Oxygen-vacancy-rich MnO_(x)supported RuO_(x)for efficient base-free oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-methoxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)is a promising biomass-derived polymeric monomer that serves as an attractive alternative to terephthalic acid derived from fossil resources.However,the green and efficient production of FDCA through the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)and its derivatives is still rudimentary under base-free conditions.In this work,oxygen-vacancy-rich Mn Oxwas prepared and displayed a strong adsorption and anchoring ability to Ru species that mainly exposed the(210)plane of RuO_(2),bringing about highly dispersed and active interfacial Ru-O-Mn structures.Experimental results and density functional theory calculations confirm that these above features greatly facilitate the adsorption/activation of oxygen and the dehydrogenation-oxidation of HMF/5-methoxymethylfurfural(MMF),which enables an efficient FDCA production under base-free and mild conditions.Notably,a desirable FDCA yield of 86.56%was still obtained from concentrated HMF(10 wt%)under base-free conditions over oxygen-vacancy-rich Mn Oxsupported Ru Ox(1.0 MPaO_(2),120℃,6 h).This work delineates a facile catalyst preparation strategy for HMF/MMF oxidation,and might open a new avenue for the green synthesis of FDCA under base-free conditions.

Transforming liquid flow fuel cells to controllable reactors for highlyefficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid at low temperature

Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport chain(ETC) of living cells mediated by electron carriers,we constructed artificial ETCs and transformed liquid flow fuel cells(LFFCs) to flexible reactors for efficient oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA under mild conditions.This LFFC reactor employed an electrodeposition modified nickel foam as an anode to promote HMF oxidation and(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4) as a cathode electron carrier to facilitate the electron transfer to air.The reaction rate could be easily controlled by selecting the anode catalyst,adjusting the external loading and changing the cathodic electron carrier or oxidants.A maximal power density of 44.9 mW cm^(-2) at room temperature was achieved,while for FDCA production,short-circuit condition was preferred to achieve quick transfer of electrons.For a single batch operation with 0.1 M initial HMF,FDCA yield reached 97.1%.By fed-batch operation,FDCA concentration reached 144.5 g L^(-1) with a total yield of 96%.Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+) redox couple was the active species mediating the electron transfer,while both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that HMFCA pathway was the preferred reaction mechanism.

Metal-directed Assembly of Two Distinct Coordination Polymers with 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and 4,4'-Bipyridine

By using solvothermal method, two new metal coordination polymers based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid（H2FDA） ligand and 4,4＇-bipyridine（bipy）, [Cu（FDA）（4,4＇-bipy）（DMF）]n·solvent（1） and {[Zn（4,4＇-bipy）（FDA）（DMF）]·DMF}n（2）, were produced and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, elemental analyses, IR and powder X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.104（2）, b = 10.396（2）, c = 18.772（4） , β = 96.20（3）o, V = 2154.2（7） 3, Dc = 1.378 g/cm^3, C19H17 Cu N3O6, Mr = 446.90, F（000） = 916, μ（Mo Kα） = 1.05 mm^-1, Z = 4, R = 0.0691 and wR = 0.1341 for 3537 observed reflections（I 2σ（I））, and R = 0.1062 and w R = 0.1482 for all data. Compound 2 crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 29.779（6）, b = 9.6417（19）, c = 17.292（3）, β = 105.69（3）°, V = 4779.9（16） 3, Dc = 1.445 g/cm^3, C22H22N4O7 Zn, Mr = 519.81, F（000） = 2144, μ（Mo Kα）= 1.08 mm^-1, Z = 8, R = 0.0641 and w R = 0.1007 for 2985 observed reflections（I 2σ（I））, and R = 0.1028 and w R = 0.1112 for all data. Different coordination geometry of metal ions, square pyramid of Cu2＋ and trigonal bipyramid of Zn2＋, bring about different orientations of FDA2- ligands as well as 4,4＇-bipyridine ligands, and furthermore distinct assembly structures for 1 and 2. The thermal stabilities of 1 and 2 are also investigated.

A new approach for the aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid without using transition metal catalysts

The organic compound 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid（FDCA） has been identified by the US Department of Energy（DOE） as a valuable platform chemical for a wide range of industrial applications. Currently, the most popular route for FDCA synthesis is reported to be the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（HMF）by O_2 over the catalysis of noble metals（e.g., Au, Pt, Ru, and Pd）. However, the high costs of noble metal catalysts remain a major barrier for producing FDCA at an industrial scale. Herein, we report a transition metal-free synthesis strategy for the oxidation of HMF to FDCA under O_2 or ambient air. A simple but unprecedented process for the aerobic oxidation of HMF was carried out in organic solvents using only bases as the promoters. According to the high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） analysis, excellent product yield（91%） was obtained in the presence of NaOH in dimethylformamide（DMF） at room temperature（25 ℃）. A plausible mechanism for the NaOH-promoted aerobic oxidation of HMF in DMF is also outlined in this paper. After the reaction, the sodium salt of FDCA particles were dispersed in the reaction mixture, making it possible for product separation and solvent reuse. The new HMF oxidation approach is expected to be a practical alternative to current ones, which depend on the use of noble metal catalysts.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid production via catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural:Catalysts,processes and reaction mechanism

Biomass conversion to value-added chemicals has received tremendous attention for solving global warming issues and fossil fuel depletion.5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)is a key bio-based platform molecule to produce many useful organic chemicals by oxidation,hydrogenation,polymerization,and ring-opening reactions.Among all derivatives,the oxidation product 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)is a promising alternative to petroleum-based terephthalic acid for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics.This review analytically discusses the recent progress in the thermocatalytic,electrocatalytic,and photocatalytic oxidation of HMF into FDCA,including catalyst screening,synthesis processes,and reaction mechanism.Rapid fundamental advances may be possible in non-precious metal and metal-free catalysts that are highly efficient under the base-free conditions,and external field-assisted processes like electrochemical or photoelectrochemical cells.

Crystal Structures and Luminescent Properties of Three Coordination Polymers Based on 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid Ligand and 1,10-Phenanthroline

Three new coordination polymers,namely [Zn（FDA）（phen）（H2O）·H2O]n（1）,[Cd（HFDA）（phen）2（NO3）]（2） and [Cd（FDA）（phen）]n（3）（H2FDA = 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid,phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） have been synthesized by the solvothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis,IR,powder X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis.For 1,the neighboring Zn^2＋ ions are bridged by FDA2-as linkers to form one-dimensional（1D） chains,and phen ligands are as the terminal ligands.Furthermore,the 1D chains are packed into a three-dimensional（3D） supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions.For 2,the H2FDA ligand is partial deprotonation,which is a rare phenomenon among other coordination polymers based on H2FDA.Under the synergetic effect of phen ligands and the partial deprotonation of H2FDA,the structure of 2 is discrete.For 3,the Cd^2＋ ions are linked by two carboxylates of FDA^2-ligand to give rise to 1 D zig-zag chains,and phen ligands chelate the Cd^2＋ ions like 1.In addition,solid-state luminescent spectra of three coordination polymers were also studied at room temperature.

High efficient catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid under benign conditions with nitrogen-doped graphene encapsulated Cu nanoparticles

Selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfual(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) as a bioplastics monomer is efficiently promoted by a simple system without noble-metal and base additives. In this work, graphene oxide(GO) was first synthesised by an electrochemical method with flexible graphite paper(FGP) as start carbon material, then, nitrogen-doped graphene(NG) layers encapsulated Cu nanoparticles(NPs) was prepared by one-step thermal treatment of GO supported Cu2+ in flowing NH3 atmosphere. Compared with NG supported Cu NPs prepared by the traditional impregnation method, enhanced catalytic activity was achieved over Cu/NG and an FDCA yield of 95.2% was achieved under mild reaction conditions with tert-butylhydroperoxide(t-BuOOH) as the oxidant. Control experiments with different catalysts and different addition procedure of t-BuOOH showed the yield of HMF and various intermediates during reaction. From the changing of intermediates concentrations and reaction rates, a reaction pathway through HMF-DFF-FFCA-FDCA was proposed. This work gives a more convenient, more green,more economical and effective method in encapsulated metal NPs preparation and high selectivity in HMF oxidation to FDCA under mild conditions.

Two New Cu(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymers Based on 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and 2,2'-bipyridine:Synthesis and Crystal Structure

Two new Cu（II） coordination polymers, [Cu（FDA）（BPY）（H20）]n （1） and {[Cu（FDA）（BPY）（H2O）].2H2O}n （2） （H2FDA = 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, BPY = 2,2＇-bipyridine）, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as well as elemental analysis and IR. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 7.5915（15）, b = 8.4050（17）, c = 24.204（6） A, β = 99.05（3）°, V= 1525.1（6） A3, Dc = 1.706 g/crn3, C16HI2CuN206, Mr = 391.82, F（000） = 796, μ（MoKa） = 1.470 mm-l, Z = 4, R = 0.0633 and wR = 0.1059 for 2389 observed reflections （1 〉 2a（I））, R = 0.0738, and wR = 0.1098 for all data. Complex 2 belongs to triclinic space group PI with a = 8.8660（18）, b = 8.9112（18）, c = 12.525（3） A, a = 88.41（3）, β = 69.38（3）, γ = 66.95（3）°, V = 845.2（3） A3, Dc = 1.681 g/cm3, CI6HI6CuN2Os, Mr. = 427.85, F（000） = 438, μ（MoKα） = 1.342 mm-1, Z = 2, R = 0.0290 and wR = 0.0690 for 2767 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））, R = 0.0329 and wR = 0.0706 for all data. Complexes 1 and 2 are both coordination polymers with one-dimensional chain structures bridged by the protonated FDA ligands, which are assembled into three-dimensional supramolecular structures through hydrogen bonding interactions and π-π packing interactions between the chains.

Two New Main Group Metal Coordination Polymers Based on 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid: Syntheses and Crystal Structures

By using solvothermal method, two new main group metal coordination polymers based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid （H2FDA） ligand, [Sr2（FDA）E（H2O）5]n （1） and [Ba4（FDA）4（H2O）10]n （2）, were produced and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, elemental analyses, IR, and powder X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 13.454（3）, b = 13.426（3）, c = 20.166（4） A, β = 107.06（3）°, V = 3482.4（13）A^3, Dc = 2.188 g/cm^3, CIEH14Sr2O15, Mr = 573.47, F（000） = 2256,μ（MoKα）= 6.21 mm^-1, Z = 8, R = 0.0522 and wR = 0.1229 for 2493 observed reflections （I〉 2σ（I））, and R = 0.0689 and wR = 0.1324 for all data. Compound 2 crystallizes in triclinic, space group el with α = 6.8382（14）, b = 10.932（2）, c = 25.571（5） A,α = 94.64（3）, β= 95.41（3）, γ = 107.83（3）°, V= 1799.4（6） A3, Dc = 2.484 g/cm^3, C24H28Ba4O30, Mr = 1345.82, F（000） = 1272,μ（MoKa） = 4.43 mm^-1, Z = 2, R = 0.0485 and wR = 0.0906 for 5020 observed reflections （I〉 2σ（I））, and R = 0.0706 and wR = 0.0991 for all data. In 1, the trinuclear clusters Sr3 are connected with adjacent four clusters by a carboxylate group to produce a two-dimensional （2D） sheet, which is extended by a FDA-based pillar into a 3D framework. In 2, neighbouring trinuclear clusters Ba3 are linked through two -O-C-O- of FDA^2- ligands to form one-dimensional （1D） chains, which are connected by a FDA-based pillar to construct a 2D framework. The thermal stabilities of 1 and 2 are also investigated.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(terephthalic acid-2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-1,8-octanediol) Copolyester

Terephthalic acid,2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and 1,8-octanediol were adopted as monomers and antimony trioxide as catalyst,and poly(terephthalic acid-2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-1,8-octanediol) copolyesters identified as PEOT-x,where x is the mole fraction of furandicarboxylic acid in the samples,were synthesized by direct esterification.The molecular structure of the copolyesters was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.Gel permeation chromatography (GPC),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the molecular weight,molar mass dispersity,glass transition temperature,and thermal stability of the copolyesters,respectively.The mechanical properties of the samples were also investigated.The number-average molecular weight (M_(n)) of the samples varies from 9 700-18 800 g/mol,and molar mass dispersity (■=M_(w)/M_(n)) from 2.15-3.34.The initial decomposition temperature of the copolyesters is in the 332-356 ℃ range,with maximum decomposition rates at 390-410 ℃,while the glass transition temperature (Tg) varies from 0-33 ℃.Mechanical test shows that PEOT-10 has the highest tensile strength,while PEOT-90 has the largest tensile modulus and elongation at break.The experimental results show that these copolyesters can be synthesized with relatively high molecular weights,good thermal stability,and fair mechanical properties,which makes them excellent replacements for commercial polyesters,such as PET,and these properties can be tuned through the relative amounts of biomass monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid used in the reactions.

Solvent-dependent selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid under neat conditions

An eco-friendly and economical route for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) with atmospheric dioxygen as the sole oxidant under acid-,base-,metal-,and external initiator-free conditions in minimal solvent was reported.In the present reaction,the 1,2-diethoxyethylane has a dual role:reaction medium and free-radical initiato r.The FDCA easily crystallizes during the reaction and was simple purified via recrystallization to provide the pure FDCA.

Efficient base-free oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over copper-doped manganese oxide nanorods with tert-butanol as solvent

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)is an important and renewable building block and can serve as an alternative to terephthalic acid in the production of biobased degradable plastic.In this study,Cu-doped MnO_(2) nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal redox method and employed as catalysts for the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)to FDCA using tert-butyl hydroperoxide(TBHP)as an oxidant.The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermo-gravimetric analysis,and transmission electron microscopy.The effects of oxidants,solvents,and reaction conditions on the oxidation of HMF were investigated,and a reaction mechanism was proposed.Experimental results demonstrated that 99.4% conversion of HMF and 96.3% selectivity of FDCA were obtained under suitable conditions,and tert-butanol was the most suitable solvent when TBHP was used as an oxidant.More importantly,the Cu-doped MnO_(2) catalyst can maintain durable catalytic activity after being recycled for more than ten times.

Lubricating properties of ester oil prepared from bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

The depletion of petroleum resources and the intensification of environmental problems have necessitated the development of renewable products from bio-based chemicals instead of petroleum resources.Herein,a new kind of ester lubricating oil,isooctyl furan dicarboxylate(isooctyl-FD),was prepared from bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid.The structure of isooctyl-FD was evaluated using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution mass spectroscopy.Its physicochemical and tribological properties including thermal and oxidation stabilities,flash point and pour point,viscosity and viscosity index,and friction-reducing and anti-wear properties were systematically evaluated.The results show that isooctyl-FD has comparable thermal and oxidation stability to the synthetic ester lubricating oil,isooctyl sebacate(isooctyl-S).Its friction-reducing and anti-wear properties are superior to isooctyl-S;however,its viscosity-temperature and low-temperature properties are inferior to isooctyl-S.

Traditional Chinese medicine Pien-Tze-Huang ameliorates LPS-induced sepsis through bile acid-mediated activation of TGR5-STAT3-A20 signalling

Pien Tze Huang(PZH),a class-1 nationally protected traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has been used to treat liver diseases such as hepatitis;however,the effect of PZH on the progression of sepsis is unknown.Here,we reported that PZH attenuated lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced sepsis in mice and reduced LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signalling.Mechanistically,PZH stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)phosphorylation to induce the expression of A20,which could inhibit the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling.Knockdown of the bile acid(BA)receptor G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1(TGR5)in macrophages abolished the effects of PZH on STAT3 phosphorylation and A20 induction,as well as the LPS-induced inflammatory response,suggesting that BAs in PZH may mediate its anti-inflammatory effects by activating TGR5.Consistently,deprivation of BAs in PZH by cholestyramine resin reduced the effects of PZH on the expression of phosphorylated-STAT3 and A20,the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling,and the production of proinflammatory cytokines,whereas the addition of BAs to cholestyramine resin-treated PZH partially restored the inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines.Overall,our study identifies BAs as the effective components in PZH that activate TGR5-STAT3-A20 signalling to ameliorate LPS-induced sepsis.

5-Aminolevulinic acid against strawberry Fusarium wilt:Bidirectional regulation of biocontrol agents and pathogens

Strawberry Fusarium wilt (SFW) is a systematic soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.fragaria (Fof),which infects the vascular bundles,blocking water and nutrient transport from roots to the aboveground.It is a severe pathogen which spreads rapidly and destroys strawberry production.Finding a way to control this disease is of great scientific value and practical importance.In this study,three fungi were isolated from the vascular tissues of sick strawberries in the field.After DNA sequencing,they were identified as Fof,Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichoderma harzianum,respectively,among which the first two are pathogens and the third is a probiotic.All fungi were controlled by thiophanate-methyl (TM),a commercial fungicide.On PDA medium,20 mg·L^(-1)5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA),a natural non-protein amino acid,promoted T.harzianum proliferation,but inhibited Fof and A.fumigatus.In confrontation test,the growth of Fof or A.fumigatus was inhibited by T.harzianum and exogenous ALA promoted T.harzianum growth but significantly inhibited the pathogen growth.When three species of fungi were separately or combinedly inoculated on healthy strawberry plants,T.harzianum promoted plant growth and development while Fof or A.fumigatus caused growth retardation,where Fof directly caused leaf yellowing and plant wilting.When the plants inoculated with different fungus were treated with ALA,the results turned out that ALA alleviated SFW symptoms by bidirectionally promoting T.harzianum proliferation and inhibiting Fof and A.fumigatus.Thus,ALA might be used in comprehensively controlling SFW in strawberry industry.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Fluorescent Properties of a 1D Europium Coordination Polymer with 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

By using solvothermal method,a one-dimensional chain compound[KEu_(2)(FDCA)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(9)·0.5(FDCA)](1)was synthesized.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data reveal that 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system,space group P21/n with a=12.1996(1),b=18.6454(2),c=17.7123(2)Å,β=98.8460(10)°,Dc=1.753 g/cm3,Z=2,V=3981.03(7)Å3,R=0.0544 and wR=0.1511 for 7886 observed reflections with I>2σ(I).In 1,three FDCA2–ligands construct a“23-crown-9-like”structure as the second building units(SBUs)to further form an infinite 1D chain.Meanwhile,the fluorescent result reveals that compound 1 can selectively and sensitively sense Fe^(3+)by the fluorescence quenching.

Efficient aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid on Ru/C catalysts

2,5-Furandicarboxylic(FDCA) is a potential substitute for petroleum-derived terephthalic acid, and aerobic oxidation of5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) provides an efficient route to synthesis of FDCA. On an activated carbon supported ruthenium(Ru/C) catalyst(with 5 wt% Ru loading), HMF was readily oxidized to FDCA in a high yield of 97.3% at 383 K and 1.0 MPa O_2 in the presence of Mg(OH)_2 as base additive. Ru/C was superior to Pt/C and Pd/C and also other supported Ru catalysts with similar sizes of metal nanoparticles(1–2 nm). The Ru/C catalysts were stable and recyclable, and their efficiency in the formation of FDCA increased with Ru loadings examined in the range of 0.5 wt%–5.0 wt%. Based on the kinetic studies including the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, O_2 pressure, on the oxidation of HMF to FDCA on Ru/C, it was confirmed that the oxidation of HMF to FDCA proceeds involving the primary oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran(DFF) intermediate, and its sequential oxidation to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid(FFCA) and ultimately to FDCA, in which the oxidation of FFCA to FDCA is the rate-determining step and dictates the overall formation rate of FDCA. This study provides directions towards efficient synthesis of FDCA from HMF, for example, by designing novel catalysts more efficient for the involved oxidation step of FFCA to FDCA.

萝卜硫素通过调节ALOX5/NF-κB信号通路调控巨噬细胞糖酵解抑制糖尿病肾病进展

目的探讨萝卜硫素(SFN)调节花生四烯酸5-脂氧合酶基因(arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase,ALOX5)/核因子kappa B(NF-κB)信号通路调节巨噬细胞糖酵解对糖尿病肾病(DN)进展的影响。方法生物信息学分析SFN治疗DN的靶基因。使用30 mmol/L高葡萄糖(HG)处理人近端肾小管上皮细胞系(HK-2细胞)诱导体外DN模型。将HK-2细胞分为如下组:正常糖(NG)组、HG组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)组、HG+ALOX5组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)+ALOX5组、HG处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+ALOX5转染处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)+ALOX5转染处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组。CCK-8检测细胞活力,原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记(TUNEL)法检测细胞凋亡;葡萄糖和乳酸试剂盒检测各组细胞中葡萄糖和乳酸水平;Western blot检测各组细胞中ALOX5、NF-κB以及糖酵解相关蛋白己糖激酶-2(HK2)、丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的表达;使用链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建DN小鼠模型,DN小鼠给与SFN(0.5 mg/kg)治疗;检测小鼠各项生化指标,HE染色检测肾组织病理变化;Western blot检测小鼠肾脏巨噬细胞中糖酵解相关蛋白己糖激酶-2(HK2)、丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的表达。结果生物信息学分析结果显示ALOX5是SFN治疗DN的靶基因。与HG组相比,SFN处理增强HK-2细胞活力并抑制细胞凋亡(P<0.05);同时,SFN处理抑制HG诱导的巨噬细胞糖酵解相关蛋白的表达,减弱巨噬细胞介导的HK-2细胞损伤(P<0.05);Western blot结果表明SFN抑制ALOX5和NF-κB的表达(P<0.05);小鼠实验结果显示,SFN治疗改善DN小鼠肾功能和肾组织病理学改变,抑制肾组织中巨噬细胞糖酵解相关蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论SFN通过抑制ALOX5/NF-κB信号通路抑制巨噬细胞糖酵解从而改善DN进展。

龟羚帕安丸对帕金森病大鼠血清NSE、Cys-C、5-HT、5-HIAA及NE水平的影响

目的观察龟羚帕安丸对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)大鼠血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(Neuron-specific enolase,NSE)、胱抑素C(Cystatin C,Cys-C)、5-羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、5-羟基吲哚乙酸(5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid,5-HIAA)及去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE)水平的影响。方法采用6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)立体定向注射法制作PD大鼠模型,造模成功的PD大鼠随机分为模型组,西药组,中药高、中、低剂量组,中西药合用组,每组15只,另设假手术组15只。模型组及假手术组给予等容积生理盐水灌胃,其余组给予相应药物灌胃,连续给药28 d。大鼠腹主动脉取血,用酶联免疫吸附测定法(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测各组大鼠血清NSE、Cys-C、5-HT、5-HIAA及NE的水平。结果模型组大鼠血清NSE及Cys-C水平均明显升高,血清5-HT、5-HIAA及NE水平均明显降低;中药各剂量组、中西药合用组、西药组血清NSE及Cys-C水平均明显降低,5-HT、5-HIAA及NE水平均明显升高。结论龟羚帕安丸具有明显神经保护作用,作用机制与降低NSE及Cys-C水平,增加5-HT、5-HIAA及NE水平,降低脑实质损伤、神经炎症损伤及提高单胺类神经递质有关。

血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平与帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的相关性分析

目的探讨血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平与帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的关系。方法选取2020年2月至2022年2月巴中市中心医院收治的118例帕金森病患者作为疾病组,另选取同期在该院体检的健康者106例作为对照组,所有研究对象均检测血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平,并采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估认知功能。根据MoCA评分将帕金森病患者分为认知功能障碍组和无认知功能障碍组,对比认知功能障碍组、无认知功能障碍组血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平,采用Pearson法分析血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平与帕金森病患者认知功能的相关性,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线分析血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平对帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的评估价值。结果疾病组血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平及MoCA评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。疾病组中晚期患者血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平及MoCA评分均低于早期患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。认知功能障碍组血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平均低于无认知功能障碍组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Pearson分析结果显示,帕金森病患者血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平均与MoCA评分呈正相关(P<0.05)。血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平联合评估帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的灵敏度高于单独评估帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的灵敏度(χ^(2)=7.413,P=0.006;χ^(2)=9.714,P=0.002;χ^(2)=8.541,P=0.003),其曲线下面积(AUC)高于单独评估帕金森病患者认知功能障碍的AUC(Z=2.479,P=0.013;Z=2.271,P=0.023;Z=2.451,P=0.014)。结论不同分期帕金森病患者血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平和认知功能存在差异,血清多巴胺、5-羟色胺、高香草酸水平均与帕金森病患者认知功能关系密切,均对帕金森病患者发生认知功能障碍具有评估价值,但三者血清指标联合更有助于临床评估诊断。