Anti-jamming channel access in 5G ultra-dense networks: a game-theoretic learning approach

This paper investigates the Quality of Experience(QoE)oriented channel access anti-jamming problem in 5th Generation Mobile Communication(5G)ultra-dense networks.Firstly,considering that the 5G base station adopts beamforming technology,an anti-jamming model under Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)conditions is proposed.Secondly,the confrontational relationship between users and the jammer is formulated as a Stackelberg game.Besides,to achieve global optimization,we design a local cooperation mechanism for users and formulate the cooperation and competition among users as a local altruistic game.By proving that the local altruistic game is an Exact Potential Game(EPG),we further prove the existence of pure strategy Nash Equilibrium(NE)among users and Stackelberg Equilibrium(SE)between users and jammer.Thirdly,to obtain the equilibrium solutions of the proposed games,we propose an anti-jamming channel selection algorithm and improve its convergence speed through heterogeneous learning parameters.The simulation results validate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Compared with the throughput optimization scheme,our proposed scheme obtain a greater network satisfaction rate.Finally,we also analyze user fairness changes during the algorithm convergence process and get some interesting conclusions.

Virtual 5G Network Embedding in a Heterogeneous and Multi-Domain Network Infrastructure

The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.

Ultra-Dense Networking Architectures and Technologies for 5G

With the continuous enrichment of mobile communication application scenarios in the future, the traditional macro-cellular-based mobile communication network architecture will be difficult to meet the explosive growth in demand for communications services.

Clustering-based adaptive low-power subframe configuration with load-aware offsetting in dense heterogeneous networks

Heterogeneous Networks(HetNets)and cell densification represent promising solutions for the surging data traffic demand in wireless networks.In dense HetNets,user traffic is steered toward the Low-Power Node(LPN)when possible to enhance the user throughput and system capacity by increasing the area spectral efficiency.However,because of the transmit power differences in different tiers of HetNets and irregular service demand,a load imbalance typically exists among different serving nodes.To offload more traffic to LPNs and coordinate the Inter-Cell Interference(ICI),Third-Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)has facilitated the development of the Cell Range Expansion(CRE),enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination(eICIC)and Further enhanced ICIC(FeICIC).In this paper,we develop a cell clustering-based load-aware offsetting and an adaptive Low-Power Subframe(LPS)approach.Our solution allows the separation of User Association(UA)functions at the User Equipment(UE)and network server such that users can make a simple cell-selection decision similar to that in the maximum Received Signal Strength(max-RSS)based UA scheme,where the network server computes the load-aware offsetting and required LPS periods based on the load conditions of the system.The proposed solution is evaluated using system-level simulations wherein the results correspond to performance changes in different service regions.Results show that our method effectively solves the offloading and interference coordination problems in dense HetNets.

A novel proactive soft load balancing framework for ultra dense network

A major challenge for the future wireless network is to design the self-organizing architecture.The reactive self-organizing model of traditional networks needs to be transformed into an active self-organizing network.Due to the user mobility and the coverage of small cells,the network load often becomes unbalanced,resulting in poor network performance.Mobility management has become an important issue to ensure seamless communication when users move between cells,and proactive mobility management is one of the important functions of the active Self-Organizing Network(SON).This paper proposes a proactive mobility management framework for active SON,which transforms the original reactive load balancing into a forward-aware and proactive load balancing.The proposed framework firstly uses the BART model to predict the users’temporal and spatial mobility based on a weekly cycle and then formulate the MLB optimization problem based on the soft load.Two solutions are proposed to solve the above MLB problem.The simulation results show that the proposed method can better optimize the network performance and realize intelligent mobile management for the future network.

Conflict Resolution Strategy in Handover Management for 4G and 5G Networks

Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in the number of handovers(HOs).Mobility management is an important issue that requires considerable attention in heterogeneous networks,where 5G ultra-dense small cells coexist with current fourth-generation(4G)networks.Although mobility robustness optimization(MRO)and load balancing optimization(LBO)functions have been introduced in the 3GPP standard to address HO problems,non-robust and nonoptimal algorithms for selecting appropriate HO control parameters(HCPs)still exist,and an optimal solution is subjected to compromise between LBO and MRO functions.Thus,HO decision algorithms become inefficient.This paper proposes a conflict resolution technique to address the contradiction between MRO and LBO functions.The proposed technique exploits received signal reference power(RSRP),cell load and user speed to adapt HO margin(HM)and time to trigger(TTT).Estimated HM and TTT depend on a weighting function and HO type which is represented by user status during mobility.The proposed technique is validated with other existing algorithms from the literature.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms existing algorithms overall performance metrics.The proposed technique reduces the overall average HO ping-pong probability,HO failure rate and interruption time by more than 90%,46%and 58%,respectively,compared with the other schemes overall speed scenarios and simulation time.

An Optimized Algorithm for D2D-MIMO 5G Wireless Networks

The device-to-device(D2D)networking technology is extended to the conventional cellular network to boost the communication efficiency of the entire network,forming a heterogeneous 5G and beyond(B5G)communication network.D2D communication in a cellular cell will boost the efficiency of the spectrum,increase the ability of the device,and reduce the communication burden of base stations through the sharing of approved cell resources,causing serious interference as well.The device-to-device(D2D)networking technology is extended to the conventional cellular network to boost the communication efficiency of the entire network,forming a heterogeneous 5G communication network.D2D communication in a cellular cell will boost the efficiency of the spectrum,increase the ability of the device,and reduce the communication burden of base stations through the sharing of approved cell resources,causing serious interference as well.This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to minimize interference,based on the parity of the number of antennas,to resolve this issue.The primary concept is to generate the cellular connection precoding matrix by minimizing the power of interference from the base station to non-targeted receivers.Then through the criterion of maximum SINR,the interference suppression matrix of the cellular connection is obtained.Finally,by removing intra-interference through linear interference alignment,the maximum degree of freedom is obtained.The results of the simulation show that the proposed algorithm efficiently increases the performance of the spectrum,decreases interference,improves the degrees of freedom and energy efficiency compared to current algorithms.

Planning and Profit Sharing in Overlay WiFi and LTE Systems toward 5G Networks

With the increasing demand for data traffic and with the massive foreseen deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT), higher data rates and capacity are required in mobile networks. While Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) are under study toward 5G technology, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Access Points (APs) are considered a potential layer within those multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs). For this purpose, we have proposed in this paper a novel WiFi dimensioning method, to offload data traffic from Long Term Evolution (LTE) to WiFi, by transferring the LTE energy consuming heavy users, to the WiFi network. First, we have calculated the remaining available capacity of the WiFi network based on the estimated load of each WiFi physical channel using the overlapping characteristic of the channels. Then, we were able through this dimensioning method, to calculate the minimum needed number of WiFi APs that ensure the same or better throughput for the LTE transferred users. By this method, we have ensured additional capacity in the LTE network with minimum investment cost in the WiFi network. Finally, we have estimated the profit sharing between LTE and WiFi by considering data bundles subscription revenues and the infrastructure capital and operational costs. We have calculated for each network the profit share using a coalition game theory Shapley value that pinpoints the benefit of the cooperation using the proposed dimensioning method.

5G: Vision, Scenarios and Enabling Technologies

This paper presents the authors＇ vision for 5G wireless systems, which are expected to be standardized around 2020 （IMT-2020）. In the future, ubiquitous service will be the key requirement from an end-user＇ s prospective, and 5G networks will need to sup- port a vast mesh of human-to-human, human-to-machine, and machine-to-machine connections. Moreover, 5G will need to support these connections in an energy-efficient manner. Various 5G enabling technologies have been extensively discussed. These tech- nologies aim to increase radio link efficiency, expand operating bandwidths, and increase cell density. With these technologies, 5G systems can accommodate a massive volume of traffic and a massive number of connections, which is fundamental to providing ubiquitous services. Another aspect of 5G technology is the transition to an intelligent cloud that coordinates network access and enables flatter architecture.

On the communication range of millimeterwave small-cells for the energy efficiency of a heterogeneous network

It is not difficult to predict that wireless data traffic will continue to grow and new cellular systems are to be built to provide higher data rates.Thus,for 5G(fifth generation)cellular systems,various approaches are studied including millimeter-wave(mm-wave)communications and HetNets(Heterogeneous Networks)with small cells.In mm-wave bands,since a much wider bandwidth is available,higher data rates can be achieved.However,mm-wave transmissions suffer from blockage.In order to take advantage of a wide bandwidth in mm-wave bands with mitigating the blockage problem,A HetNet consisting of micro-wave Base Stations(BSs)for macro cells and mm-wave BSs for small cells were consider and its energy efficiency in terms of the communication range of mm-wave BSs were studied.It is shown that the optimal communication range of mm-wave BSs can improve the energy efficiency.