2021年3月30日西藏双湖M_(S)5.8和6月16日青海茫崖M_(S)5.8地震总结

2021年3月30日和6月16日,青藏块体先后发生双湖M_(S)5.8和茫崖M_(S)5.8地震,其中双湖M_(S)5.8地震发生在羌塘块体中部,茫崖M_(S)5.8地震发生在柴达木块体北缘。系统总结2次地震前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测异常,结果表明:①2次M_(S)5.8地震发生在青藏块体内部地球物理监测能力较弱区域,震前地球物理观测异常少,仅在茫崖地震前存在2项形变背景异常;②2次M_(S)5.8地震前地震活动异常较为突出,包括5级地震成组、固体潮调制比、地震发生率指数和Wq值异常,均为1年尺度内的中期异常;③2次地震序列均为主—余型,余震较少,具有不同的衰减特征。综合分析认为,2021年3月和6月,西藏和青海地区2次M_(S)5.8地震前存在的地震活动异常在一定程度上弥补了区域地球物理监测能力的不足,或许可为地震监测能力较弱地区的震情跟踪提供关键性参考依据。

2021年11月30日西藏双湖M_(S)5.8地震总结

2021年11月30日西藏双湖M_(S)5.8地震发生在多玛—尼玛断裂附近,震源机制解显示为拉张型破裂,与羌塘块体的主要变形特征一致。本文对此次地震的构造背景、震源参数、序列特征和震前异常特征及周边强震危险性进行分析总结。由余震活动特征和b值、h值等分析可知,此次地震为主震—余震型序列,且余震衰减速度较快。通过对震前异常的梳理总结,发现在地震发生前,震中附近区域存在地震发生率指数高值异常、调制比高值异常和W_(q)值高值异常。这些基于小震目录计算的多种地震学参数可为地震监测能力较低地区的中强地震预测提供一些依据。通过对双湖M_(S)5.8地震的总结,以期为西藏西部监测能力较低地区的强震中短期预报积累震例资料,并为今后西藏地区地震台网更好地服务于地震预测预报提供合理的规划和建议。

5.8S rDNA-ITS克隆文库法分析腌制冬瓜的酵母菌多样性

应用构建的5.8S r DNA-ITS基因克隆文库法,分析冬瓜腌制体系不同时期酵母菌的多样性、优势菌种及相关指标的变化。结果表明:冬瓜腌制过程中酵母菌种类丰富,随着腌制时间的不同,卤水中酵母菌组成存在较大差异。腌制早期优势酵母菌为普鲁兰类酵母,腌制中、后期,酵母菌群中优势菌种转变为热带假丝酵母。此外,冬瓜腌制过程中酵母菌数量和p H也相应地发生变化。本研究结果为研究酵母菌对浙东传统腌制蔬菜品质的影响提供微生物学基础。

暗紫红毛菜ITS序列的测定与分析

[目的]对暗紫红毛菜rDNA内转录间隔区(ITS区)进行序列测定,为其系统发育研究提供新资料。[方法]以产于山西娘子关泉的一株暗紫红毛菜为材料,提取DNA,设计引物,进行PCR扩增,进而测定其ITS区基因序列。[结果]暗紫红毛菜与同科的少精紫菜ITS区同源性为75%,与条斑紫菜ITS区同源性为79%。[结论]ITS区序列进化速率相对较快,种类和地理分布的差异是其序列差异产生的原因。

Salinity Tolerance and Genetic Diversity of the Dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina

To evaluate the relationship between salinity tolerance and genetic diversity of plankton,we collected a wild species of plankton from Taipingjiao,Qingdao.The fragment of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 was extracted and sequenced.The results showed that the plankton belongs to Oxyrrhis marina.The salinity tolerance of O.marina ranges from 4 to 60.Seven selected groups were built up to evaluate salinity tolerance and to assess genetic diversity by RAPD.The salinity tolerance comparison revealed considerable differences among groups:the strains of O.marina in group 4 could survive under salinity from 4 to 32,while the strains selected for salinity 60 died under the salinity lower than 16.Analysis of genetic diversity of the seven groups showed that the mean genetic diversity index value was 0.28,but it was only 0.16 in selected group of 4 and was 0.24 for group 60.The result of AMOVA suggested a significantly positive relationship between the salinity tolerance and genetic diversity of O.marina (P<0.01).This study indicates that consideration of intraspecific genetic divergence in O.marina might be indispensable when using it as a model in the study of salinity tolerance of wild plankton.

Morphological and genetic comparison of two strains of a Prorocentrum species isolated from Zhejiang coastal water of China and Masan Bay of Korea

In this paper, we examined the detailed morphology of two strains of Prorocentrum isolated from the coastal waters of Zhejiang (Wenling area), China, and Masan Bay of Korea. A taxonomic comparison was made among strains on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The cellular dimensions of the Chinese Wenling strain (LAMB090508) and Korean strain (PDKS0206) were similar and the cells of both strains were of asymmetric and elongated shape. The posterior end of most cells was rounded. Megacytic zones of aged cells were broader with dense tiny knobs. The roundish nucleus was located in the posterior part of the cell. A few irregular shaped chloroplasts were distributed within the cell. The nucleotide similarity of the two strains, determined from the 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequences, was 99.83%. The comparative results of morphology and molecular analysis suggest that both strains isolated from China and Korea were the identical species, Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu.

Preliminary Identification of Three New Isolates in Genus Alexandrium(Dinophyceae) from China Sea Area

The 5.8 S ribosomal DNA sequences (5.8S rDNA) and their flanking regions, internal transcribed spacer 1 and spacer 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of three new isolates in genus Alexandrium (Alexandrium sp. qd1, Alexandrium sp. qd2, Alexandrium sp. gz) from China were amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Alexandrium sp. gz and Alexandrium sp. qd1 were grouped with high bootstrap values with four strains/species, i.e., A. catenella South Korea strain, A. catenella Japan strain, and two from China, Alexandrium sp. AC03 and Alexandrium sp. AN01 being proposed to be A. catenalla in a previous study. Then Alexandrium sp. gz and Alexandrium sp. qd1 were identified as Alexandrium catenella. As A. catenella was isolated from Qingdao and Guangzhou sea areas, it supposedly distributed at least in these two areas and was genetically different. Alexandrium sp. qd2 differed greatly from species in Alexandrium. It clustered with Symbiodinium californium, Symbiodinium sp. G15 and Gymnodinium sp. Zhao 01 with 100% bootstrap value; so Alexandrium sp. qd2 affiliates to genus Symbiodinium, and is probably a free-living Symbiodinium species.

Isolation and identification of Rhodosporidium diobovatum DS-0205 from deep-sea sediment of eastern Pacific Ocean

A facultative heterotrophic strain （DS-0205） was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected at a depth of 5.2 km in the eastern Pacific Ocean, China. Strain DS-0205 is motile helmet-like single cell or pairs, forming hemisphere with the center sunken of variable size. It has a widespread carbon source and nitrogen source, including agarose, citric acid, salicin, D-glucitol nitrate, sodium nitrite and cthylamine, tt can grow in the following environment： temperature 4-37℃, pH 2.0-12.0, tolerance to NaCl≤15%. Two phylogenetic trees, one based on the ITS and 5.8S rRNA sequences and the other based on the 18S rRNA sequences, unite strain DS-0205（=JCM 0205） to the type strain of Rhodosporidium diobovatum JCM 3787 through a considerable evolutionary distance. These results suggest that strain DS-0205 is a new strain of the Rhodosporidium diobovatum.

黄淮海地区夏玉米纹枯病菌的融合群鉴定

从黄淮海地区采集玉米纹枯病标样250余份,分离得到176个丝核菌菌株。融合群测定及5.8SrDNA-ITS区序列分析结果表明,这些菌株分别属于多核丝核菌的AG1-IA、AG1-IB、AG4-HG-I、AG-5、WAG-Z融合群及双核丝核菌的AG-A、AG-Ba融合群。其中AG1-IA是优势融合群,占分离菌株总数的64.20%,其次是AG-Ba,占12.50%,再依次分别是WAG-Z(10.23%)、AGI-IB(5.11%)、AG-4-HG-I(3.98%)、AG-5(2.27%)和AG-A(1.70%)。其中AG-Ba融合群是国内首次在玉米上分离得到。从各融合群中选取代表性的菌株进行5.8S rDNA-ITS区序列分析结果表明,隶属不同融合群或亚群的菌株其5.8S rDNA-ITS区序列存在较大的差异,而相同融合群(或亚群)不同菌株之间其序列的一致性可高达97%-100%。

一株生防木霉菌株的鉴定及其对番茄保护酶的诱导作用

采用形态鉴定和5.8S rDNA-ITS序列分析对土壤中分离得到菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,其形态特征与哈茨木霉非常接近,5.8S rDNA-ITS序列分析表明,其与哈茨木霉的同源性达到99%,因此,鉴定其为哈茨木霉新菌株。用其孢子悬浮液对番茄灰霉病进行防治,测定植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等诱导性保护酶活性。结果表明,所有保护酶活性均得到不同程度的提高。由此可知,鉴定的哈茨木霉菌株对植物内在的抗病系统具有诱导作用。

不同树龄葡萄自然发酵过程中酵母菌的研究

【目的】研究葡萄树龄与葡萄自然发酵过程中葡萄酒相关酵母菌之间的关系。【方法】利用WL营养培养基,对分离自华夏长城葡萄酒厂葡萄生产基地、不同树龄(2,3,5年)西拉葡萄自然发酵液的240株酵母菌进行了聚类分析。【结果】240株酵母菌共分为5个WL营养类型。结合酵母菌菌株5.8 S rDNA-ITS区基因序列分析,不同树龄西拉葡萄自然发酵液中的酵母菌共有5种,分别为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、陆生伊萨酵母(Is-satchenkia terricola)、克鲁维毕赤酵母(Pichia kluyveri)、浅黄隐球酵母(Cryptococcus flavescens)、葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)。不同树龄西拉葡萄自然发酵过程中酵母菌的种类及其比例是变化的。【结论】用树龄较高的葡萄发酵,可加速发酵的启动,缩短发酵周期,同时有利于性状优良野生酿酒酵母菌株的筛选。

自然发酵乳及传统开菲尔粒中酵母菌的多样性研究

研究自然发酵乳和内蒙古牧区传统开菲尔粒中酵母菌的多样性,目的是探寻酵母菌的主要菌群和种属类型,为筛选可发酵低酒度发酵乳的酵母菌奠定基础。该研究首先进行稀释涂布和划线分离出酵母菌株、然后进行菌落形态和细胞形态的初步分类,再进行5.8SrDNA-ITS区域RFLP分子鉴定,将分离到的130株酵母菌区分为10种形态类型、6种分子类型,分别为马克思克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)、隐球酵母菌(Cryptococcus sp.)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、热带假丝酵母菌(Candida tropicalis)、陆生伊萨酵母菌(Issatchenkia terricola)和季也蒙毕赤酵母菌(Pichia guilliermondii)。其中马克思克鲁维酵母菌、酿酒酵母菌和季也蒙毕赤酵母菌为优势菌群,具有酿造低酒度发酵乳的潜力。

一株铁皮石斛内生真菌的分离鉴定

采用组织分离法从野生铁皮石斛根部分离了一株内生真菌DOEF-R1,并根据真菌形态学特征和5.8S rD NA-ITS序列分析及系统发育树构建对菌株进行鉴定;研究结果表明铁皮石斛内生真菌菌株DOEF-R1属于芬芳镰刀菌,该结果可为丰富铁皮石斛内生真菌资源奠定基础。

高产葡萄糖氧化酶菌株的分离鉴定及发酵条件优化

采集果园土样,采用梯度稀释涂布法及平板显色筛选法初步分离得到60株产葡萄糖氧化酶的菌株。采用Underbofler滴定法筛选出一株产酶性能较好的菌株GX-2,并采用正交设计对发酵培养基进行优化,在接种量为4%、温度为30℃、转速为180 r/min的条件下发酵5d酶活可达9.55U/m L。综合菌落形态、生长特性镜检形态及5.8S r DNA-ITS区序列系统进化分析证明所分离的菌株GX-2为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。

我国部分地区玉米丝核菌组成及其致病类型分析

采用改进的组织分离法从山东、安徽、江苏、湖北和陕西5省10地市的270份类似玉米纹枯病的标样中,分离到204株丝核菌分离物。根据培养性状将这些丝核菌分为6种类型,DAPI染色显示,它们分别属于多核丝核菌、双核丝核菌和单核丝核菌,其中多核丝核菌占97.55%,双核丝核菌占1.47%,单核丝核菌占0.98%。经5.8SrDNA-ITS序列分析,多核丝核菌为AG1-IA、WAG-Z、AG-4-HG-I及AG-54个融合群,各融合群分别占菌株总数的84.80%、5.88%、3.43%和3.43%,其中AG1-IA为主要融合群;双核丝核菌为AG-A融合群;单核丝核菌种类尚不确定。对各融合群的致病类型进行初步比较发现,属于AG1-IA融合群的菌株,可在玉米叶鞘形成典型的云纹状病斑,其它菌株虽可引起玉米发病,但与AG1-IA的症状存在明显差异。

鱿鱼丝加工中真菌菌相变化规律及优势真菌的分离鉴定

为减少鱿鱼丝加工过程中真菌污染,提高鱿鱼丝产品的质量,将传统的微生物鉴定技术与5.8S r DNA-ITS序列分析法相结合,并通过系统发育树分析,探索鱿鱼丝加工过程中真菌菌相变化规律及优势菌株。结果表明,在鱿鱼丝加工过程中,不同阶段样品中真菌数量差异显著(p<0.05),在加工终点(即烘干包装后)时真菌数量高达2.61 log cfu/g,其中调味和烘干包装阶段是真菌污染的主要环节。加工终点的鱿鱼丝中分离出6种酵母菌和4种霉菌,经测序并通过National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)数据库比对,确定它们分别属于假丝酵母属(Candida sp.)、隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus sp.)、座囊菌属(Dothideomycetes sp.)、胶红酵母属(Rhodotorula sp.)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon sp.)、茎点霉属(Phoma sp.)、青霉属(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、枝孢霉属(Cladosporium sp.)。其中,青霉菌(M-03)和假丝酵母菌(Y-04)为鱿鱼丝加工过程中的优势菌,在加工终点时的数量分别为1.85 log cfu/g和2.15 log cfu/g。