Tectonic Interpretation of the Epicenter Distribution Map of China

The 1:6,000,000 Epicenter Distribution Map of China compiled by the Center for Analysis and Prediction,SSB,has given more than 100,000 epicenters of large and small earthquakes.The images composed of these dots contain plenty of information concerning the structures in the middle-upper crust.Using the so-called visual seismic line method,a tectonic interpretation of the epicenter distribution map of shallow focus earthquakes in China mainland is given in this paper,and the seismotectonic patterns and dynamic characteristics of the Tianshan,AIxa-Qilianshan and Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)seismic belts,the S-N central axis belt as well as Northeast China,North China,the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coastal areas are analyzed and interpreted.

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

Experiences of Staying Healthy in Relationally Demanding Jobs: An Interpretative Phenomenological Study of Work-Engaged Nurses in the Hospital

Background: Based on the experience of hospital nurses, the aim of this study is to explore the phenomenon of how work-engaged nurses stay healthy in relationally demanding jobs involving very sick and/or dying patients. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with ten work-engaged nurses employed at the main hospital in one region in Norway. The interviews were interpreted using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method (IPA). Results: The results indicate the importance of using the personal resources: authenticity and a sense of humour for staying healthy. The nurses’ authenticity, in the sense of having a strong sense of ownership towards their personal life experiences, and a sense of having a meaningful life in line with their own values and interests, was an important element when they considered their own health to be good in spite of repetitive strain injuries and perceived stress. These personal resources seem to be positively related to their well-being and work engagement, which serves as an argument for including them among other personal resources, often conceptualized in terms of Psychological Capital (PsyCap). The results also showed that the nurses worked actively and intentionally with conditions that could contribute to safeguarding their own health. Conclusion: The results indicated the importance of stimulating the nurses’ area of knowledge about caring for themselves in order to enable them to maintain good physical and mental health. A focus on self-care should be part of the agenda as early as during nursing education.

My Interpretation of Hamlet's Delay

Why does Hamlet delay?For more than three hundred years,there are lots and lots of interpretations.And the most important ones are the historical interpretation.and the Romanticisminterpretation.They either regard Hamlet as a historical character without his own personality,or unilaterally overstate the influence of his nature upon his procrastination.They canhave every reason to say they are correct,yet the fact that there are so many and still more ar-

没有删除,只能遗忘:AI大模型个人信息删除义务的解释与重构

个人信息删除义务的履行是保障信息主体自决权能的重要前提。在各国全面促进人工智能(AI)产业发展的时代背景下,AI大模型如何履行删除义务,是平衡技术发展需求与保护个人信息权益的重要课题,但现行个人信息保护法律对此设计并不周延。删除AI大模型中的个人信息存在信息定位难、技术精度低、删除效果差和删除成本高等问题。为了保障现行立法对AI大模型发挥有效规制与引导,缓解删除客观不能所带来的责任鸿沟,需要对个人信息删除的履行方式予以扩展。具体方案是通过对《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》第四十七条第二款“必要的安全保护措施”进行目的解释,对删除方式、结果标准采取等效性认定,并基于该法第六十九条第一款的“过错推定责任”,构造AI大模型删除个人信息的完整机制,归束模型服务提供者的删除责任边界,从而实现删除过程与效果并重的删除范式转化。

Interpretation of illness in patients with chronic diseases from Shanghai and their associations with life satisfaction, escape from illness, and ability to reflect the implications of illness

The aim of this study is to analyze how patients with chronic diseases from Shanghai interpret their disease, and how these interpretations influence patients＇ life satisfaction, intention to escape from their illness and their ability to reflect on the implications of their illness. METHODS： A cross-sectional study enrolling 142 patients （mean age （50 ±16） years; 63% men, 37% women） with chronic diseases （60% cancer） was recruited in the Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China and surveyed using standardized questionnaires. RESULTS： Patients with chronic diseases from Shanghai interpreted their illness mostly as an Adverse Interruption of Life （55%）, as a Threat/Enemy （50%）, but also as a Challenge （49%）, and only rarely as a Call for Help （18%） or as a Punishment （13%）. Particularly fatalistic negative （i.e., Threat/Enemy, Adverse Interruption of Life） and strategy-associated disease interpretations （i.e., Relieving Break, Call for Help） were moderately associated with patients＇ intention to escape from illness. In contrast, positive interpretations （i.e., something of Value, Challenge） and also the guilt-associated negative interpretation Failure were moderately related with patients＇ ability to reflect on their illness. However, life satisfaction was weakly associated only with the view that illness might be a Challenge. Interestingly, 58% of those who would see their illness as an Adverse Interruption （AI＋） could see it also as a Challenge （Ch＋）. Detailed analyses showed that AI＋Ch＋ patients differ from their AI＋Chcounterparts significantly with respect to their ability to reflect life and implications of illness （F=9.1 ; P=-0.004）.

Critical Factors in Managing Relationally Demanding Jobs, in Care for Very Ill and/or Dying Patients: A Phenomenological Study among Public Hospital Nurses

Background: Workload, interpersonal relationships, professional conflict and the emotional cost of providing care are potential sources of stress and burnout among nurses. Based on experiences of hospital nurses, this paper aims to identify critical factors for nurses in managing relationally demanding situations in care for very ill and/or dying patients. Methods: In-depth interviews were carried out with six nurses, working in a medium-sized hospital in Norway. The interviews were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: The lack of identification with the core aspect of the job, relational contact with patients and relatives, and external motivation were found as potential barriers for managing relationally demanding jobs. The results also indicate that the nurses’ experiences of symptoms of burnout can be a result of demands that exceeded the nurses’ resources. A match between personal capacity and demands, mutual support among colleagues and leadership support, and contextual factors are critical to prevent the negative process of burnout. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of an early response to employees who are beginning to struggle at work and the relevance of a true match between personal capacity and job demands. Moreover support among colleagues and leadership seems critical to prevent a negative process of burnout and help to manage relationally demanding jobs.

走向道德人工智能(AI)——赋予人工智能系统道德人格和构建可解释人工智能

走向道德AI(artificial intelligence)包含两层内涵:一是赋予人工智能系统(systems of artificial intelligence,SAI)道德人格,二是构建可解释人工智能(explainable artificial intelligence,XAI)。赋予SAI道德人格是将人的道德价值观嵌入AI系统中,使其在决策过程中能够遵循这些准则。构建XAI即形成可解释AI,促使AI的决策更加透明和可解释。赋予SAI道德人格和构建XAI共同为道德AI的生成奠定基础。然而,走向道德AI在现实中仍然面临诸多的挑战。一方面,目前关于AI的解释方法仍然面临准确性和可理解性方面的问题;另一方面,人们对于是否赋予AI道德人格也存在观点上的分歧。为此,可以通过代入道德编码、进行道德学习和迭代、构建可解释性模型等技术方法来克服走向道德AI的困境。

A Semi-automatic Method Based on Statistic for Mandarin Semantic Structures Extraction in Specific Domains

This paper proposed a new method of semi-automatic extraction for semantic structures from unlabelled corpora in specific domains. The approach is statistical in nature. The extracted structures can be used for shallow parsing and semantic labeling. By iteratively extracting new words and clustering words, we get an inital semantic lexicon that groups words of the same semantic meaning together as a class. After that, a bootstrapping algorithm is adopted to extract semantic structures. Then the semantic structures are used to extract new

北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》修订解读

目的旨在使卫生应急人员充分理解并掌握《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》(DB11/T 1291—2023)技术要点,最大限度减少职业暴露的发生。方法从适用范围、防护分级、防护用品选择、附录等方面解读修订标准与原标准内容的差异和修订原因。结果修订标准扩展了其适用范围;增加并细化不同等级防护用品的使用场景;新增一次性隔离衣、防护面罩、动力送风式空气呼吸器的使用要求,去掉长管空气呼吸器及相关要求、参考标准;新增防护用品使用注意事项;调整防护用品的穿脱顺序。结论北京市地方标准《卫生应急一次性防护用品使用规范》的修订为卫生应急人员个体防护及传染病与职业暴露的防控提供参考。

身份识别信息“使用”的界定纷争——基于美国加重身份盗窃犯罪的判例考察

非法使用个人信息行为的刑法规制问题是当前我国刑法研究的一大热点,但“使用”含义的多重性及极具争议性尚未引起学者们的关注。在最早单独制定身份信息犯罪立法的美国,对于如何理解身份识别信息的“使用”存在宽泛解释和限缩解释之间的严重对立。考察美国加重身份盗窃犯罪的判例,可以发现检方都极力主张宽泛解释,辩方则再三强调限缩解释的必要性,而各联邦巡回上诉法院的判决之间也存在严重分歧。美国最高法院通过杜宾案明确了对“使用”应当采取限缩解释的立场,并提出了“关键所在”标准,而该判决的协同意见则提出了对这一新标准的质疑,认为只有国会立法才能从根本上解决对“使用”的界定争议问题。美国司法实践中对身份识别信息“使用”的界定争议为我国非法使用个人信息的刑法规制研究提供了借鉴。

形式解释论和实质解释论之争的质疑与剖析

形式解释论与实质解释论之间的论争至今仍余热未消乃至“伪冷实热”,然而,这场论争存在概念误用、标签滥用和疏于考证历史之弊。解释与涵摄、判断是不能混同的三个概念。犯罪论上也不宜简单地贴上“形式”“实质”的标签。加上“实质”拥有“立法论之实质”与“司法论之实质”的不同含义,这种标签滥用造成了诸多误解。沿用文义解释和目的解释的术语,并承认文义解释较之于目的解释的优先性,将明显减轻争论所造成的误解。争论之误会走向扩大的另一原因在于不重史事之考察。对20世纪学说史的梳理,既能使前述两个弊端进一步明晰化,亦有助于确认争论所具有的有限意义:形式解释论在面对文义的边缘地带时尺度稍严,且其对犯罪手段与新古典体系之修正的考虑,使其异于实质解释论,并初步具有了20世纪下半叶人的不法论的部分形式。

我国个人数据利用的互惠性信任机理

“知情—同意”制度是个人信息进入数据使用和流通场景的主要环节。该制度目前并未理顺个人数据利用关系,主要原因在于其调和数据主体和数据控制者以及后者之间的数据利益矛盾并不理想。“个人信息权保护”这一当下重要的法解释学范式也没有对此给出必要的理论回应。数据主体人格利益与数据控制者经济利益之间的协调,需要在规范和制度层面有效兼顾个人信息安全、数据效益发展和数据收益公平分配这三项法律价值。并且从根本上看,要顺应促进效率的现实需要,因循产权配置逻辑来解释、调整制度安排和运作以实现互利共赢是不够的。“互惠性个人数据利用观念”以互惠性个人数据法律价值体系及其信任机制作为数据法律规范的道德正当性基础,明确个人数据“核心利益”概念和互惠性价值融贯逻辑,以此克服互利性产权配置逻辑局限于具体法益及其规范力不足的缺憾。它运用“个人数据信托”法律解释方法探究“知情—同意”制度和数据法规范之义务条款的互惠性信义,并尤为关注各类数据利用场景下个人数据收益的公平分配方式。

已公开个人信息处理规则的构造及适用——以合法处理事由为中心

立法规定在合理范围内处理已公开个人信息豁免同意,“已公开”作为豁免同意规则的合法处理事由,但是个人(信息主体)明确拒绝的除外,以及“对个人权益有重大影响的”还需取得个人同意,以此为基点形成了耦合式、层次化但遵循了平衡逻辑的规则体系。一方面,规则体系表达了调和个人信息自决和适当必要保护、个人利益与公共利益、同一保护和差异保护、保护成本与流通收益的期许;另一方面,由于规范构成要件因素具有不确定性,规则体系内部以及与外部关系尚处于“混沌”状态。要解决此问题,须以“合法处理事由”为切入点,在明确规则体系内部关系及各要件意蕴的基础上厘清“已公开”“在合理范围内处理”“个人明确拒绝”“对个人权益有重大影响”与相关规范构成要件因素之间的关系,进而调适处理规则体系,使之协调统一。

非法使用公民个人信息行为的刑事归责——从“解释入刑”到“立法入罪”

数字时代背景下,公民个人信息的使用成为常态,已然分化出合法与非法之不同行为。在非法使用公民个人信息行为的刑事归责问题上,若以法律解释为限,会觉察现行刑法供给匮乏,难以满足危害防范和法益保护的现实需要。转向立法论之建言,即非法使用公民个人信息行为立法入罪,对于理顺前置法与保护法之关系、达致法益保护周延之目的而言,具有值得肯定的积极意义。通过恪守个人信息利用与保护的价值平衡理念,针对殊异的应用场景开展行为合法性的判断活动,明确前置法合法阻却行为入罪,区分个人信息滥用的前置法违法与刑事违法,可以消除未来新设之罪沦为口袋罪的担忧。

网络暴力刑法规制困境与纾解

网络暴力已是目前刑法领域无法回避的难题。当前刑法面临应对网络暴力乏力的困境。一方面,网络暴力的匿名性、行为混合性和“多对一”性使得网络暴力的规制对象难以确认;另一方面,刑法现有的与网络暴力治理相关的罪名本身存在诸多不足之处,现有司法解释并非针对网络暴力治理而制定,因此刑法对网络暴力应对乏力。为了化解这一困境,应当将网络暴力的规制对象限定为初始制造者、组织者、发起者。同时,坚持通过刑法解释学的方法,对关联罪名以网络暴力治理为方向进行解释,从而使之适用,而无需在刑法中再增设“网络暴力罪”。

1990-2013年东北地区耕地时空变化遥感分析

为揭示1990-2013年东北地区耕地变化规律,以Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象与目视解译相结合的分类方法,提取东北地区1990年、2000年和2013年耕地信息,辅以气候、地形、社会经济等数据,分析耕地时空变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:面向对象分类与目视解译相结合的方法能够快速、准确地完成耕地空间分布信息提取,总体分类精度达93%以上;2013年东北地区现有耕地4.17×105 km2,占东北地区土地总面积的33.51%,其中旱田比例为86.24%;1990-2013年耕地总量增加,2000-2013年比1990-2000年耕地增加速度减小,空间上,耕地呈现南减北增的趋势,新增耕地重心逐渐北移,建设用地侵占耕地速度加快,以省会城市为中心,向东北部蔓延;对湿地、林地、草地开垦减弱,对裸地和海面的农业开发增强,退耕还湿、还草、还林效果明显,耕地变化活跃区处于年降水量在500~700 mm、年均气温在2~4℃、坡度小于3°、高程小于200 m的地理环境中;旱田改为水田规模扩大,旱田质心变化不显著,水田质心向东北移207.41 km。23 a间,虽然气候变化对东北地区耕地变化有一定影响,但政策调控、经济发展、科技进步、人口增长、城市扩张等人文因素仍然是耕地变化和时空分异特征的主要驱动因素。农业发展转型、提高单位面积产量和劳动生产效率,将是未来东北地区耕地发展的必由之路。

川东北海相碳酸盐岩饱和度参数m、n确定方法

川东北海相碳酸盐岩储层物性变化大,孔隙结构复杂,导致饱和度模型参数m、n值变化大,为饱和度计算参数合理选取带来难度。利用实验结果计算了m、n值,并对其影响因素进行了分析,认为m、n值与储层类型、储层物性等因素有关;随着储层孔隙度增高,m、n值逐渐增加,而裂缝的存在使m值明显降低、n值增大;根据m、n值变化对含水饱和度计算影响程度分析,认为m值变化对含水饱和度计算影响程度较大,而n值影响较小,确定了裂缝型储层、不同物性孔隙型储层的m、n取值方法。

基于可解释注意力部件模型的行人重识别方法

大多数行人重识别(Person re-identification,ReID)方法仅将注意力机制作为提取显著特征的辅助手段,缺少网络对行人图像关注程度的量化研究.基于此,提出一种可解释注意力部件模型(Interpretable attention part model,IAPM).该模型有3个优点:1)利用注意力掩码提取部件特征,解决部件不对齐问题;2)为了根据部件的显著性程度生成可解释权重,设计可解释权重生成模块(Interpretable weight generation module,IWM);3)提出显著部件三元损失(Salient part triplet loss,SPTL)用于IWM的训练,提高识别精度和可解释性.在3个主流数据集上进行实验,验证所提出的方法优于现有行人重识别方法.最后通过一项人群主观测评比较IWM生成可解释权重的相对大小与人类直观判断得分,证明本方法具有良好的可解释性.

价值的科学 韦伯社会科学方法论再探

面对现代社会中理性与非理性、主观与客观、事实与价值之间的紧张,马克斯·韦伯的社会科学方法论力图在对立双方之间搭建起关联并在研究中往复运动,借助包含价值的历史个体和理想类型,通过超越主客观对立的价值阐释,说明历史、文化与社会的各种独特现象,发现各民族和时代中人们的价值理想,理解先辈如何去坚持和实践它们,进而指导现代人在今天继承和实现这些价值。历史和社会科学,既要用理性的方法培养学人清明的理智,也要使人看到超越理性的价值信念,从而帮助人在高度抽象的现代社会中,以理性的态度去守护和坚持各种文明的价值核心,避免走向僵死的理性和狂热的非理性两个极端。