Optimization of ECAP-RAP process for preparing semisolid billet of 6061 aluminum alloy

6061 aluminum alloy semisolid billet was prepared by the equal-channel angular processing(ECAP)-recrystallization and partial(RAP)process(a combination of equal-channel angular processing and recrystallization and partial remelting).The effects of different process parameters on the alloy microstructure were studied and the quantitative relationship between the process parameters and microstructure was established by response surface methodology(RSM)to optimize the process parameters.According to the orthogonal test,the holding temperature and holding time of the four ECAP-RAP process parameters were found to have the greatest impact on the microstructural characteristics,including average grain size and average shape factor.Through RSM,it was also found that when the average grain size or the average shape factor is optimized separately,another will be degraded.When the two indexes were simultaneously considered,the optimal process parameters were found to be a holding temperature of 623°C and holding time of 13 min,and the corresponding average grain size and average shape factor were 35.97μm and 0.8535,respectively.Moreover,comparing the experimental and predicted values,the reliability of the established response surface model was verified.

Fatigue limit assessment of a 6061 aluminum alloy based on infrared thermography and steady ratcheting effect

To quickly predict the fatigue limit of 6061 aluminum alloy,two assessment methods based on the temperature evolution and the steady ratcheting strain difference under cyclic loading,respectively,were proposed.The temperature evolutions during static and cyclic loadings were both measured by infrared thermography.Fatigue tests show that the temperature evolution was closely related to the cyclic loading,and the cyclic loading range can be divided into three sections according to the regular of temperature evolution in different section.The mechanism of temperature evolution under different cyclic loadings was also analyzed due to the thermoelastic,viscous,and thermoplastic effects.Additionally,ratcheting strain under cyclic loading was also measured,and the results show that the evolution of the ratcheting strain under cyclic loading above the fatigue limit undergone three stages:the first increasing stage,the second steady state,and the final abrupt increase stage.The fatigue limit of the 6061 aluminum alloy was quickly estimated based on transition point of linear fitting of temperature increase and the steady value of ratcheting strain difference.Besides,it is feasible and quick of the two methods by the proof of the traditional S-N curve.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welding 6061 aluminum alloy with different states

With the diversification of manufacture methods, joining the same materials with different states becomes indispensable in practical application. In present work, 6061 aluminum alloys with different states were welded by laser beam welding （LBW）. The microstructures of welded joint, before and after heat treating, were investigated. The mechanical properties, such as the tensile properties and microhardness , were tested. And the fracture characteristic was observed by means of scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results show that the 6061 aluminum alloys have superior weldability and the microstructures are different significantly in different states. Besides, the grain boundaries of the joint microstructures become unclear after the heat treating. The strength and the elongations of welded joints could reach to those of the base metal. The tensile fracture occurs in the fusion zone and near 6061-0 alloy. And the fracture presents ductile rupture. Therefore, the LBW is an effective method for 6061 aluminum alloy.

Laser welding of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet with surfactant

Aluminum alloy shows low absorption to laser for its essential high reflection property. In this paper, an active laser welding process is adopted to weld 6061 aluminum alloy with the halide suocactant coated on sheet surface to improve the welding quality. The sheets with surfactant are welded under a series of welding parameters of laser power and welding speed while the plasma plumes in the welding process are recorded by high-speed camera. Then a metaUographic analysis and a transverse tensile test are implemented to assess the sheet butt joint property. The experiments show that the weld depth is deepened and the plasma plume is smaller with surfactant. A well formed weld of 1 mm-thickness sheet of 6061 aluminum alloy can be obtained under laser power of 920 W, welding speed of 7 mm/s, zero defocusing-amount and an argon shielding gas flow of 30 L/min.

Segregation in squeeze casting 6061 aluminum alloy wheel spokes and its formation mechanism

Segregation can seriously damage the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloys.6061 aluminum alloy wheel spokes were prepared by squeeze casting.To investigate the formation mechanism of segregation,the microstructure of the alloy was observed using scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometry,X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis methods.The Gibbs energy of each phase during solidification was calculated by JMat Pro.Results show that the segregation phases in the R-joint of the wheel spokes are mainly composed of Mg_(2)Si,β-Al Fe Si and Al_(5)Cu_(2)Mg_(8)Si_(6)intermetallics.During the solidification of the 6061 aluminum alloy wheels,Mg_(2)Si andα-Al Fe Si phases precipitate in the mushy zone at first.With the decrease of temperature,α-Al Fe Si transforms intoβ-Al Fe Si,while Al_(5)Cu_(2)Mg_(8)Si_(6)precipitates from the solid-state aluminum alloy after solidification.Segregation at the R-joint of wheel spokes is mainly caused by insufficient cooling,so the cooling during alloy solidification should be enhanced to avoid segregation.

Unified Principal S-N Equation for Friction Stir Welding of 5083 and 6061 Aluminum Alloys

With the popularization of friction stir welding(FSW),5083-H321 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy materials are widely used during the FSW process.In this study,the fatigue life of friction stir welding with two materials,i.e.,5083-H321 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy,are studied.Fatigue tests were carried out on the base metal of these two materials as well as on the butt joints and overlapping FSW samples.The principle of the equivalent structural stress method is used to analyze the FSW test data of these two materials.The fatigue resistances of these two materials were com-pared and a unified principal S-N curve equation was fitted.Two key parameters of the unified principal S-N curve obtained by fitting,Cd is 4222.5,and h is 0.2693.A new method for an FSW fatigue life assessment was developed in this study and can be used to calculate the fatigue life of different welding forms with a single S-N curve.Two main fatigue tests of bending and tension were used to verify the unified principal S-N curve equation.The results show that the fatigue life calculated by the unified mean 50%master S-N curve parameters are the closest to the fatigue test results.The reliability,practicability,and generality of the master S-N curve fitting parameters were verified using the test data.The unified principal S-N curve acquired in this study can not only be used in aluminum alloy materials but can also be applied to other materials.

Effect of quenching cooling rate on residual stress and microstructure evolution of 6061 aluminum alloy

In this study,the cooling rate was manipulated by quenching with water of different temperatures(30,60 and 100℃).Surface and internal residual stresses in the quenched 6061 aluminum alloy samples were measured using hole-drilling and crack compliance methods,respectively.Then,the processability of the quenched samples was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures.The mechanical properties of the as-aged samples were assessed,and microstructure evolution was analyzed.The surface residual stresses of samples W30℃,W60℃and W100℃is−178.7,−161.7 and−117.2 MPa,respectively along x-direction,respectively;and−191.2,−172.1 and−126.2 MPa,respectively along y-direction.The sample quenched in boiling water displaying the lowest residual stress(~34%and~60%reduction in the surface and core).The generation and distribution of quenching residual stress could be attributed to the lattice distortion gradient.Desirable plasticity was also exhibited in the samples with relatively low quenching cooling rates at cryogenic temperatures.The strengthes of the as-aged samples are 291.2 to 270.1 MPa as the quenching water temperature increase from 30℃to 100℃.Fine and homogeneous β"phases were observed in the as-aged sample quenched with boiling water due to the clusters and Guinier-Preston zones(GP zones)premature precipitated during quenching process.

膜层厚度对6061铝合金黑色微弧氧化陶瓷膜层结构与性能的影响

为了明确膜层厚度对铝合金黑色微弧氧化陶瓷膜层的黑度、耐蚀性和硬度的影响规律,促进其实际应用,在硅酸盐-钒酸盐复合溶液体系中对6061铝合金进行微弧氧化处理,通过控制微弧氧化时间获得具有不同膜层厚度的铝合金黑色陶瓷膜层。利用测厚仪、粗糙度测量仪、SEM和EDS对黑色陶瓷膜层的表面结构、膜层成分和粗糙度等进行表征,并借助色差仪、维氏硬度计和电化学工作站等研究了膜层厚度对陶瓷膜层的黑度、显微硬度和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:膜层厚度对黑色陶瓷膜层的表面形貌、粗糙度、显色特性、硬度和耐蚀性有较大影响。随着微弧氧化时间延长,膜层厚度增加,膜层表面更为粗糙,表层放电微孔数量减少,放电微孔孔径增大;当膜厚达到30.786μm时,陶瓷膜层的放电微孔显著增大,孔径达到10μm。随着膜层厚度增加,陶瓷膜层的黑度增加,显微硬度提高,但耐蚀性先增强后降低。当膜层厚度为20.781μm时,陶瓷膜层的黑度和硬度较高,耐蚀性最好,其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电流密度为1.093×10^(-6) A/cm^(2)。

6061铝合金FSW接头组织与耐蚀性能的研究

对4 mm厚的6061-T6铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,通过浸泡腐蚀试验和电化学腐蚀试验研究焊缝腐蚀性能,采用金相显微镜、透射电镜等观察接头的微观组织。结果表明:6061铝合金FSW焊核区晶粒显著细化,晶界第二相较少;焊核区的耐剥落腐蚀和晶间腐蚀性能优于热影响区的;焊核区比热影响区的腐蚀电位较高,腐蚀电流密度较小,焊核区表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能。

旋转摩擦挤压加工对不同时效态6061铝合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用旋转摩擦挤压(rotational friction extrusion,RFE)工艺对不同时效态6061铝合金进行加工,研究RFE对不同时效态6061铝合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:RFE能够破碎6061铝合金中的难熔AlFeMnSi相,导致合金中的AlFeMnSi相细小且分布均匀。预析出粗大Mg2Si相在RFE加工过程中摩擦热和变形作用下,回溶后重新析出,致使预析出粗大Mg2Si相对材料动态再结晶中的粒子激发形核(particle stimulated nucleation,PSN)机制无影响,RFE加工后的晶粒尺寸变化较小。RFE使淬火态6061铝合金强度下降,但长时间时效态6061铝合金经RFE加工后强度得到提升。然而,RFE加工的材料内部存在孔洞,合金断后伸长率降低。

6061铝合金自润滑热锻条件下工件和模具摩擦磨损特性

基于热锻条件,使用销-盘摩擦设备对6061热锻铝合金和H13钢基自润滑模具材料进行了高温对磨实验,通过电子探针和能谱仪分析了不同工况下工件和模具的磨损机理。结果表明,随着载荷的增加,工件和模具之间的摩擦因数与磨损率先降低后升高;随着转速的增加,工件和模具之间的摩擦因数增大,磨损率呈倍数增加;当载荷为12 N、转速为100 r·min^(-1)时,工件和模具之间的摩擦因数最小,其值为0.416,磨损率仅为24.591 mm 3·N^(-1)·m^(-1);随着转速和载荷的增加,工件和模具之间的粘着磨损加重并且逐渐出现磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。

基于表面粗糙度和反射率多目标优化的6061铝合金超精密车削工艺研究

目的探究工艺参数对6061铝合金滚压件超精密车削性能的影响,对工件超精密车削加工表面粗糙度和表面光学反射率进行协同优化研究。方法首先,对6061铝合金材料表面进行单向超声振动滚压以提高工件表面质量。其次,设计了四因素四水平的超精密车削正交试验,研究了切削工艺参数(主轴转速、进给速度、背吃刀量、刀尖半径)对6061铝合金滚压件表面粗糙度及表面光学反射率的影响规律。最后,采用灰色关联分析方法,将多个工艺目标参数优化问题转化为单目标的灰色关联度优化问题,通过超精密车削试验对优化结果进行验证。结果主轴转速对表面粗糙度Ra和Sa的影响最显著,其次是刀尖半径和背吃刀量,进给速度的影响最小;工艺参数对可见光波段和中红外光波段反射率的影响程度与表面粗糙度一致,各参数按对近红外光波段反射率影响程度由大到小的顺序依次为背吃刀量、刀尖半径、进给速度、主轴转速;通过灰色关联分析获得优化工艺参数组合为主轴转速3000 r/min、进给速度10 mm/min、背吃刀量5μm、刀尖半径0.5 mm,此时对应的表面粗糙度R_(a)和S_(a)分别为2.162 nm和7.855 nm,可见光、近红外光、中红外光波段反射率分别为88.892%、88.893%、97.788%。结论通过优化结果能够有效降低表面粗糙度、提升表面光学反射率,对制造高水平金属反射镜具有十分重要的现实意义和研究价值。

Cu@rGo添加量对6061铝基复合材料组织与性能的影响

采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)方法制备了不同Cu@rGo添加量的石墨烯增强6061铝基复合材料,探讨了不同Cu@rGo添加量对Cu@rGo/6061Al复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。利用维氏显微硬度计和电子万能实验机测试试样的显微硬度和拉伸性能,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试样断口的微观形貌。结果表明,与6061Al基体相比,添加Cu@rGo显著提高了Cu@rGo/6061Al复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度。但伸长率随着Cu@rGo添加量的增加呈先升高后下降趋势,拉伸断口形貌也表明随着Cu@rGo含量的增加,撕裂棱变少,韧窝组织由小而深逐渐向大且浅过渡,说明复合材料的塑性逐渐变差。综合分析表明,当Cu@rGo添加量为0.05wt%和0.1wt%时,Cu@rGo/6061Al复合材料的综合性能较好,抗拉强度和伸长率较6061Al基材的均显著提高。

TiB_(2)颗粒增强6061铝合金的组织及力学性能

TiB_(2)颗粒对铝合金有良好的强化作用。通过超声辅助重熔稀释法制备TiB_(2)/6061复合材料,研究了TiB_(2)颗粒对铸态及挤压T6热处理态6061铝合金的微观组织及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:添加2wt%TiB2颗粒后,铸态平均晶粒尺寸从未添加TiB_(2)的355.7μm细化至117.5μm;TiB_(2)颗粒可以促进再结晶过程中的形核,并抑制晶粒长大;挤压热处理态TiB_(2)/6061复合材料的屈服强度为330 MPa、抗拉强度为385 MPa,相比未添加TiB_(2)的合金分别提高了11.8%和7.0%,其主要强化方式为热错配强化和Orowan强化。

6061铝合金搅拌摩擦沉积增材修复工艺及修复区性能

为了探讨修复工艺及模拟凹槽缺陷尺寸对搅拌摩擦沉积增材(additive friction stir deposition,AFSD)修复区组织及性能影响规律,对5 mm厚AA6061-T6板进行AFSD修复工艺试验.结果表明,对于3 mm深度、6~24 mm不同宽度凹槽缺陷,采用主轴转速400 r/min、移动速度150~300 mm/min修复工艺均能实现沉积层与基板的有效冶金连接.当凹槽宽度小于送料棒直径时,可以获得完全致密无缺陷的修复区;修复区附近可划分为修复沉积区、热力影响区、热影响区及母材.沉积区完全由细小等轴晶组成,晶粒尺寸相当于基材晶粒尺寸的9.1%~12.8%;在沉积区内主要强化相β"相几乎全部溶解,平均硬度为母材硬度的71.6%.在400 r/min和300 mm/min工艺下,凹槽宽度12 mm修复态力学性能最佳,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为197.4 MPa和10.92%,试样均断裂于母材热影响区与热力影响区的交界处,具有韧性断裂模式.当凹槽宽度为24 mm大于送料棒直径时,在400 r/min和150 mm/min工艺下力学性能最佳,修复态抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为178.9MPa和7.74%,此时产生于沉积层与基材结合界面的弱连接是影响修复性能关键因素.

不同温度下6061特厚铝板厚向拉伸性能研究

在20~250℃下,对厚度为212 mm的6061铝合金板进行了拉伸试验,研究了温度和厚度对6061铝合金拉伸性能的影响。研究结果表明,板材的强度沿厚度方向呈线性递减变化规律,表明其沿厚度方向存在不均匀性特征,但取样方向和温度对厚向强度的非均匀分布程度影响很小;在20~250℃下,6061铝合金拉伸性能对温度的敏感性高,在150和250℃下,抗拉强度和屈服强度与20℃下相比分别下降了18%和45%;在相同温度下,6061铝合金沿厚度方向的伸长率基本没有变化,但随着温度的增加,其伸长率有明显增大的趋势,且在150℃下,伸长率增大至20℃的80%左右。采用线性拟合方法构建了6061铝合金强度的“温度-距离”双参数评价模型。

6061铝合金表面低塑性应变成型及其疲劳改性研究

重点分析了滚压次数、车床转速等低塑性抛光工艺参数对6061铝合金表面性能的影响,3种转速下都可获得较好的疲劳强化效果,300 r/min的转速通过滚压3次可获得最佳的强化效果,900 r/min的转速滚压2次与转速为1500 r/min滚压3次的强化效果较好.结合滚压后的截面显微硬度分布与SEM断口表征分析发现,加工转速为300 r/min滚压次数1次的试样表现为受剪切力引起的断裂,300 r/min滚压2次、3次与加工转速为900 r/min的试样则表现为由多个疲劳源萌生行为;加工转速为1500 r/min的试样,滚压3次后疲劳源萌生于内部.考虑应变率相关的表面低塑性应变将显著改善6061铝合金的疲劳服役性能,为铝合金材料的进一步广泛应用提供新的技术支持.

固溶时效对6061铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用脉冲钨极氩弧焊工艺对6 mm厚的6061-T6铝合金板进行焊接试验,对焊态接头和焊后进行530℃×6 h固溶+180℃×3 h人工时效处理的接头组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,焊态接头热影响区的强度显著降低,显微硬度最低为48 HV;固溶时效处理可强化焊接接头,热影响区显微硬度达到80 HV以上。拉伸断口形貌均为韧性断裂特征,与焊态接头相比,固溶时效处理后接头断口的韧窝要浅且细小,塑性变差。固溶时效处理改善了接头热影响区强化相的组织形态,由平衡相β-Mg 2Si转变成与基体保持共格或半共格的β″相或β′相,使其机械性能得以恢复。

6061-T6铝合金铣削参数对切削性能影响的有限元仿真与实验分析

铣削加工作为五金行业中常见的加工技术,其切削参数的合理选择不仅能提高刀具的加工效率,还会显著影响生产成本和产品质量。基于此,本研究利用有限元仿真与实验方法探讨6061-T6铝合金铣削过程中不同参数对切削性能的影响。通过建立6061-T6铝合金的有限元模型,分析铣削深度、铣削宽度和主轴转速对切削力和温度的影响。研究表明,切削深度对切削力影响最大,而铣削宽度对温度影响最显著。仿真结果与实验数据的偏差保持在30%以内,表明仿真数据具有较高的可信度。这证明仿真模型能有效反映实际铣削过程,为6061-T6铝合金的铣削加工提供理论依据和实践指导,有助于工业应用中铣削参数的优化和控制。

基于DOE方法的6061-T6铝合金焊接工艺参数优化研究

车体焊接是确保轨道交通车辆安全性与可靠性的关键环节,而焊接工艺参数的选择与控制则是决定焊接质量的重要因素。传统的焊接工艺参数获取方法依赖于大量的试验,导致试验周期长、成本高昂。为了高效、低成本地研究最佳焊接工艺参数,文章基于IGM公司的六轴自动化焊接机械手设备,以6061-T6铝合金为母材,采用DOE(试验设计)中的部分因子试验设计方法进行参数优化。通过合理的试验设计与结果分析,确定最佳焊接工艺参数组合为:送丝速度5.4 m/min,弧长修正3%,焊接速度53 cm/min,干伸长18 mm,脉冲频率2.5 Hz,有效降低了研究成本,缩短了试验周期。