6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究6A01-T5铝合金和304不锈钢异种金属间的缝隙腐蚀行为规律。方法 采用常温常压浸泡腐蚀方法,结合SEM、EDS、XRD和白光干涉检测,对6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙结构在碱性Na Cl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果 6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙腐蚀表现为在缝口处产生沿缝口方向的凹陷渠,在缝内,以局部减薄和腐蚀坑为主,并随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀程度逐渐加重。不同区域腐蚀产物的形貌和成分组成不尽相同,缝外暴露区的腐蚀产物表现为晶体颗粒状,主要成分为Ca CO3和Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。缝口附近沿缝口方向形成一层有明显界线的腐蚀产物覆盖层,缝隙内部的腐蚀产物相对较少,表现为尺寸相对较小的结块,主要成分为Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。结论 在6A01-T5铝合金与304不锈钢非电连接情况下,6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙内2种金属分别独立发生缝隙腐蚀,因2种金属在腐蚀过程中争夺O2,使得304不锈钢对6A01-T5铝合金的缝隙腐蚀起到抑制作用。

Dynamic experimental studies of a6n01s-t5 aluminum alloy material and structure for high-speed train

In this study, we focus on the dynamic failure property of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloyusing for high-speed train. The method of SHBT+3D DIC was put forward to figure out the dynamic mechanical properties and dynamic failure strain of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy,and on the basis of this, Johnson-Cook model constitutive parameters and dynamic failure strain parameters were obtained through a series of static and dynamic tests.An important character of this methodwas that the sandwich structure from the true high-speed train was used in penetration test,followed by the numerical calculation of the same working condition using LS-DYNA.Then we compare the experimental results with simulation results mentioned above in terms of failure morphology in structure and the bullet speed throughout the entire process to verifythe accuracyof the parameter. The experimental results provide a data basis for the crash simulation model of high-speed trains,in turn to optimize the structural design and whole efficiency.

6N01-T5铝合金焊接接头疲劳断裂分析

为了确定6N01-T5铝合金挤压型材焊接接头发生疲劳断裂的原因,对6N01-T5铝合金型材及其焊接接头分别进行了疲劳试验,获得了它们的S-N曲线及条件疲劳极限.分析了接头的显微组织与力学性能,并对疲劳断口进行分析,得到了6N01-T5铝合金焊接接头的疲劳断口特征.结果表明,接头显微组织为-αAl与-αAl和Mg2Si的伪共晶,主要缺欠为气孔;在热影响区与母材交界处存在一软化区,该软化区会引起静载断裂,但不是构件发生疲劳断裂的主要原因;位于焊缝表面焊接缺欠以及构件的表面状态是影响接头疲劳性能的主要原因.

A6N01-T5铝合金焊接接头的组织与疲劳性能

为了确定A6N01-T5铝合金挤压型材MIG焊接接头发生疲劳断裂的原因,本文采用高频疲劳试验机对A6N01-T5铝合金MIG焊接试样进行低周疲劳拉伸试验,研究了A6N01-T5铝合金焊接接头低周疲劳行为、疲劳裂纹表面和断口表面以及缺陷对疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:在热影响区存在一个明显的软化区,该软化区在疲劳拉伸实验中变形较严重;A6N01铝合金焊接试样的疲劳裂纹源萌生于气孔及夹杂等缺陷产生应力集中处;焊缝近表面的气孔及内部的夹杂是裂纹快速扩展的诱因。

Evolution of residual stress field in 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint

Based on the characteristics of friction stir welding( FSW) and Coulomb friction work theory,the residual stresses field of FSW joints of 6 N01 aluminum alloy( T5),which was used in high speed train,were calculated by using the ANSYS finite element software. During the FEM calculation,the dual heat source models namely the body heat source and surface heat source were used to explore the evolution law of the welding process to the residual stress field. The method of ultrasonic residual stress detecting was used to investigate the residual stresses field of the 6 N01 aluminum alloy FSW joints. The results show that the steady-state temperature of 6 N01 aluminum alloy during FSW is about 550 ℃,and the temperature mutates at the beginning and at end of welding. The longitudinal residual stress σ_x is the main stress,which fluctuates in the range of-25 to 242 MPa. Moreover,the stress in the range of shaft shoulder is tensile stress that the maximum tensile stress is 242 MPa,and the stress in the outside of shaft shoulder is compressive stress that the maximum compressive stress is 25 MPa. The distribution of the tensile stress in the welding nugget zone( WNZ) is obviously bimodal,and the residual stress on the advancing side is higher than that on the retreating side. With the increasing of the welding speed,the maximum temperature decreased and the maximum residual stress decreased when the pin-wheel speed kept constant. With the increasing of the pin-wheel speed,the maximum temperature of the joint increased and the maximum residual stress increased when the welding speed was constant. The experimental results were in good agreement with the finite element results.

高速列车用6A01-T5铝合金MIG焊接接头软化行为研究

利用万能材料拉伸试验机、显微硬度计、金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱仪等设备研究了6A01-T5铝合金MIG焊接接头的微观组织与力学性能,重点针对其软化行为进行了分析。结果表明,焊缝心部为等轴晶的典型铸态组织,靠近熔合线附近的焊缝为柱状晶组织。在距离两侧熔合线约6 mm处的热影响区均存在一软化区,为焊接接头的最薄弱区。焊接接头抗拉强度159 MPa,断后伸长率10.2%,断裂位置为硬度最低的软化区。软化区受焊接热影响产生过时效作用,Mg2Si析出相聚集长大是导致该区域硬度降低的主要因素。

The influence of gradient mismatches on mechanical properties and microstructure of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy VP-TIG joints

In this paper,6 mm thick 2219-T6 aluminum alloy was joined by means of variable polarity tungsten-arc welding( VP-TIG) and the influence of gradient mismatches on VP-TIG joints is investigated. The average tensile strength of the joints reduces 32%,53% and 59%,when the mismatch of the joint was 0. 635 mm,1. 44 mm,1. 83 mm,respectively.Incomplete penetration,additional bending moment( Ma) and decrease of effective load region area are considered to explain this phenomenon. The fracture location of tensile specimens occurred at the weld zone( WZ) close to partial melt zone( PMZ),corresponding to a sharp decline of microhardness from PMZ to WZ. The original position of fracture is found at weld toe,where incomplete penetration forms due to the introduction of gradient mismatches.

A6N01-T5铝合金型材力学性能与停放时间的关系

论述了A6N01-T5铝合金型材停放时间与力学性能的关系。铸锭经挤压机挤压成形,在挤压机上在线淬火处理,室温停放不同的时间,随后在相同的时效制度下进行人工时效,其力学性能的变化非常明显。通过对比试验,确定了型材力学性能与停放时间的关系曲线。

6A01-T5铝合金型材及其焊接接头的疲劳极限测试

为了快速、准确地验证材料的疲劳极限,从试验方法和试样组的测试顺序两个方面进行分析研究。介绍了一种用3~5个试样验证疲劳极限的试验方法,并结合小样本的概率分析论证了该方法的有效性。利用这种试验方法,用简谐共振式高频疲劳试验机分别测试了取自6A01-T5铝合金型材的3种板试样,包括母材光滑试样、焊接平滑试样和焊接余高试样。结果表明,与传统应力升降法相比较,试验验证方法具有节省试样和缩短试验周期的优点。根据疲劳寿命影响因素和试样断口图片,分析了焊接接头疲劳性能测试用试样的差异,并推荐了平滑试样与余高试样的检测顺序,为铁路机车车辆构件疲劳性能检测提供了一种有效方法。

Effect of Conventional and Pulsed TIG Welding on Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of AA 6082-T6 Repair Welds

Repair welding of AA 6082-T6 joints was carried out using ER 4043 filler through the TIG welding process with or without pulsed current.Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the joints before and after repairing were investigated by examining macrostructure,microstructure,and distributions of porosity in the weld metal(WM),and by hardness,tensile,and bending tests.We observed that the welding current,phase transformations in heat-affected zone(HAZ)and porosity introduced in the WM during welding influence on its mechanical properties in sequence.The experimental results showed that the bead width and penetration as well as size of pores in the joints were mainly influenced by the welding currents.The sound joints were obtained at a welding current of 140 A with or without pulsed current when welding speed and gas flow rate were set at 20 cm·min-1 and 15 L·min-1,respectively.Among them,the decrease in mechanical properties of repair weld(RW)was directly related to the phase transformations in the over-ageing zone due to the double welding thermal cycles and elevated distribution of porosity in the WM.In addition,it was observed that the comparatively smaller grain size and lower porosity in WM of the RW produced by pulsed TIG welding gave a positive effect on its mechanical properties.

国产A6N01铝合金型材MIG焊接头的微观组织与力学性能

利用金相观察、显微硬度测定、拉伸和弯曲性能测试等方法研究了A6N01-T5铝合金型材MIG焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明：焊接接头焊缝中心金属为明显的激冷形成的铸态组织,呈等轴晶状;熔合区靠近焊缝侧的结晶形态为沿散热方向排列的柱状晶,邻近熔合区的热影响区晶粒粗化.焊缝中心处具有较高的显微硬度,在距离焊缝中心10~12 mm处的热影响区显微硬度值最低.国产A6N01-T5铝合金型材焊接接头抗拉强度达到欧洲标准DIN EN 288-4的要求.

Effects of nugget alloying on microstructures and properties of resistance spot welded joints of aluminum and steel

The resistance spot welding of 6063-T6 aluminum alloy and 16Mn steel was studied by nugget alloying. The results indicated that the Al-steel joint had characteristics of welding-brazing. The nugget zone consisted mainly of α-Al solid solution with dislocations and fine Mg2Si particles. The interface zone had a double-layer structure： Fe2Al5 layer at steel side and Fe4Al13 layer at Al nugget side. The nugget alloying has a significant effect on the joint properties by changing phase composition and refinement of grains. When alloy elements Cu, Zn, Ti and Ni were added, the tensile shear load of Al-steel joints reached 2 780 N, 2 910 N, 2 915 N and 2 929 N respectively, which increased by 24. 1%, 29.9%, 30. 1% and 30. 7% respectively compared with that （2 241 N） of joint without nugget alloying. Therefore, it is an effective way for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot welded Al-steel joints.

Effect of Temperature on Material Transfer Behavior at Different Stages of Friction Stir Welded 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy

In this work, the morphologies of weld of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy via friction stir welding （FSW） were analyzed by optical microscopy, the temperature field was attained by numerical simulation, and the effect of temperature on material transfer behavior in the thermal-mechanical affected zone （TMAZ） at different stages was mainly investigated. The FSW process consists of three stages. It is very interesting to find that the maximum transfer displacement of material appears at the final stage of welding process, then at the stable stage and at the initial stage, which results from the difference of peak temperatures at different stages. At any stage, the material in TMAZ near the surface of weld transfers downwards, the material in the middle of weld moves upwards and the material near the bottom of weld hardly moves. In any cross section of weld, the largest transfer displacement of material appears in the middle of weld. The increase of rotational velocity and the decrease of welding speed are both beneficial to the transfer displacement of material in the middle of weld.

摆动光纤激光-CMT复合焊接6A01-T5铝合金型材接头的气孔特征及组织性能研究

采用摆动光纤激光-CMT电弧复合焊接方式对高速列车用带锁底6A01-T5铝合金型材进行焊接工艺试验。采用优化的焊接参数得到了表面成形均匀、外观无缺陷的良好接头,并对接头进行了气孔分布特征、显微组织和力学性能试验。研究结果表明:摆动激光复合焊缝成形优良,内部横、纵截面上气孔率的平均值分别为0.63%、0.06%,且以形状规则、直径小于50.0μm的圆形气孔为主,与光束不摆动时相比,焊缝内的工艺性气孔得到了明显抑制;焊缝中心为树枝晶组织,二次枝晶明显弱化;焊缝区和热影响区的硬度值低于母材,为软化区;复合焊接接头的极限疲劳强度为105.0MPa,抗拉强度平均值为223.19MPa,抗拉强度达到了母材的84.22%;接头拉伸断口呈韧窝状,具有典型的韧性断裂特征。

高速列车用铝合金型材激光-MIG复合焊工艺特性和接头性能

激光-MIG复合焊是实现高速列车铝合金车体优质、高效、低成本焊接制造的理想技术。针对高速列车铝合金车体用的3 mm厚6A01-T5铝合金型材,开展激光-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究工艺参数对焊缝成形及气孔缺陷的影响规律,分析接头的组织特征、硬度分布、拉伸及疲劳性能。结果表明:在满足焊缝熔透条件下,较小的激光功率、较小的电弧电流或较低的焊接速度有益于减少气孔缺陷;接头组织从焊缝中心到母材依次是等轴晶区、柱状晶区、半熔化区、过时效区和母材区,相比电弧主要作用区,激光主要作用区的等轴晶尺寸更小且半熔化区宽度更窄。接头存在软化现象,焊缝区硬度最低,热影响区宽度约1.5 mm;接头的平均抗拉强度达197.5 MPa,为母材抗拉强度的80.6%,试样断裂于焊缝区,表现为明显的韧性断裂特征;接头的疲劳强度为93.5 MPa,裂纹萌生于焊缝表面的组织疏松处,裂纹扩展区断口呈现明显的韧性断裂和脆性断裂的混合断裂特征。

铝合金表面三嗪二硫醇和硅烷纳米复合薄膜的制备及表征

通过电化学方法,在铝合金表面制备6-N,N-二丁基胺-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4-二硫醇单盐(DBN)的纳米聚合薄膜(PDB),然后采用自组装技术对铝合金表面PDB膜进行十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷化处理,形成疏水性的高分子纳米复合薄膜(CPDB)。通过循环伏安法解释了DBN在铝合金表面的反应及PDB的生长过程,同时分析了CPDB膜的形成机理。借助傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪对铝合金表面薄膜的特性进行了表征。结果表明,PDB膜形成后铝合金表面的接触角从未镀膜的89.9°上升到124.3°,CPDB膜形成后接触角达135.8°;SEM和XPS测定表明该方法可以有效地在铝合金表面获得均匀致密的高分子纳米复合薄膜。

超声波振动焊丝辅助铝型材激光-MIG复合焊工艺特性的研究

针对高速列车车体用6A01-T5铝合金型材,开展超声波振动焊丝辅助激光-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究超声波振动焊丝对焊缝成形、气孔缺陷、微观组织、显微硬度及拉伸性能的影响。试验结果表明:在超声波振动焊丝辅助的作用下,激光-MIG复合焊焊缝的熔深及底部熔宽略有增加;焊缝内气孔数量显著减少,增大超声波振幅后,气孔体积有所减小;在超声波空化作用及声流作用下焊缝及熔合区晶粒得到明显细化,焊缝显微硬度有所升高,但仍为焊接接头最薄弱部位;焊接接头的抗拉强度得到明显提高,随着焊接速度的提高,超声波强化作用减弱。

Cu含量对Al-Mg-Cu合金加工过程组织演变的影响

为了揭示Cu元素在5×××铝合金中的演变规律,提高Cu元素的利用率,更好地发挥其强化作用,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察、能谱(EDS)分析、差热分析(DSC)及热力学相图计算方法,研究了以5182铝合金为基础,添加不同Cu含量的Al-Mg-Cu合金在铸态、均匀化态、热轧+冷轧态和中间退火态的组织演变。研究结果表明:当w(Cu)增加至0.3%时,铸态合金中出现初生S-Al_(2)CuMg相,且S相含量随Cu含量增加而增加,该现象与热力学相图计算结果一致。DSC曲线显示S相的吸热峰起始位置在475℃~490℃的温度范围。为防止共晶相熔融引起的过烧,在常规的双级均匀化440℃5h和525℃5h之间增加一级465℃8h均匀化热处理,可将S相溶解。将均匀化后的60 mm厚的铸锭热轧成6 mm厚的板材(开轧温度510℃、终轧温度220℃~250℃),再将6 mm厚的板材冷轧至2.4mm,冷轧板内存在少量亚微米尺度颗粒状S相和AlCuMn相,推测为热轧过程中析出的。320℃2h退火后,发现尺寸更大的S相和数量更多的AlCuMn相,且部分AlCuMn相依附在Al_(6)(FeMn)相上析出。AlCuMn相未在热力学相图计算结果中出现,可能是因为该相的析出是非平衡析出。