Tribological properties of Ni-base alloy composite coating modified by both graphite and TiC particles

In order to reduce the friction coefficient of Ni-base alloy coating and further improve its wear resistance,Ni-base alloy composite coatings modified by both graphite and TiC particles were prepared by plasma spray technology on the surface of 45 carbon steel.The results show that friction coefficient of the composite coating is 47.45% lower than that of the Ni-base alloy coating,and the wear mass loss is reduced by 59.1%.Slip lines and severe adhesive plastic deformation are observed on the worn surface of the Ni-base alloy coating,indicating that the wear mechanisms of the Ni-base alloy coating are multi-plastic deformation wear and adhesive wear.A soft transferred layer abundant in graphite and ferric oxide is developed on the worn surface of the composite coating,which reduces the friction coefficient and wear loss in a great deal.The main wear mechanism of the composite coating is fatigue delamination of the transferred layer.

Effect of bonding parameters on microstructures and properties during TLP bonding of Ni-based super alloy

Ni-based alloy was transient liquid phase bonded using a BNi-2 interlayer. The effect of bonding parameters on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints was investigated. With the increase of bonding temperature or time, the number of Ni-rich and Cr-rich borides and the grain size of precipitation zone decrease. Higher bonding temperature or longer bonding time is beneficial to the diffusion of melting point depressant elements （B and Si） from the PZ to the base metal and atomic interdiffusion between the base metal and the joint. The chemical composition and microstructure of the joints bonded at 1170 ℃ for 24 h are comparable to the base metal. The shear test results show that both the room and elevated temperature shear-strengths of the joints increase with increasing bonding time. However, the effect of bonding time on elevated temperature tensile-shear strength is greater than on room temperature tensile-shear strength.

Microstructure and shear strength of reactive brazing joints of TiAl/Ni-based alloy

Reactive brazing of TiAl-based intermetallics and Ni-based alloy with Ti foil as interlayer was investigated. The interfacial microstructure and shear strength of the joints were studied. According to the experimental observations, the molten interlayer reacts vigorously with base metals, forming several continuous reaction layers. The typical interfacial microstructure of the joint can be expressed as GH99/（Ni,Cr）ss（γ）/TiNi（β2）＋TiNi2Al（τ4）＋Ti2Ni（δ）/δ＋Ti3Al（α2）＋Al3NiTi2（τ3）/α2＋τ3/TiAl. The maximum shear strength is 258 MPa for the specimen brazed at 1000°C for 10 min. Higher brazing temperature or longer brazing time causes coarsening of the phases in the brazing seam and formation of brittle intermetallic layer, which greatly depresses the shear strength of the joints.

Tribological properties of nanostructured Al_2O_3-40%TiO_2 multiphase ceramic particles reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coatings

The Ni-based alloy composite coatings reinforced by nanostructured Al2O3-40%TiO2 multiphase ceramic particles were prepared on the surface of 7005 aluminum alloy by plasma spray technology. The microstructure and tribological properties of the composite coatings were researched. The results show that the composite coatings mainly consist of γ-Ni, α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and rutile-TiO2 etc, and exhibit lower friction coefficients and wear losses than the Ni-based alloy coatings at different loads and speeds. The composite coating bears low contact stress at 3 N and its wear mechanism is micro-cutting wear. As loads increase to 6-12 N, the contact stress is higher than the elastic limit stress of worn surface, and the wear mechanisms change into multi-plastic deformation wear, micro-brittle fracture wear and abrasive wear. With the increase of speeds, the contact temperature of worn surface increases. The composite coating experiences multi-plastic deformation wear, fatigue wear and adhesive wear.

Effects of graphite content on microstructure and tribological properties of graphite/TiC/Ni-base alloy composite coatings

In order to reduce the friction coefficients and further improve the anti-wear properties of Ni-base alloy coatings reinforced by TiC particles,graphite/TiC/Ni-base alloy（GTN） coatings were prepared on the surface of 45 carbon steel.The effects of graphite content on the microstructure and tribological properties of the GTN coatings were investigated.The results show that the addition of graphite to the GTN coatings may greatly reduce the friction coefficients and improve their wear resistance.The 6.56GTN and 12.71GTN coatings exhibit excellent integrated properties of anti-friction and wear resistance under low and high loads,respectively.Under a low load,the wear mechanisms of the GTN coatings are mainly multi-plastic deformation with slight abrasive wear and gradually change into mixture of multi-plastic deformation,delamination and micro-cutting wear with the increase of graphite fraction.As the load increases,the main wear mechanisms gradually change from micro-cracks,micro-cutting and adhesive wear to micro-cutting and micro-fracture with the increase of graphite fraction.

Tribological behavior and mechanisms of graphite/CaF_2/TiC/Ni-base alloy composite coatings

In order to reduce the friction coefficients and improve the wear resistance of mechanical parts, which work in the severe friction and wear conditions at heavy loads, the graphite/CaFg/TiC/Ni-base alloy composite coatings were prepared by plasma spray and their tribological behavior and mechanisms were investigated. The results show that the friction coefficients of the composite coatings are in the range of 0.22-0.288, which are reduced by 25.9% to 53% compared with those of the pure Ni-base alloy coatings, and the wear rates of the former are 18.6%-70.1% less than those of the latter. When wear against GCr15 steel balls, a transferred layer mainly composed of ferric oxides, graphite and CaF2 may gradually develop on the worn surface of the composite coatings, which made the friction and wear between GCr15 steel ball and the composite coatings change into that between the former and the transferred layer. So the friction coefficients and the wear lubrication effect of the transferred layer. The main wear layer in friction process. rates of the composite coatings are greatly reduced because of the solid mechanism of the composite coatings is delamination of the transferred

Tribological properties and wear prediction model of TiC particles reinforced Ni-base alloy composite coatings

TiC particles reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coatings were prepared on 7005 aluminum alloy by plasma spray. The effects of load, speed and temperature on the tribological behavior and mechanisms of the composite coatings under dry friction were researched. The wear prediction model of the composite coatings was established based on the least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). The results show that the composite coatings exhibit smaller friction coefficients and wear losses than the Ni-based alloy coatings under different friction conditions. The predicting time of the LS-SVM model is only 12.93%of that of the BP-ANN model, and the predicting accuracies on friction coefficients and wear losses of the former are increased by 58.74%and 41.87%compared with the latter. The LS-SVM model can effectively predict the tribological behavior of the TiCP/Ni-base alloy composite coatings under dry friction.

Effect of Rare Earth on Microstructure of Vacuum Melting Ni-Based Self-Fluxing Alloy Coatings

The Ni-based self-fluxing alloy coating containing RE was acquired by the technique of vacuum melting on the hypoeutectoid steel (Fe-0.45%C) matrix. By X-ray diffraction, SEM and EDX, the microstructure and phase structure of section of coating and the microstructure near the interface between coating and matrix were investigated, and the effect of RE on microstructure of coating was also discussed. The results show that the microstructure of the NiCrBSi alloy coating is composed of Ni-based solid solution and a lot of massive, globular and needle secondary phases CrB, Ni_3B, Cr_7C_3, Cr_(23)C_6 among the solid solution. The metallurgical binding between steel matrix and coating is realized. RE makes needle phase of alloy coating vanish. New phases of NiB and Cr_(6.5)Ni_(2.5)Si are precipitated from alloy coating, and secondary phases of alloy coating are sphericized. Consequently, RE also hinders the diffusion of Ni, Cr and Si atoms from coating to matrix and Fe atoms from matrix to coating, holds back the dilution of Fe for NiCrBSi alloy coating, and assures the chemical composition of the alloy coating.

Transformation mechanism of secondary phase and its effect on intergranular corrosion in laser wire filling welding Ni-based alloy/304 stainless steel

To clarify the transformation mechanism of secondary phase and the mechanism of intergranular corrosion in laser welding Ni-based alloy (Hastelloy C-276)/304 stainless steel with filler wire,the secondary phase was analyzed by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The evaluation of intergranular corrosion resistance of the welded joints was conducted by double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation(DL-EPR) method,and at the same time the chemical compositions of the corrosion surface were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS).The results show that p phase has complete coherence relationship withμphase,and the coherent relationship is described as[001]p//■and[430]p//[0001]μ.Theμphase is rapidly transformed from p phase,which is the inhomogeneous phase transformation.The transformation of secondary phase will increase the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.Therefore,the transformation of secondary phase should be avoided in the welding process.

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of in situ NbC Particles Reinforced Ni-based Alloy Composite Coating by Laser Cladding

The in situ synthesized NbC particles reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coating was produced by laser cladding a precursor mixture of Ni-based alloy powder, graphite and niobium powders on a steel substrate. The microstructure, phase composition and wear property of the composite coating were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and dry sliding wear test. The experiment results show that the composite coating is homogeneous and free from cracks, and about 0.8 mm thick. The microstructure of the composite coating is mainly composed of NbC particles, CrB type chromium borides, 7-Ni primary dendrites, and interdendritic eutectics. CrB phases often nucleate and grow on the surface of NbC particles or in their close vicinity. NbC particles are formed via in situ reaction between niobium and graphite in the molten pool during the laser cladding process and they are commonly precipitated in three kinds of morphologies, such as quadrangle, cluster, and flower-like shape. Compared with the pure Ni- based alloy coating, the microhardness of the composite coating is increased about 38%, giving a high average hardness of HV0.21000, and the wear rate of the composite coating is decreased by about 32%, respectively. These are attributed to the presence of in situ synthesized NbC particles and their well distribution in the coating.

GRAIN REFINEMENT IN BULK UNDERCOOLED Ni-BASED ALLOY

Fluxing of 5 g bulk melt Ni77Si13B10 permits high undercoolings to be attained prior to nu-cleation onset.Investigations of grain refinement in the bulk undercooled alloy as a function ofundercooling,recalescence behavior and cooling rate have been reported.A significant inhomo-geneity of reduction in grain size of a bulk sample is observed,which is caused by the different so-lidification conditions:(1)recalescence process,and(2)the followed plateau in which the heatrelease and extraction rates are equal.It is concluded that the homogeneous refined microstructurecan be achieved if the initial undercooling prior to nucleation,or cooling rate after recalescence isfurther increased.

Fabrication of in-situ synthesized ceramic reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coatings by reactive braze coating processing

In-situ synthesized ceramic such as TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coating was fabricated on the surface of mild steel substrate by reactive braze coating processing with colloidal graphite,Cr,Ni,ferro-boron,Si and titanium powders as the raw materials at low temperature of 1000℃,and a new kind of coating materials was developed.By means of SEM,EDS,XRD and surface hardness tester,the microstructures,phases,hardness and wear-resistance of the coating were analyzed,respectively.The results revealed that the coating was mainly composed of the ceramic in-situ synthesized reinforcement phases of TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 and the binder phases in-situ synthesized of Ni31Si12 and(Ni,Fe)solid solution;The ceramic reinforcement phases of TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 were randomly distributed in the binder phases of Ni31Si12 and(Ni,Fe)solid solution;The coating had about 15vol%pores and can possibly be applied as a self-lubrication coating;The coating and the substrate were integrated together by metallurgical bonding;The coating had a hardness up to 91-94HR15N.

一回路注锌对镍基690合金管腐蚀及腐蚀产物释放的影响

在模拟压水堆(PWR)一回路注锌浓度分别为0、10、40 ppb的高温水中,对镍基690合金管开展了长达3000 h的均匀腐蚀实验。采用失重法计算了其在不同阶段的腐蚀失重量和腐蚀产物释放量,获得了腐蚀动力学曲线,并计算了腐蚀速率和腐蚀产物释放速率。采用扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)等方法分析了氧化膜表面形貌、截面厚度及元素分布。结果表明,10 ppb Zn的注入即可使镍基690合金管的平均腐蚀速率下降约18%,腐蚀产物释放速率下降约14%;增加Zn浓度至40 ppb后,平均腐蚀速率和释放速率进一步得到抑制,均下降约35%。微观分析表明冷却剂中的Zn通过置换和填充作用,在镍基690合金管表面形成低溶解度的Zn(Cr,Fe)_(2)O_(4)尖晶石,提高了氧化膜的稳定性与致密性,阻碍了金属离子向外扩散以及氧离子向内扩散,进而显著降低镍基690合金管的腐蚀速率和腐蚀产物释放速率。

核电用Inconel 690合金管微动磨损损伤机理研究

蒸汽发生器承受高温高压蒸汽作用,其传热管流致振动现角由二次侧向流引起。同时,周期性载荷导致Inconel 690合金管传热管与403SS抗振条存在微动磨损现象,从而使得传热管出现裂纹甚至破裂失效等问题,进而影响核电系统安全运行。采用微动磨损试验机进行Inconel 690合金传热管与403SS抗振条在常温空气和高温空气下不同法向载荷以及位移幅值的摩擦磨损实验,并对Inconel 690合金传热管的表面磨损形貌及氧化成分进行分析,从而揭示蒸汽发生器传热管磨损失效机理。结果表明:在室温空气条件下,随着法向载荷的增大,磨痕表面出现磨屑堆积以及片层剥离,氧化程度逐渐加剧,微动磨损机制以摩擦氧化、磨粒磨损及剥层为主;在高温空气条件下,摩擦力峰值上升,磨痕深度增加且宽度减小,材料表面塑性流动显著,氧化和剥层的程度均有所加深,微动磨损机制以摩擦氧化、剥层为主。

Microstructure and bonding strength of Ni-based alloy coating

A Ni-Cr-B-Si coating technique was developed and successfully applied on austenite grey iron substrate in a conventional resistance furnace under graphite powder protection. The microstructure, phase distribution, chemical composition profile and microhardness along the coating layer depth were investigated. Shear strength of the coating was also tested. Microanalysis shows that the coating is consist of γ-Ni solution and γ-Ni+Ni3B lamellar eutectic, as well as small amount of Cr5B3 particles. Diffusion induced metallurgical bonding occurs at the coating/substrate interfaces, and the higher the temperature, the more sufficient elements diffused, the broader interfusion region and the larger bonding strength, but it has an optimum value. And the bonding strength at the interface can be enable to reach 250-270 MPa, which is nearly the same as that of processed by flame spray. The microhardness along the coating layer depth shows a gradient distribution manner.

EFFECT OF GRAIN REFINING ON FATIGUE-CREEP INTERACTION BEHAVIOURIN A Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY

The fatigue-creep interaction behaviour of superalloy GH698 with different grain sizes has been studied at 700℃.The results show that three zones,F,C and FC,can be distinguished at the fatigue-creep interaction curves.In zones FC and C,the presence of alternative stresses inhibits the creep deformation process therefore delays the fracture of the alloy.This effect will be enhanced by grain refining.However,in zone F,grain refining exhibits an inverse ef fect under large alternative stresses.

Laser cladding of Ni-based alloy on stainless steel

The coatings on a stainless steel substrate were conducted by laser cladding of Ni-based alloy, using a 5 kW continuous wave CO2 flow transverse laser. SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure and constituent phases of the obtained coatings by laser cladding with direct injection of the powder into the melt pool. Solidification planar, cellular and dendrite structures were observed in Ni-based alloy coating. There exists an optimum metallurgical bond between Ni-based laser cladding layer and the base material. The high hardness of the Ni-based alloy coating is attributed to the presence of M7C3-type carbides (essentially chromium-riched carbide) dispersed in the γ(Ni,Fe) phase matrix.

EFFECT OF Mg AND Zr ADDITION ON CREEP CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF A Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY

The creep crack growth(CCG)and the time to carck initiation and rupture of specimen (t_(rc)and t_r)were measured by means of electrical potential method on single edge notched specimens at 700℃.The field near the crack tip under steady-state creep was represented by energy rate integral(C~*),and the CCG rate as a function of C~* has been obtained.The agreement between the predicted and observed t_(rc)values is quite good.It was found that the addition of small amount of Mg and Zr in the alloys causes t_(rc)and t_r of the specimens to in- crease significantly.

STRENGTH-DUCTILITY AND γ'PRECIPITATES IN Ni-BASE ALLOYS

The critical diameter of γ'-phase(dc) is an important microstructural characteristic.Relationships among the critical diameter(dc).the volume fraciton(f),the antiphase domain boundaryγenergy(APBE) ofγ'-phase and the shear modulus(G) of precipitation strengthening Ni-base alloys have been studied in this paper.The results show that the alloys have the strongest age-hardening effects but the lowest ductility corresponding to the critical size of γ'-phase.The impact ductility of the alloys relates to γ'precipitation induced volume distortion in the matrix.

超声表面滚压工艺影响镍基690合金冲-切磨损行为的研究

通过超声表面滚压技术(USRP)改善镍基690合金表面的粗糙度和硬化层,并探究该工艺对其冲-切磨损行为的影响机理.首先,采用USRP对镍基690合金表面进行强化处理,然后,基于可控能量式冲-切磨损试验装置,探究镍基690合金强化前后在不同冲-切变量下其磨损界面的动态响应行为与损伤机理.得出了USRP工艺可有效降低磨损界面的摩擦力和摩擦系数,降低冲切能耗,进而减少材料的磨损程度,此外,冲击或切向滑动速度的增加均会导致磨损界面所受冲击力和摩擦力的增大,并降低动能吸收率.