Exfoliation corrosion behavior of 7050-T6 aluminum alloy treated with various quench transfer time

The exfoliation corrosion （EFC） behavior of 7050-T6 aluminum alloy treated with various quench transfer time after solution heat treatment was investigated by standard EFC immersion tests, strength loss measurements after EFC tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscope （EIS） technique. The results showed that EFC resistance of the alloy decreased with increasing quench transfer time. Backscattered electron scanning electron microscope （SEM） together with transmission electron microscope （TEM） observations revealed that the coverage ratio and microstructure of precipitates at grain boundary area are the most important factors which influence the EFC susceptibility of the alloy, while precipitate-free zone （PFZ） near grain boundary has no or only a minor effect on it. In addition, galvanostatic measurements of the alloy present a good correlation between EFC resistance and transients in potential. The cumulated number of transients in potential can be used to evaluate EFC resistance of the alloy.

Effect of alloy composition and heat treatment on mechanical performance of 6xxx aluminum alloys

The effect of alloy composition and heat treatment, including natural ageing and pre-ageing, on the mechanical performance of eight 6xxx alloys designed with systematically varying Si, Mg and Cu contents was studied. The results show that not only the alloy composition and heat treatment before forming influence the formability, but also they have an effect on the paint bake response of the alloys. Increasing the alloy Si content, decreasing Mg/Si ratio and adding 0.3% Cu （mass fraction） were generally found to improve the tensile ductility and formability of the alloys studied, while pre-ageing was found to decrease these properties. A full property profile of these alloys in terms of strength, tensile ductility, work hardening, strain rate sensitivity, forming limit and paint bake response was presented.

Constitutive modeling of flow behavior of precipitation-hardened AA7022-T6 aluminum alloy at elevated temperature

The thermomechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy AA7022-T6 was studied using isothermal compression at temperatures of 623−773 K and strain rates of 0.01−1 s^−1.The experimental results indicated that dynamic recrystallization(DRX)is a predominant hot deformation mechanism,especially at elevated temperatures and low strain rates.The modified Johnson−Cook(J−C)and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were developed to predict the hot flow behavior under different deformation conditions.The correlation coefficients of modified J−C model and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were 0.9914 and 0.9972,respectively,their average relative errors(ARE)were 6.074%and 4.465%,respectively,and their root mean square errors(RMSE)were 10.611 and 1.665 MPa,respectively,indicating that the strain compensated Arrhenius-type model can predict the hot flow stress of AA7022-T6 aluminum alloy with an appropriate accuracy.

Effect of Friction Coefficient on Deep Drawing of 6A16 Aluminum Alloy for Automobile Body

Based on the ABAQUS/Explicit finite element method,the forming force changing trend of deep drawing test for 6A16 aluminum alloy plate after pre-aging and storage at room temperature for one month was simulated under friction coefficient ranging from 0 to 0.22.The lubricants selected for the tests were mechanical oil,butter and dry film lubricant,and the friction coefficient of these lubricants were 0.05,0.10 and 0.15,respectively.Microstructural evolution of 6 A16 aluminum alloy plate during drawing forming was investigated by OM,SEM and EBSD.The results showed that,with the increase of friction coefficient,the stress,strain and deformation degree in deformation zone increased,while the grain size in deformation zone decreased.Thus,the hardness of the cup-typed component increased with the increase of friction coefficient.Butter-lubricated cups had the highest tensile strength and yield strength after paint-bake cycle.The combination of simulation results and microstructure analysis of 6A16 aluminum alloy plate after drawing forming indicates that the appropriate lubricant is butter.

Evolution of residual stress field in 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint

Based on the characteristics of friction stir welding( FSW) and Coulomb friction work theory,the residual stresses field of FSW joints of 6 N01 aluminum alloy( T5),which was used in high speed train,were calculated by using the ANSYS finite element software. During the FEM calculation,the dual heat source models namely the body heat source and surface heat source were used to explore the evolution law of the welding process to the residual stress field. The method of ultrasonic residual stress detecting was used to investigate the residual stresses field of the 6 N01 aluminum alloy FSW joints. The results show that the steady-state temperature of 6 N01 aluminum alloy during FSW is about 550 ℃,and the temperature mutates at the beginning and at end of welding. The longitudinal residual stress σ_x is the main stress,which fluctuates in the range of-25 to 242 MPa. Moreover,the stress in the range of shaft shoulder is tensile stress that the maximum tensile stress is 242 MPa,and the stress in the outside of shaft shoulder is compressive stress that the maximum compressive stress is 25 MPa. The distribution of the tensile stress in the welding nugget zone( WNZ) is obviously bimodal,and the residual stress on the advancing side is higher than that on the retreating side. With the increasing of the welding speed,the maximum temperature decreased and the maximum residual stress decreased when the pin-wheel speed kept constant. With the increasing of the pin-wheel speed,the maximum temperature of the joint increased and the maximum residual stress increased when the welding speed was constant. The experimental results were in good agreement with the finite element results.

Dynamic experimental studies of a6n01s-t5 aluminum alloy material and structure for high-speed train

In this study, we focus on the dynamic failure property of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloyusing for high-speed train. The method of SHBT+3D DIC was put forward to figure out the dynamic mechanical properties and dynamic failure strain of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy,and on the basis of this, Johnson-Cook model constitutive parameters and dynamic failure strain parameters were obtained through a series of static and dynamic tests.An important character of this methodwas that the sandwich structure from the true high-speed train was used in penetration test,followed by the numerical calculation of the same working condition using LS-DYNA.Then we compare the experimental results with simulation results mentioned above in terms of failure morphology in structure and the bullet speed throughout the entire process to verifythe accuracyof the parameter. The experimental results provide a data basis for the crash simulation model of high-speed trains,in turn to optimize the structural design and whole efficiency.

The influence of gradient mismatches on mechanical properties and microstructure of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy VP-TIG joints

In this paper,6 mm thick 2219-T6 aluminum alloy was joined by means of variable polarity tungsten-arc welding( VP-TIG) and the influence of gradient mismatches on VP-TIG joints is investigated. The average tensile strength of the joints reduces 32%,53% and 59%,when the mismatch of the joint was 0. 635 mm,1. 44 mm,1. 83 mm,respectively.Incomplete penetration,additional bending moment( Ma) and decrease of effective load region area are considered to explain this phenomenon. The fracture location of tensile specimens occurred at the weld zone( WZ) close to partial melt zone( PMZ),corresponding to a sharp decline of microhardness from PMZ to WZ. The original position of fracture is found at weld toe,where incomplete penetration forms due to the introduction of gradient mismatches.

New approach for modeling flow stress of aluminum alloy 6A10 considering temperature variation

The flow stress behavior of aluminum alloy 6A10 was studied by the hot compression tests at temperatures from 350℃ to 550 ℃ and strain rates from 0.1 s^-1 to 10 s^-1 with Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The result demonstrates that the temperatures of specimen differ from initial ones affected by deformation conditions, and that the softening mechanism is dynamic recovery. A new approach was proposed to analyze the flow stress character directly from actual stress, strain, temperature and strain rate data, without performing any previous flow stress correction caused by temperature variation. Comparisons between the experimental and predicted results confirm that the established flow stress model can give reasonable estimation, indicating that the mentioned approach can be used in flow stress model analysis of the materials that undergo only dynamic recovery based on the data obtained under variable deformation temperature.

Semi-solid near-net shape rheocasting of heat treatable wrought aluminum alloys

Flexibility of the CSIR-RCS, induction stirring with simultaneous air cooling process, in combination with high pressure die casting is successfully demonstrated by semi-solid rheocasting of plates performed on commercial 2024, 6082 and 7075 wrought aluminum alloys. Tensile properties were measured for the above mentioned rheocast wrought aluminum alloys in the T6 condition. The results showed that tensile properties were close to or even in some cases exceeded the minimum specifications. The yield strength and elongation of rheocast 2024-T6 exceeded the minimum requirements of the wrought alloy in the T6 condition but the ultimate tensile strength achieved only 90% of the specification because the Mg content of the starting alloy was below the commercial alloy specification. The strengths of rheocast 6082-T6 exceeded all of the wrought alloy T6 strength targets but the elongation only managed 36% of the required minimum due to porosity, caused by incipient melting during solution heat treatment, and the presence of fine intermetallie needles in the eutectic. The yield strength of rheocast 7075 exceeded the required one and the ultimate tensile strength also managed 97% of the specification; while the elongation only reached 46% of the minimum requirement also due to incipient melting porosity caused during the solution heat treatment process.

Nickel-coated Steel Stud to Aluminum Alloy Joints Made by High Frequency Induction Brazing

Nickel-coated 45 steel studs and 6061 aluminum alloy with 4047 A1 alloy foil as filler metal were joined by using high frequency induction brazing. The microstrueture of Fe/A1 brazed joint was studied by means of optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Results showed that 45 steel stud and 6061 aluminum alloy could be successfully joined by high frequency induction brazing with proper processing parameters. The bonding strength of the joint was of the order of 88 MPa. Ni coating on steel stud successfully avoided the generation of Fe-AI intermetallic compound which is brittle by blocking the contact between A1 and Fe. Intermetallic compounds, i e, AI3Ni2, AlmNi0.9 and A10.3Fe3Si0.7 presented in AI side, FeNi and Fe-A1-Ni ternary eutectic structure were formed in Fe side. The micro-hardness in intermetallic compound layer was 313 HV. The joint was brittle fractured in the intermetallic compounds layer of A1 side, where plenty of A13Ni2 intermetallie compounds were distributed continuously.

Effects of nugget alloying on microstructures and properties of resistance spot welded joints of aluminum and steel

The resistance spot welding of 6063-T6 aluminum alloy and 16Mn steel was studied by nugget alloying. The results indicated that the Al-steel joint had characteristics of welding-brazing. The nugget zone consisted mainly of α-Al solid solution with dislocations and fine Mg2Si particles. The interface zone had a double-layer structure： Fe2Al5 layer at steel side and Fe4Al13 layer at Al nugget side. The nugget alloying has a significant effect on the joint properties by changing phase composition and refinement of grains. When alloy elements Cu, Zn, Ti and Ni were added, the tensile shear load of Al-steel joints reached 2 780 N, 2 910 N, 2 915 N and 2 929 N respectively, which increased by 24. 1%, 29.9%, 30. 1% and 30. 7% respectively compared with that （2 241 N） of joint without nugget alloying. Therefore, it is an effective way for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot welded Al-steel joints.

E2EM’s prediction of LaB_(6) as nucleation substrate for primary Mn-rich phase in Al-Si-Cu-Mn heat-resistant alloy and its refining effect

Edge-to-edge matching(E2EM)model was used to predict the potency of LaB_(6) as the heterogeneous nucleation substrate for primary Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phase formed during the solidification of Al−Si−Cu−Mn heat-resistant alloy.There are five pairs of orientation relationships(ORs)between LaB_(6) and Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phases which meet the criteria of E2EM model.One pair of plane ORs((110)LaB_(6)//(110)Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8))are demonstrated by TEM observation.This strongly indicates that the LaB_(6) phase can act as the heterogeneous nucleation substrate for the primary Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phase.1.0 wt.%of Al−2La−1B master alloy was also added into Al−12Si−4Cu−2Mn alloy to evaluate the refining effect by microstructure observation and tensile test.Experimental results show that addition of Al−2La−1B master alloy can significantly refine the primary Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phase,supporting the prediction accuracy of E2EM model.However,such refinement of primary Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phase does not lead to an improvement in strength.This is due to the larger difference in elastic modulus between the finally formed Al_(13)Mn_(4)Si_(8) phase and aluminum matrix than that of Al_(15)Mn_(3)Si_(2) phase.

6×××系铝合金微合金化的研究进展

6×××系(Al-Mg-Si)铝合金作为综合性能良好的中强铝合金,在航天工业和民用等领域具有广阔的应用前景,微合金化是提高铝合金性能的有效途径,也是研制新型铝合金的重要手段,是国内外铝合金研究的热点之一。综述了6×××系铝合金中元素Mg、Si、Cu、Mn、Sr、Zr、Sc等的作用,探讨了该系铝合金目前存在的问题和发展方向,指出了寻求廉价且有效的微合金化元素、进一步探明微合金化作用机理和复合微合金化是今后研究的主要方向。

6×××铝合金热处理工艺的研究概况

概述了6×××铝合金热处理工艺的国内外研究现状,分析了目前6×××铝合金热处理应用中存在的问题和研究工作中的不足,指出了未来研究和开发中需要解决的问题,并提出了具体的建议。

6×××系铝合金的晶间腐蚀评价方法研究

采用腐蚀深度法和质量损失法分别对6×××系铝合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性进行评价,并借助金相显微镜和扫描电镜对晶间腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行观察和分析,从而选择适宜的晶间腐蚀评价方法。结果表明:6×××系铝合金具有一定的晶间腐蚀敏感性,其评价方法宜选择腐蚀深度法,腐蚀溶液为57gNaCl+10mLH_(2)O_(2)/1000m L H_(2)O,腐蚀温度为30℃,时间为24h。

2024铝合金与AZ91镁合金的C_(2)Cl_(6)除气研究

对比研究了C_(2)Cl_(6)对2024铝合金及AZ91镁合金的除气效果。结果表明,2024铝合金及AZ91镁合金的最高除气率可分别达44.8%及41.8%,此时熔体含氢量分别达到0.096 cm3/(100 g)和11.3 cm3/(100 g)。就添加量而言,AZ91镁合金比2024铝合金所需的C_(2)Cl_(6)添加量要大一些(前者为2%~3%,而后者约为1%)。C_(2)Cl_(6)对AZ91镁合金有明显的细化效果。并测试和分析了除气后合金的力学性能。除气后,铝合金和镁合金的力学性能均提高。

汽车用6×××系铝合金及其冲压成形性研究综述

铝合金具有比强度大、成形性好、导热性好、耐腐蚀及性价比高等优点,能够满足汽车轻量化的需求。对6×××系铝合金板材的研究现状作了综述,主要内容包括6×××系铝合金的合金元素、织构、力学性能和冲压成形性。6×××系铝合金板材与钢板相比,其成形性、刚度和抗凹陷性都较低,为使合金板材更好地满足汽车轻量化的需求,应综合考虑合金元素、织构、热处理状态和成形工艺等方面对成形性能的影响,优化合金板材的冲压成形性,研制出综合性能更优的车身板材,以提高汽车车身用铝量。

6×××系变形铝合金的合金化原理和生产应用

较系统地叙述了6×××系变形铝合金的合金化原理,生产过程中材料成分、组织和性能之间的关系,主要元素Mg、Si及添加元素Cu、Mn、Cr的作用,杂质元素Fe的影响。介绍了有代表性的工业6×××铝合金的特点,以及生产、应用情况。

高强耐热6×××系铝合金的研究现状及其发展趋势

6×××系铝合金由于其密度低、易成形、耐蚀性好等优点,广泛应用于汽车及建筑领域。随着对6×××系铝合金使用要求的不断提高,人们对该系铝合金的强度及耐热性提出了更高的要求。介绍了微合金元素Mn、Cr、Fe、Zr、Sc等对6×××系铝合金组织及性能的影响,复合微合金化及Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)等复合粒子对提高6 xxx系铝合金力学性能的作用。综述了传统的轧制工艺及新型轧制变形工艺对6×××系铝合金组织及性能的影响,国内外对6×××系铝合金耐热性的研究现状,对6×××系铝合金的热处理强化手段进行概述,并对高强耐热6×××系铝合金的发展趋势进行展望。

6系铝合金的挤压粗晶环

为了了解铝合金挤压时的表面行为及粗晶环的来源和机制,进行了小规模的反挤压试验。为了知道工件条件和化学成分对其影响,对制件做了金相和定向条像显微照片观察,发现降低再结晶抑制元素(如Cr)含量,增大挤压比和挤压速度都会增大粗晶环的深度。基于挤压时显微组织的演变,提出了在制件外表生成粗晶环的机制。