国家战略目标导向的科研:“863”计划与“973”计划

通过对国家战略目标导向下的两个国家重大科技计划——“863”计划和“973”计划的深度解读分析,从任务提出背景、组织管理机制、效益与影响三方面揭示国家战略目标导向下科研工作组织的理念和运行机制,分析了政府、市场和专家在服务国家战略目标的科研活动中所扮演的角色,以及自由探索与国家目标之间的关系,并以此启发未来科技举国体制的实施。

南海东沙深海冷泉区973-5重力柱沉积物古菌多样性

中国南海东沙一带冷泉发育,但目前国内外对深海冷泉区微生物研究甚少,特别是缺乏利用高通量测序的记录。对东沙深海冷泉区973-5站位(该站位水深约3000 m)长约935 cm的重力岩心进行了高通量分析。结果显示:该站位微生物细胞丰度为5.3×108~34.0×108个/g,随深度变深而增加,其变化趋势与甲烷含量变化可对比,与粒度、有机碳的变化也具有相关性。测序结果显示,岩心中主要古菌类群是MBGB(39.9%)、C3(15.8%)以及ANME1(12.0%),随着深度的变化群落组成有所改变。硫酸盐-甲烷界面(SMI,760 cm)上下出现了大量的MBGB和ANME-1类群,pH也不断增加,暗示了这一区域存在不断增强的甲烷厌氧氧化作用。岩心底部出现了一定量的ANME-1和ANME-2类群,暗示除了在SMI附近甲烷氧化和硫酸盐还原反应强烈,其下部可能还有水合物的分解与甲烷的上涌,为ANME类群生存提供了营养物质。与东沙海区其他站位相比,973-5站位的甲烷通量较高,但没有发现产甲烷菌,推测该区沉积物中高浓度的甲烷来源为周边浅部或深部断裂系统运移供给。

Motion planning for redundant prismatic-jointed manipulators in the free-floating mode

This paper investigates the motion planning of redundant free-floating manipulators with seven prismatic joints. On the earth, prismatic-jointed manipulators could only position their end-effectors in a desired way. However, in space, the end-effectors of free-floating manipulators can achieve both the desired orientation and desired position due to the dynamical coupling between manipulator and satellite movement, which is formally expressed by linear and angular momentum conservation laws. In this study, a tractable algorithm particle swarm optimization combined with differential evolution （PSODE） is provided to deal with the motion planning of redundant free-floating prismatic-jointed manipulators, which could avoid the pseudo inverse of the Jacobian matrix. The polynomial functions, as argument in sine functions are used to specify the joint paths. The co- efficients of the polynomials are optimized to achieve the desired end-effector orientation and position, and simulta- neously minimize the unit-mass-kinetic energy using the redundancy. Relevant simulations prove that this method pro- vides satisfactory smooth paths for redundant free-floating prismatic-jointed manipulators. This study could help to recognize the advantages of redundant prismatic-jointed space manipulators.

Challenges and Opportunities for China＇s Agricultural and Rural Development in the 12th Five-year Plan Period

Despite the great progress of rural socioeconomic development in the 11 th Five-year Plan period （2006-2010）, China＇s agriculture and countryside are still.lacing the challenges of a crude development pattern, backward rural development and cities＇ weak driving effect on the countryside. In the 12th Five-year Plan period （20I 1-2015）, China should transform the way agriculture grows and operates; promote rural socioeconomic development; improve urban planning and its functions, institutional innovation, and urban/rural integration to lay a solid foundation for building an all-round well- off society.

Plans for the Development and Revision of Industry Standards on Inspection and Quarantine from 2005-2007

The inspection and quarantine standard is one of important basics to executeinspection and quarantine by laws. In recent years, with the development of economy and trade inChina, standardization has played an important role in inspection and quarantine. During 2002-2004,department of Standards of Inspection and Quarantine, Certification and Accreditation Administrationof China has organized the research of the standards of inspection and quarantine, and has builtstandard sub- systems of nine fields in inspection and quarantine.

THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF CHINA NATIONAL SERVICE STANDARD OF 2005-2008

According to the prime task of ''readjusting industrial structure,energetically developing service industry, completing service standards and promoting servicelevel'', which are raised in the 10th Five-Year Plan Outline of National Economy and SocialDevelopment, Standardization Administration of China (SAC), National Development and ReformCommission, Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People'' s Republic of China, Ministry of Constructionof P.R.C, Ministry of Commerce of the People''s Republic of China, Ministry of Culture of the People''s Republic of China, the People''s Bank of China, General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.C (AQSIQ), the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television,State General Administration of Sport, National Tourism Administration, China Seismological Bureau,China Meteorological Administration, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, State Post Bureau, StateCultural Relics, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau, China NationalTechnical Committee 264 on Service of Standardization Administration of China, China Consumers''Association and China National Institute of Standardization had compiled and officially ratified theDevelopment Planning of National Service Standard 2005-2008 by the end of 2005.

“973”计划推动我国石油化学工业可持续发展

1998年'国家重点基础研究发展计划'('973'计划)实施以来,中国石化石油化工科学研究院连续承担了3个项目,分别是2000年'石油炼制和基本有机化学品生产的绿色化学和工程'、2006年'石油资源高效转化的绿色可持续化学'、2012年'高效绿色炼油技术的化学和工程基础'。这些项目的实施推动了我国石油化工科学技术的发展,为国民经济的发展作出了实质性贡献。承担'973'计划,彰显了石油化工科学研究院在我国石油化工领域的引领和支撑作用。此外,以己内酰胺绿色生产技术为例,进一步阐述'973'计划对开发新技术的重要作用。己内酰胺绿色生产技术包括钛硅分子筛与浆态床集成用于环己酮氨肟化合成环己酮肟、纯硅分子筛与移动床集成用于环己酮肟气相重排、非晶态合金催化剂与磁稳定床集成用于己内酰胺精制。工业实施后,使装置投资下降70%,生产成本下降10%,原子利用率由60%提高到90%以上,废气排放是已有技术路线的1/200,无副产硫酸铵,使我国己内酰胺由大部分依赖进口成为世界第一生产大国。

论973计划中医理论专题研究的问题意识

科学问题是科学研究的灵魂和核心。在中医理论专题研究中,要树立强烈的问题意识,明确科学问题的意义、科学问题的提出、科学问题的结构和科学问题的陈述。

Integrated use of GIS, remote sensing and multi-criteria decision analysis to assess ecological land suitability in multi-functional forestry

The Zagros forests are a treasure of valuable oak forests, but they have been severely degraded from long-term misuse. Geographic information systems （GIS） and multi-criteria decision analysis （MCDA） have been increasingly used to improve the management of vulnerable ecosystems to prevent further degradation and increase the sustainability of land use. This study presents a methodology to assess land suitability using remote sensing （RS） to obtain wall-to-wall data for the calculations, GIS to analyze the data, and MCDA to rank alternative land uses. The criteria and subcriteria affecting the suitability of land for different uses were identified and weighted using an analytic hierarchy process. Variables used as subcriteria were assessed using satellite data and other sources of information such as existing maps and field surveys. Numerical values for the subcriteria were classified, and each class was given a priority rating according to expert judgments. Based on the ratings and weights of the subcriteria, a priority map was created for each land use using the weighted linear combination method. The priority maps for different land uses were overlaid to obtain a preliminary land use map, which often indicated several simultaneous land uses for the same location. The preliminary map was further edited by removing unrealistic, mutually exclusive land-use combinations. The study tested and demonstrated the potential of integrating RS, G1S and MCDA techniques for solving complicated land allocation problems in forested regions using a scientifically sound and practical approach for efficient and sustainable allocation of forestland for different uses.

Intact Polar and Core Tetraether Lipids in Sediments from the Haiyang 4 Cold-seep of the Northern South China Sea and their Implications

A number of cold seeps have been discovered in the northern South China Sea(SCS) including the Haiyang 4 cold-seep area where Core 973-5 was collected. Intact polar lipids(IPLs) and core lipids(CLs) were analyzed separately in sediments from Core 973-5. The most abundant lipid biomarkers were isoprenoidal GDGTs(iso GDGTs), with Crenarchaeol and GDGT-0 predominating. IPL-iso GDGTs and CL-iso GDGTs were mainly derived from Thaumarchaeota. IPL-iso GDGTs were mainly produced and retained in situ thus containing most of the in situ microbiological information. Branched GDGTs were predominantly derived from generated in marine production, and mixed with some terrestrial inputs. All IPLs groups presented a high value in the sulfate-methane transition zone(SMTZ). Furthermore, IPL and CL-MI, IPL-R;showed the highest values within the SMTZ, while IPL and CL-R;had the lowest values at the SMTZ, suggesting that the contribution of Methanophila and methanogenic to GDGTs increased, while the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea to GDGTs decreased at the SMTZ.

国家“973”项目“多种能源矿产共存成藏（矿）机理与富集分布规律”立项启动

我校申报的国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(简称“973”项目)“多种能源矿产共存成藏(矿)机理与富集分布规律”，经过近两年的精心设计和认真准备，2003年先后通过预审、初评、复评和综合评审等不同专家组的评审和两次答辩，从全国247个有效申报项目中脱颖而出，日前获国家科技部批准立项，于2003年12月起正式启动。

中国主要基金的中文论文产出绩效比较

以我国政府主要竞争性基金和国内期刊论文为对象,从不同角度分析了基金与中文论文产出的关系。研究发现,国家对研究开发的资助力度持续增加,但对基础研究和技术开发区别对待:在保障基础研究的同时积极支持技术开发。由于各地区的研发实力和规模存在显著差异,导致基金在各地区之间的分布不均,体现了竞争性基金的特点——能者多劳。国家自然科学基金对地区论文的贡献率在向均衡化方向发展,对学科的支持力度有所倾斜,生命科学、医学科学和材料科学获得资助份额最大,但学科论文产出与投资力度显著相关性不显著,基金对多数学科的贡献率增长显著。

白细胞抗原G基因与肝癌肝移植的预后

背景:人类白细胞抗原G由非经典人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类基因,其参与多种病理生理过程,尤其在肿瘤免疫逃逸中发挥重要作用,可能是肿瘤复发及转移的重要机制之一。目的:探讨人类白细胞抗原G在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达及其在肝癌肝移植患者预后中的价值。方法:回顾性分析109例肝癌肝移植病例的临床资料,应用免疫组化方法检测其切除的肝癌组织和癌旁肝组织中人类白细胞抗原G的表达情况,并对患者进行移植后随访。应用Kaplan-Meier法计算累积生存率和无瘤生存率,采用Log-rank检验和Cox回归模型分别进行无瘤生存率单因素、多因素分析。结果与结论:肝癌组织有77例人类白细胞抗原G阳性表达,癌旁组织中20例。人类白细胞抗原G表达与肝癌直径(P<0.05)、病理分级(P<0.05)、血管侵犯显著相关性(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示人类白细胞抗原G表达(P<0.01)是影响肝癌肝移植后无瘤生存率的危险因素。Cox风险回归模型多因素分析发现,人类白细胞抗原G表达(P<0.05)是影响肝癌肝移植患者后无瘤生存率的独立危险因素。肝癌组织存在人类白细胞抗原G表达。人类白细胞抗原G表达是影响肝癌肝移植患者移植后无瘤生存率的独立危险因素。对人类白细胞抗原G表达患者采取干预治疗及严格筛选肝癌肝移植的适应证及可有效降低移植后肿瘤的复发率。

Seven Research Projects Sponsored by the 973 Program and the Major Research Plan

China＇s Ministry of Science and Technology recently announced approval of China＇s National Basic Research Program （the 973 Program） and the Major Research Plan projects in 2008. Five Tsinghua research projects will be sponsored by the 973 Program and two by the Major Research Plan. Seven professors were appointed as chief scientists for the projects. Tsinghua has undertaken 28 projects since the 973 Program＇s inception involving 28 chief scientists and eight Major Research Plan projects involving eight chief scientists. Tsinghua is one of the country＇s leading institutions for supervision and conduct of the 973 Program projects.

A Simulated Annealing Approach tothe Train Routing and Makeup

This paper presents the formulation and solution of a train routing and makeupmodel.This formulation results in a large scale 0-1 integer programmingproblem with nonlinear objective function, and linear and nonlinearcoastraints. We know this problem is NP-complete;hence,it is diffieult to solvefor a globelly optimal solution. In this paper we propose a simulated annealingalgorithm for the train routing and makeup problem. This method avoidsentrapment in the local minima of the objective function. The effectiveness ofthis approach has been demonstrasted by results from test casee,

周光召的科学光芒永远闪耀

文章以与周光召先生30余年共事过程中的重要时刻为脉络,重温先生的独特人格魅力,以及先生对国家科技事业的赤子之情。从感叹先生的精神为时代树立了丰碑,到高度肯定先生为“两弹一星”、国家基础研究、中国科学院发展等作出的历史性贡献;从重读先生的“科学精神七要点”,到引申出先生及笔者本人毕生都在恪守的科学精神。笔者和先生始终认为学术民主和自由争鸣是繁荣科学的唯一途径,学术宽容是唯物的科学态度,青年人才的成长是国家发展的未来,科学道德是科学精神的核心内涵。笔者也寄希望通过全面感受光召先生的科学光芒,进而为我国科学技术事业的进一步发展寻求到启迪的力量。