance with an inverse population of energy levels, a model of accelerated expansion of the Universe has been developed, which describes Hubble diagrams with great accuracy for type Ia supernovae, quasars and gamma-ray burst sources at the Hubble parameter value of 67.7 km/s/Mpc, coinciding with the value obtained from analysis of inhomogeneities of relic radiation. Calculations at the Hubble parameter value of 73.5 km/s/Mpc, obtained using the ΛCDM model based on the analysis of data on type Ia supernovae and cepheids, differ markedly from the observed data. An explanation of the two values of the Hubble constant is proposed. It is shown that in this model, the magnitude of 13.8 billion years characterizes not the age of the Universe, but the time of propagation of light from those galaxes whose acceleration of removal has a minimal value. Based on the recently discovered curvature of the Universe, estimates are given of the lower limits of its size and lifetime, which turned out to be at least 270 billon years. The probability of transition from the excited state to the underlying energy levels of a hypothetical 4-dimensial substance, as well as the low of increasing energy density as a result of transitions to the underlying levels of this substance, is determined.
