The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
The asymptotic behaviour of solutions of three-dimensional nonlinear elastodynamics in a thin shell is considered,as the thickness h of the shell tends to zero.Given the appropriate scalings of the applied force and o...The asymptotic behaviour of solutions of three-dimensional nonlinear elastodynamics in a thin shell is considered,as the thickness h of the shell tends to zero.Given the appropriate scalings of the applied force and of the initial data in terms of h,it’s verified that three-dimesional solutions of the nonlinear elastodynamic equations converge to solutions of the time-dependent von Kármán equations or dynamic linear equations for shell of arbitrary geometry.展开更多
以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为9...以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为95.4%和96.7%;利用FT-IR、1 H NMR、13C NMR、15 N NMR及元素分析等方法对其结构进行表征;采用量子化学方法计算了3-ATDNMNT和4-ATDNMNT的爆轰性能;在标准状态下(膨胀比为70∶1),利用最小自由能原理,分别计算了两种离子盐在丁羟复合推进剂中的能量性能。结果表明,3-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.587km/s和33.58GPa,4-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.693km/s和34.31GPa。以3-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,丁羟复合推进剂的理论比冲可达2 635.7N·s/kg。以4-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,当HTPB、Al、AP及4-ATDNMNT各组分质量分数分别为10%、5%、15%及70%时,获得该丁羟复合推进剂的最高理论比冲为2 677.2N·s/kg。展开更多
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
基金the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61473126 and61573342Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences+1 种基金CASunder Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-SYS011。
文摘The asymptotic behaviour of solutions of three-dimensional nonlinear elastodynamics in a thin shell is considered,as the thickness h of the shell tends to zero.Given the appropriate scalings of the applied force and of the initial data in terms of h,it’s verified that three-dimesional solutions of the nonlinear elastodynamic equations converge to solutions of the time-dependent von Kármán equations or dynamic linear equations for shell of arbitrary geometry.
文摘以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为95.4%和96.7%;利用FT-IR、1 H NMR、13C NMR、15 N NMR及元素分析等方法对其结构进行表征;采用量子化学方法计算了3-ATDNMNT和4-ATDNMNT的爆轰性能;在标准状态下(膨胀比为70∶1),利用最小自由能原理,分别计算了两种离子盐在丁羟复合推进剂中的能量性能。结果表明,3-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.587km/s和33.58GPa,4-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.693km/s和34.31GPa。以3-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,丁羟复合推进剂的理论比冲可达2 635.7N·s/kg。以4-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,当HTPB、Al、AP及4-ATDNMNT各组分质量分数分别为10%、5%、15%及70%时,获得该丁羟复合推进剂的最高理论比冲为2 677.2N·s/kg。
