Nickel-based superalloy architectures with surface mechanical attrition treatment: Compressive properties and collapse behaviour

Surface modifications can introduce natural gradients or structural hierarchy into human-made microlattices,making them simultaneously strong and tough.Herein,we describe our investigations of the mechanical properties and the underlying mechanisms of additively manufactured nickel–chromium superalloy(IN625)microlattices after surface mechanical attrition treatment(SMAT).Our results demonstrated that SMAT increased the yielding strength of these microlattices by more than 64.71%and also triggered a transition in their mechanical behaviour.Two primary failure modes were distinguished:weak global deformation,and layer-by-layer collapse,with the latter enhanced by SMAT.The significantly improved mechanical performance was attributable to the ultrafine and hard graded-nanograin layer induced by SMAT,which effectively leveraged the material and structural effects.These results were further validated by finite element analysis.This work provides insight into collapse behaviour and should facilitate the design of ultralight yet buckling-resistant cellular materials.

Influence of Production Sequence of Aluminum Alloy Hot Rolling on Strip Surface Quality

With the intensification of market competition in the aluminum alloy strip processing industry,it is dif-ficult to control the mass production of the same specifications,which is bound to affect the hot rolling production.This paper studied the effect of the hot rolling order of aluminum alloy on the surface quality of strip,such as roll printing,color difference,anodic oxidation,etc.,reasonable discharge sequence and corresponding optimization measures were formulated.

Microstructural characterization of Inconel 718 alloy after pulsed laser surface treatment at different powers

An annealed Inconel 718 alloy was surface-treated by pulsed laser at three different powers（100, 50 and 25 W）. Microstructural changes induced by the laser treatments were characterized by use of electron backscatter diffraction and electron channeling contrast imaging techniques. Results show that both annealing twins and strengthening precipitates profusely existing in the as-received specimen are dissolved at elevated temperatures during the laser irradiation. Meanwhile, in the melting zone（MZ）, densities of low angle boundaries（LABs） are greatly increased with a large number of Laves phases preferentially distributed along such LABs. For different specimens, widths and depths of their MZs are found to be gradually reduced with decreasing the laser powers. Orientation analyses reveal that the columnar grains in the MZ of the 100 W specimen could inherit orientations existing in the matrix while lower laser powers promote the formation of more nuclei with scattered orientations to grow to be granular grains in the MZ. Hardness tests reveal that the MZs of all laser-treated specimens are softer than the matrix probably due to both precipitate dissolution and grain coarsening.

Effect of solution treatment time on plasticity and ductile fracture of 7075 aluminum alloy sheet in hot stamping process

The effect of solution treatment time on the post-formed plasticity and ductile fracture of 7075 aluminum alloy in the hot stamping process was studied.Tensile tests were conducted on the specimens subjected to the hot stamping process with different solution treatment time.The digital image correlation(DIC)analysis was used to obtain the strain of the specimen.Based on the experiments and modeling,the Yld2000-3d yield criterion and the DF2014 ductile fracture criterion were calibrated and used to characterize the anisotropy and fracture behavior of the metal,respectively.Furthermore,the microstructure of specimens was studied.The experimental and simulation results indicate that the 7075 aluminum alloy retains distinct anisotropy after the hot stamping process,and there is no obvious effect of extending the solution treatment time on the material anisotropy.However,it is found that a longer solution treatment time can increase the fracture strain of the aluminum alloy during the hot stamping process,which may be related to the decrease of the second-phase particles size.

Effect of homogenizing treatment on microstructure and conductivity of 7075 aluminum alloy prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting

The heat treatment process has great effects on microstructure and conductivity of ingots. In this study, the ingots of high strength 7075 aluminum alloy were prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting(LFEC), and the effect of different homogenization processes(single-step homogenization at 465 ℃ for different holding times and three-step homogenization) on the microstructure and conductivity of 7075 aluminum alloy were studied by means of metallographic microscopy, electrical conductivity test, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction phase analysis. For comparison, the ingot by conventional direct casting(DC) under the same conditions was also prepared. Results show that the non-equilibrium eutectic phases with low melting point in the ingot dissolve continuously into the matrix as the holding time of single-step homogenization increases. The endothermic peak of non-equilibrium phases can not be completely eliminated through a 24 h single-step homogenization, but can be eliminated after a three-step homogenization(200 ℃/2 h + 460 ℃/6 h + 480 ℃/12 h). Meanwhile, the homogenization has a better effect on the LFEC ingot than the conventional DC ingot. Under the same homogenizing conditions, the grains of LFEC ingot are characterized by a lower content of low melting point phases and the ingot shows higher electrical conductivity than DC ingot.

Surface nanocrystallization of 7A52 aluminum alloy welded joint

As a means of surface modification process, metal surface nanocrystallization （MSN） has attracted widespread attention and enjoyed a great prospect. However, currently little research is carried out regarding MSN of welded joint. The processes of high energy shot peening （HESP） technology and ultrasonic impact treatment （UIT） were carried out to achieve joint surface nanocrystallization. The grain size of before and after the welded joint surface nanocrystallization were comparatively analyzed with X-ray diffractometer, the surface deformation layer thickness of before and after the welded joint surface nanocrystallization were comparatively analyzed with optical microscopy, the surface hardness of before and after the welded joint surface nanocrystallization were comparatively analyzed with micro hardness machine. The results show that both of the processes can achieve welded joint surface nanocrystaUization and the weld after HESP have smaller grain size, larger deformation layer thickness and higher hardness values than those after UIT. However, HESP is restrained by the shapes and sizes of welding materials, so the UIT process is preferred to use in the general engineering practical applications.

铝-石墨烯复合镀层对7075铝合金硬度优化研究

在有机体系下制备了铝-石墨烯复合镀层,研究了7075铝合金硬度和耐磨性的优化工艺。采用正交试验研究了工艺参数对复合材料表面硬度和耐磨性的影响。采用单因素试验分析了石墨烯浓度和电流密度对硬度的影响规律。利用SEM、XRD、Raman光谱分别对复合镀层的微观形貌、相结构及石墨烯的存在进行表征分析。结果表明:各工艺参数对复合材料硬度和耐磨性的影响顺序均为石墨烯浓度>电流密度>电镀时间>搅拌速度。随着石墨烯浓度和电流密度的增大,复合材料硬度均出现先升后降的变化趋势。在优化工艺下,复合材料表面硬度较基体硬度提升了229.9%,而其摩擦系数较基体的降低了90.1%,说明了石墨烯优异的机械强度和自润滑性强化了复合材料的力学性能。

7075铝合金刚柔耦合结构表面疲劳性能探究

采用激光冲击强化技术改善7075铝合金疲劳性能,能够降低成本、提高效率。以7075铝合金为研究对象,通过对其在不同功率密度下的强化试验,测定其在激光冲击下的表面形貌及残余应力的分布情况,结合其疲劳试验,探究激光强化对材料性能的影响。结果表明:激光冲击强化使铝合金表面粗糙度增大,并产生残余压应力;当功率密度增加到10.19 GW/cm^(2)时,残余压应力不再增大;激光冲击试样的疲劳寿命比未冲击试样提高了1倍,减小了断裂扩展范围;残余压应力的存在增加了铝合金的裂纹萌生难度,延长了其疲劳寿命。

基于填充板条的7075铝合金激光焊接裂纹抑制方法

针对铝合金焊接易产生气孔、裂纹等缺陷问题,以7075-T6铝合金板材为研究对象,在观察脉冲激光焊接焊缝断面形貌的基础上,对不同工艺参数下的7075-T6铝合金激光焊接进行实验,以分析焊接裂纹产生原因。结果表明,随着时间的增加,各点的裂纹敏感性逐渐降低,当填充板条高度为1.9 mm时,焊缝的裂纹敏感性比临界值低,裂纹基本被抑制。

Effective femtosecond laser shock peening on a Mg-3Gd alloy at low pulse energy 430 μJ of 1 kHz

In this paper,microstructure evolution and hardness of Mg-3 Gd alloy treated by femtosecond(fs)laser shock peening(LSP)with direct and confined ablation m odes were investigated in detail.Under a relatively low pulse energy of 430μJ with a repetition of 1 kHz,the surface hardness of sample has been enhanced by 70%effectively.Comp a r e d with ns-LSP with pulse fluence of 71.7J/cm2,fs-LSP with pulse fluence of 34.2 J/cm2 is superior in the hardness increment,both of which are in the same order of magnitude.A distinct grain refinement of surface layer has been discovered and results in the increase of hardness.Nonuse of absorption and confining layers and the employment of the industry commercial fs laser with high repetition can inspire big potential L S P application in special metal material.©2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

ER5356焊丝用于7075铝合金MIG焊接头热处理性能

采用MIG焊使用ER5356焊丝进行3 mm厚7075铝合金对接焊,焊后接头进行T6热处理。通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜与能谱仪结合室温拉伸、显微硬度与电化学腐蚀分析接头组织、力学性能与耐蚀性。结果表明:焊接时熔池流动将母材熔化部位的Zn,Cu等合金元素带入焊缝,析出MgZn_(2)与AlCuMg相,成为焊缝进行热处理强化的基础;热处理后,大部分析出相溶入基体形成固溶+时效强化,接头抗拉强度提升20%,焊缝硬度提升18.4%,耐蚀性提高。但由于从母材流入焊缝的合金元素含量有限,焊丝与母材力学性能的差异与热影响区软化现象无法消除。

Amorphous structure in a laser clad Ni-Cr-Al coating on Al-Si alloy

A mixing microstructure containing Ni based amorphous structures was observed by TEM in the laser clad zones. As the uniformity of chemical composition and temperature is poor in the laser cladding, the amorphous structure with some Ni 3Al crystals coexists in the cladding. The microhardness of the mixing amorphous structure is HV 600～800, which is lower than that of crystal phases in the coating. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) shows that Ni based amorphous structure exhibits a higher initial crystallizing temperature (about 588 ℃), which is slightly higher than that of the eutectic temperature of Al Si alloy. The wear test results indicate that there are some amorphous structures in the laser clad coating, which reduces the peeling of the granular phases from matrix, and improves the wear resistance.

热处理对热轧7075铝合金组织和力学性能的影响

目的探究T6、T73和RRA热处理对不同道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金板材微观组织和力学性能的影响,确定不同道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金板材最优热处理工艺。方法分别将11%和16%道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金进行T6、T73和RRA热处理,并对热处理后的试样进行微观组织表征和力学性能测试。结果3种方式热处理后,11%道次压下量的热轧板材微观组织以拉长晶粒为主,伴随有等轴再结晶晶粒的生成,而对于16%道次压下量的热轧板材,等轴晶数量增多,故经3种方式热处理后,16%道次压下量热轧板材的屈服强度和抗拉强度均高于11%道次压下量热轧板材的相应强度。RRA热处理有效提升了16%道次压下量热轧板材的延伸率,而对于11%道次压下量热轧板材,RRA的预时效等过程会造成其晶粒粗化,从而降低延伸率,与T6和RRA热处理相比,T73热处理对力学性能的提升不显著。对于2种不同道次压下量的板材,T6热处理为最优热处理工艺。经过T6处理后,11%道次压下量的热轧板材抗拉强度达到589.8 MPa,屈服强度达到560.7 MPa,延伸率达到16.6%,16%道次压下量的热轧板材抗拉强度达到607.5 MPa、屈服强度达到580.9 MPa、延伸率达到13.6%。T6热处理后,<001>方向的织构占主导,原始板材内部存在较多的小角度晶界,热处理后大角度晶界含量增多且有静态再结晶出现。3种热处理后的拉伸试样断口形貌没有太大区别,存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱特征,说明热处理后板材塑性较好。结论热处理能调控再结晶行为,优化亚晶等微观结构,与其他7系铝合金热处理后的力学性能相比,本文的7075热轧铝合金在16%道次压下量和T6热处理条件下获得了较为优异的力学性能,说明热处理工艺设计合理。

中断时效对7075铝合金切削表面质量及刀具磨损影响研究

目的探究中断时效工艺对7075铝合金切削加工性能的影响,为中断时效工艺对材料切削加工性能的改善提供理论依据。方法选取仅进行T6时效处理的试样作为对照组,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对已加工表面质量、切削力及刀具磨损进行分析。结果经不同时效处理后,7075铝合金的主要析出相为η(MgZn_(2))相,且相较于T6热处理工艺的7075铝合金,7075-T6I4铝合金表现出更高的衍射峰强度及更大的半高宽。在不同的时效处理条件下,表面粗糙度Ra均与切削速度呈负相关关系,而与切削深度、进给量呈正相关关系,仅T6时效处理时,表面粗糙度Ra随切削深度的增大呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势,在不同切削速度下,与T6时效处理相比,T6I4中断时效处理的表面粗糙度Ra最大降低了5.8%,而在不同切削深度和进给量下最大降低了1.9%和17.1%,且工件表面主要存在切屑黏附、微裂纹以及微孔洞等缺陷;切削力在切削速度为500~750m/min时呈增大趋势,随后又逐渐减小,然而与切削深度、进给量之间则呈正相关关系,仅经T6I4中断时效处理后的y向切削力在进给量为0.06~0.08 mm/z时逐渐减小,随后呈增大的变化趋势。增大切削速度以及减小进给量均可有效改善刀具磨损程度,且在切削过程中刀具磨损形式主要表现为崩刃和黏结磨损。结论与T6时效处理相比,T6I4中断时效处理表现出更好的表面质量、更小的切削力及更轻的刀具磨损,较大的切削速度和较小的进给量、切削深度有助于提高7075铝合金的切削加工性。

7075铝合金接触固溶工艺参数优化

为探索接触固溶过程中实验参数对7075铝合金成形件性能的影响,以7075-T6铝合金板材为研究对象,首先进行了接触固溶成形实验,获得了不同实验参数下的成形件并分别进行性能测定。然后采用响应面法分析了接触固溶温度、固溶时间和接触压强对零件洛氏硬度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率的影响,并根据实验数据,采用遗传算法进行多目标优化,得到满足多性能要求的工艺参数,确定了符合要求的优化解。结果表明,在接触固溶温度为475℃、固溶时间为32 s,接触压强为13 MPa时,可以获得同时保证多个综合性能的最优解。

人工淹没空化射流喷丸强化7075铝合金性能分析

目的利用喷丸强化技术提高材料的性能,延长零件的使用寿命。方法在人工淹没空化射流喷丸中,利用由2个具有大速度差的同心共流射流产生的剪切层引起的空化,在承受疲劳载荷或腐蚀环境的金属部件的表面层中引入压缩残余应力,从而实现冲击性能显著提高的新型喷丸强化技术。为了进一步验证人工淹没空化射流的强化性能,采用人工淹没空化射流喷丸对7075铝合金(Al7075)进行表面强化处理,研究不同扫描速度的人工淹没空化射流喷丸对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。观测不同扫描速度人工淹没空化射流喷丸下Al7075的表面形貌和粗糙度。结果在扫描速度为3.0mm/min时,粗糙度值约为1.27μm;在扫描速度为2.0 mm/min时,粗糙度值约为4.08μm;在扫描速度为1.0 mm/min时,粗糙度值约为12.35μm。测量了人工淹没空化射流喷丸冲击前后Al7075的残余应力和显微硬度沿深度方向的分布,研究并讨论了Al7075在人工淹没空化射流喷丸过程中的微观结构演变。结论人工淹没空化射流喷丸会在Al7075表面发生塑性变形,增加了表面粗糙度,且产生加工硬化。揭示了Al7075在塑性变形过程中的晶粒细化机制,旨在为获得高性能的Al7075提供一种新的表面强化方法。

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Effect of Textured Surface by Arc Discharge on Strength of Adhesively Bonded Joints

Aluminum alloys are being increasingly applied in the automotive industry as a means to reduce mass. Their application to the vehicle structure is typically via a combination of either mechanical or fusion joining with adhesive bonding. Correspondingly, there has been a large effort in improving the adhesive bonding characteristics by changing the surface properties using different surface treatment techniques. One such method is the atmospheric arc discharge process which develops a specific surface roughness which can be leveraged to improve adhesive bonding. In this paper the effect of a textured surface by arc discharge on the failure mode and strength of adhesively bonded aluminum alloy sheets is investigated. A single-lap joint configuration is used for simulation and experimental analysis. A two-dimensional （2D） finite element method （FEM） involving the morphology of treated surfaces and using interfacial elements based on a cohesive zone model （CZM） are used to predict the joint strength which is an enabler for faster product development cycles. The influence of arc process parameters： the arc current and the torch scanning speed, on the surface morphology and joint strength are explored in this study. Specifically, the present study shows that the surface treatment of aluminum alloys by arc discharge can strongly enhance adhesive bond strength. Additionally, arc treatment not only increases the joint strength but also improves the quality of bond along the interface （transition toward cohesive failure mode）. The current FE simulation of adhesive joint using the elastic and elasto-plastic （non-linear） material properties for adherend and adhesive, respectively, and cohesive zone elements for interface shows an accurate prediction of the resulting joint strength. By inclusion of non-linear multi-scale geometry model via considering the surface topographical changes after surface treatment the FE joint strength prediction can be successfully implemented.

A Comparison of Laser Cladding Ni-based Coating on an Aluminium Alloy with CO_2 Laser and Nd: YAG Laser

In this paper, a plasma sprayed coating (Ni Cr B Si) on an Al Si alloy surface was melted by a CO 2 laser and a Nd:YAG laser respectively. The difference on the outline of the melted zone, chemical composition and hardness distribution of the laser melted zones were investigated. Experimental results showed that samples treated by the Nd:YAG laser have a better cladding tendency, more uniform chemical composition and microhardness distribution. Samples treated by the CO 2 laser have larger compositional segregation and poorer microhardness distribution.

深冷处理对7075-T6铝合金高速切削亚表层微细观演变及腐蚀机理的影响研究

目的探究切削速度对经深冷处理和未经深冷处理的7075-T6铝合金微观组织演变机理和耐腐性的影响。方法选取经深冷处理(T6-C)和未经深冷处理(T6)的7075-T6铝合金进行切削加工,并在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中进行电化学腐蚀实验。通过透射电镜(TEM)、HRTEM、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电化学分析,对微观组织演变、表面形貌和耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果在相同的切削参数下,相较于T6铝合金,T6-C铝合金表现出更小的晶粒尺寸,铝基体中存在更多的析出相——η相MgZn2,且位错密度以及析出相密度更大,无析出晶界带为断续分布。深冷处理和增大切削速度都显著提高了7075-T6铝合金的耐腐蚀性能,且腐蚀形貌存在显著的龟裂现象。通过电化学分析得知,当切削速度为1500 m/min时,与未深冷处理相比,深冷处理后的7075-T6铝合金的电流密度减小了3.24×10^(-6)A/cm^(2),极化电阻增大了1.68×10^(5)Ω·cm^(2),在该参数下表现出较好的耐腐蚀性能。与此同时,随着切削速度的增大,容抗弧半径呈增大的变化趋势,且相较于T6铝合金,T6-C铝合金具有更大的容抗弧半径。结论深冷处理可以有效细化7075-T6铝合金的晶粒结构,进而强化位错密度,从而显著提升该合金的耐腐蚀性能。

热处理对高强铝合金7075沉积态的显微组织与力学性能的影响

高强度铝合金因其轻质以及优异的机械性能,在航空器制造领域尤其是直升机制造中扮演着重要角色。通过采用增材制造技术和热处理工艺,可以进一步提升这些合金的性能。此研究重点探讨了热处理工艺对添加ZrCuAlNi的7075铝合金的微观组织和力学性能的影响。通过系统地研究固溶处理和时效处理的参数,包括时间、温度等,发现热处理后的合金硬度显著提高,达到了189.1 HV。合金的拉伸性能得到了显著提升,其中抗拉强度(UTS)、屈服强度(YS)和延伸率(EL)分别达到了566.75 MPa、519.97 MPa和6.84%。详细分析了热处理过程中微观结构的变化及其对力学性能改善的作用机制,为高强度铝合金的热处理工艺提供理论依据和实践指导。