Thickening progression mechanism of silica fume-oil well cement composite system at high temperatures

This work studied the thickening progression mechanism of the silica fume-oil well cement composite system at high temperatures(110-180.C)in order to provide a theoretical guidance for the rational application of silica fume in the cementing engineering.Results showed that silica fume seldom affected the thickening progression of oil well cement slurry at 110-120.C,but when temperature reached above130.C,it would aggravate the bulging degree of thickening curves and significantly extend the thickening time,meanwhile causing the abnormal“temperature-based thickening time reversal”and“dosage-based thickening time reversal”phenomena in the range of 130-160.C and 170-180.C respectively.At 130-160.C,the thickening time of oil well cement slurry was mainly associated with the generation rate of calcium hydroxide(CH)crystal.The introduced silica fume would be attracted to the cement minerals'surface that were hydrating to produce CH and agglomerate together to form an“adsorptive barrier”to hinder further hydration of the inner cement minerals.This“adsorptive barrier”effect strengthened with the rising temperature which extended the thickening time and caused the occurrence of the“temperature-based thickening time reversal”phenomenon.At 170-180.C,the pozzolanic activity of silica fume significantly enhanced and considerable amount of C-S-H was generated,thus the“temperature-based thickening time reversal”vanished and the“dosage-based thickening time reversal”was presented.

A Cementing Technology for Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

Organic rich dark shale of Q Formation can be found in many areas(e.g.,in the North of S Basin).The shale target stratum is easy to hydrate and often undergoes spallation.Therefore,centering the casing in the horizontal section of the irregular borehole is relatively difficult.Similarly,achieving a good cementflushing efficiency under complex borehole conditions is a complex task.Through technologies such as centralizer,efficient preflushing,multi-stageflushing and ductile cement slurry,better performances can be achieved.In this study,it is shown that the cementing rate in the DY2H horizontal section is 97.8%,which is more than 34%higher than that of adjacent wells.This cementing matching technology for sidetracking horizontal wells can be used to improve the cementing quality of continental shale and provides a reference for future applications in thisfield.

Mechanical property design method of cement sheath in a horizontal shale oil well under fracturing conditions

Based on the elastoplastic model of cement sheath considering the influence of three-dimensional principal stress and the stress field model of interface crack,a mechanical performance design method of cement sheath is established to meet the wellbore sealing requirements during fracturing.This method takes the failure types of the cement sheath,such as tensile failure,plastic yield,interface crack propagation along interface and zigzag propagation into account.Meanwhile,the elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio quantitative design charts of cement sheath are constructed based on this method,and the safety and risk areas of wellbores are defined,which quantify the yield strength and tensile strength indexes of cement sheath.The results show that decreasing elasticity modulus,increasing yield strength and Poisson's ratio of cement sheath can avoid plastic deformation of cement sheath;increasing the tensile strength of cement sheath can prevent its tensile failure;increasing elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio of cement sheath is good for shortening the length of the interface crack,but will increase the risk of interface cracks zigzagging into cement sheath.The model calculation and case verification has proved that the method in this paper can give accurate calculation results and is convenient for field application.

Properties and Application of Oil-well Cement Enhanced with a Novel Composite Toughening Agent

Brittle fracture of cement sheath, induced by perforation and stimulation treatments, can cause cross flow of formation fluid and increase casing damage. A novel agent XL was developed for solving the problem. Experimental results showed that the toughness of the set cement containing XL was improved remarkably. The engineering properties of the slurry containing XL, drag reducer USZ （0.2% BWOC）, filtrate loss additive F 17B （1.2% BWOC） and crystalloid expanding agent F17A （3% BWOC） could meet technical requirements of cementing operation. After perforation, good quality cement sheath enhanced with XL was observed by CBL/VDL logs in a deep well.

Degradation of chemical and mechanical properties of cements with different formulations in CO_(2)-containing HTHP downhole environment

The increasing energy demand has pushed oil and gas exploration and development limits to extremely challenging and harsher HTHP (High Temperature and High Pressure) environments. Maintaining wellbore integrity in these environments, particularly in HPHT reservoirs with corrosive gases, presents a significant challenge. Robust risk evaluation and mitigation strategies are required to address these reservoirs' safety, economic, and environmental uncertainties. This study investigates chemo-mechanical properties degradations of class G oil well cement blended with silica fume, liquid silica, and latex when exposed to high temperature (150 °C) and high partial pressure of CO_(2) saturated brine. The result shows that these admixtures surround the cement grains and fill the interstitial spaces between the cement particles to form a dense crystal system of C–S–H. Consequently, the cement's percentage of pore voids, permeability, and the content of alkali compounds reduce, resulting in increased resistance to CO_(2) corrosion. Liquid silica, a specially prepared silica suspension, is a more effective alternative to silica fume in protecting oil well cement against CO_(2) chemical degradation. Micro-indentation analysis shows a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of the cement, including average elastic modulus and hardness, particularly in the outer zones in direct contact with corrosive fluids. This study highlights the significance of incorporating admixtures to mitigate the effects of CO_(2) corrosion in HPHT environments and provides a valuable technique for quantitatively evaluating the mechanical-chemical degradation of cement sheath.

An Experimental Study on the Reinforcement of Weakly-Consolidated Shallow Formation in Deep Water Using an Epoxy Resin-Based Fluid

The mechanical properties of Portland cement differ from the weakly consolidated shallow formation in deep water.This results in undesired abrupt changes in the compressive strength and elastic modulus at the cement–formation interface.In this study,a water-borne epoxy resin was applied as a strengthening material to reinforce the weakly consolidated shallow formation and protect the cement sheath from potential failure.The mechanical properties of the unconsolidated clay were tested,including their changes with increases in the temperature and curing time.In addition,the effects of the seawater,cement slurry alkaline filtrate,and saltwater drilling fluid were evaluated.As confirmed by the results,the strengthening fluid was excellent at reinforcing the unconsolidated clay,with a compressive strength of 2.49 MPa(after curing for 7 days),even at a dosage of 5%.A cement slurry filtrate with a high pH was suitable to produce the required strengthening of the formation,especially its early age strength.It should also be pointed out that the used fluid exhibited good compatibility with the saltwater drilling fluid and seawater behaved well as a diluent for the strengthening fluid.

稠油多轮次注采固井水泥浆体系评价与优选

在稠油多轮次注采开发过程中,井筒水泥环需承受350℃高温及多轮次温度交变,需要水泥浆体系具有良好的耐高温和抗疲劳能力。开发了4种耐高温水泥浆体系,在350℃高温循环加热的条件下,对4种水泥浆体系进行10轮次的加热,分别测定其抗压强度和弹性模量,并取样进行X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜形貌分析、纳米CT扫描测试。评价了4种水泥浆体系的抗高温循环能力,探讨了其性能变化的机理。试验结果表明,复合加砂水泥和耐高温韧性水泥可满足稠油多轮次注采开发需求,硅酸盐水泥中添加细硅粉和弹塑剂可有效改善其抗高温能力和耐疲劳能力。

含双温敏单体的耐220℃高温降失水剂

针对目前油井水泥降失水剂高温条件下耐温性差的问题,通过分子结构设计,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、双温敏单体N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)与N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(DEAA)为原料,通过水溶液自由基聚合法制备了一种耐高温降失水剂(LHF-1L)。以失水量为评价指标,对合成条件进行了优选,同时对LHF-1L进行了结构表征和性能评价。结果表明,在AM、SSS、DMAA、DEAA物质的量比为4∶6∶2∶0.5,引发剂为单体总质量0.75%的过硫酸钾(KPS)溶液,反应物溶液pH值为7,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下制得的LHF-1L的降滤失性能最佳。在220℃、7%加量下的失水量为42 mL。FT-IR、TG和GPC测试结果表明,4个单体均成功参与聚合并生成目标产物。当温度达到273℃后,LHF-1L才出现明显的热损失,其多分散系数为1.396,数均分子量为171 351 g/mol。此外,LHF-1L对水泥浆流动度和水泥石抗压强度发展的影响较小。在220℃下,在水泥浆中加入7%LHF-1L后的失水量仍能控制在50 mL以内。在150℃、94.4 MPa下,LHF-1L不会使水泥浆急剧增稠和超缓凝,稠化曲线正常,未发生异常胶凝现象。采用双温敏单体制备LHF-1L,增强了其在高温下的温敏疏水缔合作用,从而提高了高温降滤失性能,可以满足高温条件下的固井技术需求。

煅烧菱镁矿对油井水泥石综合性能的影响

【目的】解决油井水泥在水化过程中因体积收缩而导致水泥环出现微裂缝、进而出现一系列固井作业安全问题。【方法】以菱镁矿为原料,采取不同的煅烧工艺制备具有不同活性的氧化镁膨胀剂(magnesia expansive agent,MEA),探讨煅烧工艺对MEA的微观结构和活性的影响,研究掺加不同活性MEA的油井水泥石的膨胀性能、抗压强度和渗透率性能。【结果】菱镁矿煅烧温度为900℃、煅烧时间为30 min时,菱镁矿出现欠烧现象,制得的MEA虽然活性较高,但膨胀性能较弱,水泥石的14 d线性体积膨胀率仅为5.37‱;菱镁矿煅烧温度为1200℃、煅烧时间为90 min时生成的MEA活性较低,MEA水化所需诱导时间较长,水泥石体膨胀量较小,水泥石的14 d线性体积膨胀率仅3.26‱。【结论】活性较高且有效成分多的MEA水化产生较大的膨胀力会破环水泥石的内部结构,综合考虑掺MEA水泥石的膨胀性能、力学性能、渗透率性能,菱镁矿最优煅烧方法为煅烧温度1100℃、煅烧时间90 min。

海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法

针对海上油气井窄压力窗口固井顶替效率低下的技术难题,通过轻钻井液的施加以优化浆柱结构以及施加环空回压的方法实现安全高效固井的目标。考虑停泵压胶塞环空回压值≯5 MPa、冲洗液环空紊流接触时间>10min以及注替结束井筒自压稳3个关键技术要求,合理优化固井浆柱结构,计算控压固井全过程井筒当量循环密度(ECD),使井筒ECD在安全密度窗口内,形成了海上窄压力窗口控压固井浆柱结构设计方法。以乐东10-1气田某高温高压井为例,优化设计了该井的浆柱结构,并模拟计算了控压固井全过程井筒ECD及紊流接触时间。结果表明:轻钻井液用量为14~50 m^(3)且密度在1.822~2.142 g/cm^(3)之间、冲洗液用量>13 m^(3)且密度在2.36~2.45 g/cm^(3)之间、水泥浆密度在2.4~2.51 g/cm^(3)之间,可实现冲洗液紊流接触时间>10 min且满足压稳不漏的固井要求。该设计方法可实现海上窄压力窗口井安全施工和提高固井顶替效率的要求。

亲油水泥浆界面封隔性能评价研究

页岩气井油基钻井液条件下固井时,套管与井壁表面附着油膜或油基钻井液易导致水泥环界面封隔能力下降,形成窜流通道,影响后期增产改造作业。虽然前置液能有效提高界面润湿反转,但受用量、冲洗效率等因素限制,界面仍会出现油膜附着情况。为此,在水泥浆中加入亲油表面活性剂,制备形成亲油水泥浆,赋予水泥环亲油能力。采用接触角、剪切胶结强度、界面水力封隔测试等评价了亲油水泥石的亲油能力及界面封隔效果。研究发现,非极性溶剂在亲油水泥石表面接触角远低于常规水泥石表面,具备良好的亲油性能;亲油水泥石与含白油、油基钻井液的套管、页岩岩芯胶结后,一、二界面抗流体窜流压力分别提升500%和400%,胶结强度分别提高205%和122%;亲油表面活性剂的加入不会对水泥水化程度、水泥浆工程性能及水泥石力学性能产生负面影响。结果表明,亲油表面活性剂掺入后可有效提高水泥环与含油界面的封隔能力,具备提高油基钻井液条件下水泥环套管地层界面胶结与封隔性能的潜力。

环氧树脂乳液改性油井水泥的性能研究

随着油气井勘探领域的不断扩展和深入,油井水泥脆性较大的弊端越来越明显,在复杂的压力和温度条件下,水泥石容易产生裂缝从而造成强度损失,甚至会进一步导致水泥环的完整性失效,对油气井的安全生产有着严重的危害.为克服油井水泥的脆性,聚合物乳液因其能有效改善水泥的韧性、保水性而得到广泛应用.针对深井、超深井高温高压固井需求,制备了水性环氧树脂乳液改性水泥,并对其流变性能、稠化性能、抗折抗压强度和弹性模量等应用性能进行了研究,同时利用X射线衍射(XRD)、固体核磁共振(NMR)和热失重(TG)等表征手段探究了环氧树脂乳液体系在水泥中的作用机理.结果表明,环氧树脂乳液的加入改善了水泥浆的静态滤失性能,对水泥浆的流变性能和稠化行为没有负面影响.改性水泥石的抗折强度显著提高,尤其是当环氧树脂乳液掺量为15%时,90℃养护7 d、14 d和28 d的水泥抗折强度分别提高了25%、111%和100%.同时,与空白试样相比,环氧树脂乳液掺量为5%、15%和20%的水泥弹性模量分别降低了39.4%、42.8%和58.1%.环氧树脂乳液不会改变水泥的水化产物,只会在水泥水化早期起到一定的延缓和阻碍作用;环氧树脂在水泥基体中发生固化交联反应,在水泥水化过程中水化产物之间形成了联结,从而提高了水泥石的抗折性能,降低了水泥石的弹性模量.

深层环境下固井水泥水化放热特性及井周温度场演化规律研究

塔里木盆地已建成我国最大的超深层油气生产基地,深层环境会对水泥水化放热特性产生一定的影响,研究深层环境下水泥水化放热及传热特性对明确井周温度场演化规律至关重要。文章首先根据现场实测资料建立了塔里木油田近井和远井地层温度方程,根据不同地层深度的温度分布情况,开展了不同温度下G级水泥水化放热实验,基于Krstulovic-Dabic(K-D)经典水化动力学模型,结合水泥成核结晶与晶体生长、相边界反应以及扩散三过程反应特征推导了不同温度下水泥水化放热预测曲线,进一步推导了套管-水泥环-地层热传导模型,并将放热曲线作为热源代入到有限元模型中,得到了不同井深的套管与水泥在水化放热与高温地层的共同作用下温度场的变化情况。研究结果可为下一步分析有限局部空间的温度场变化对地层压力和套管变形影响提供技术支持。

新型油井水泥用纳米基促凝早强剂

针对传统油井水泥促凝剂存在的腐蚀套管、增稠及早强作用较弱等问题,根据结构设计,通过溶液法合成了一种新型纳米基促凝早强剂A-1,并对其综合性能及作用机理进行了研究探讨。实验表明,该纳米基促凝早强剂在改善水泥浆流变的同时可显著缩短中低温下水泥浆的稠化时间,明显加快水泥石强度发展,稠化时间之比可达0.33,起强度时间可缩短50%,6 h抗压强度可达净浆的5倍以上,后期强度提高率仍可达29%。此外,该纳米基促凝早强剂还可明显缩短水泥浆静胶凝过渡时间,表现出良好的防窜作用。微观分析表明,该纳米基促凝早强剂可通过成核模板效应改变水泥石微观形貌,加速水泥石水化,使水泥石更加致密,从而改善水泥石力学性能。

海泡石纤维表面包覆二氧化硅增强油井水泥的力学性能

【目的】降低天然海泡石纤维的吸水性,提高海泡石纤维水泥浆的流动性能,改善水泥石的力学性能。【方法】通过酸-水热法对天然海泡石纤维进行除杂提纯,并采用正硅酸乙酯(tetraethyl orthosilicate,TEOS)水解在海泡石纤维表面包覆二氧化硅降低海泡石纤维的吸水性,探究海泡石纤维对油井水泥的浆体性能、力学性能影响;运用X射线衍射分析、热分析和扫描电子显微镜分析等方法表征水泥石的物相组成、水化程度及微观形貌。【结果】改性水泥的海泡石纤维最优质量分数为5%,固化7 d的水泥石抗压、抗拉强度较未改性的分别提高了10.98%、10.58%;海泡石纤维质量分数为5%的改性水泥石的峰值应力为35.76 MPa,峰值应变为3.97×10^(-2)。海泡石纤维表面包覆SiO_(2)后,在较低质量分数下(5%)就能够促进水泥水化。【结论】改性海泡石纤维水泥浆的流动性优于未改性的;在纤维掺量和养护时间相同的情况下,改性海泡石纤维水泥石的抗压强度和抗拉强度均高于未改性的;改性海泡石纤维对水泥石的增韧强化能力高于未改性海泡石纤维。

油井水泥用抗分散聚合物的制备及其性能评价

【目的】研究调整井固井时因地层水侵入水泥浆的问题,通过加入抗分散聚合物提高油井水泥凝固前抗水侵能力。【方法】采用2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰胺、α-甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸十八酯为主要原料,十二烷基硫酸钠为稳定剂,过硫酸胺为引发剂,以水溶液自由基聚合法制备聚合物KSQ-Z;评价聚合物KSQ-Z的抗分散效果,并借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对掺入聚合物材料的水泥石进行微观测试,探究KSQ-Z抗分散机制。【结果】KSQ-Z是一种含酯基的聚合物;KSQ-Z掺量(质量分数,下同)的增加可明显提高水泥浆的抗分散性,其中掺量为1.2%时效果最好;同未水侵组相比,水灰质量比分别为0.46、0.48、0.50的实验组掺入质量分数为1.2%的KSQ-Z的水泥浆养护7 d后的抗压强度分别提高41.1%、26.2%和21.8%;聚合物KSQ-Z通过形成的网状结构增加水泥石稳定性,使水泥石更加致密。【结论】聚合物KSQ-Z可增强水泥浆的内聚力,避免地层水对水泥浆的稀释和离子流失的影响,从而显著提高固井用水泥的抗水侵性能。

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段夹层型页岩油储层特征及主控因素

运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、黏土矿物X射线衍射、电子探针、阴极发光、高压压汞、物性测试等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部合水地区三叠系延长组长7段夹层型页岩油储层特征及储层致密化主控因素进行了研究,建立了储层定量评价标准,并预测出有利储层分布。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段夹层型页岩油储层主要为岩屑长石砂岩与长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度低、填隙物含量高、孔喉结构复杂,具有高孔低渗特征。(2)胶结作用是研究区长7段夹层型页岩油储层致密化的主控因素,储层平均视胶结率为86.3%,达到强胶结程度,以自生黏土矿物中的伊利石胶结为主;压实作用对储层致密化起次要作用,储层平均视压实率为46.0%,为中等压实程度;溶蚀作用降低了储层的致密化程度,但储层渗流能力较低,酸性流体难以大规模溶蚀,平均视溶蚀率仅为13.8%,为弱溶蚀程度。(3)受中等压实—弱溶蚀—强胶结成岩作用的影响,储层非均质性较强,成岩系数差异较大。Ⅰ类储层成岩系数大于2.4,Ⅱ1类储层成岩系数为1.8~2.4,Ⅱ2类储层成岩系数为1.2~<1.8,Ⅲ类储层成岩系数小于1.2,Ⅰ类与Ⅱ1类储层为有利储层。区域上中部混源区有利储层发育规模最大,是勘探的主要目标区。

镁橄榄石对油井水泥抗CO_(2)腐蚀性能的影响

【目的】研究镁橄榄石掺加对减轻超临界CO_(2)环境下油井水泥石的腐蚀渗透性能。【方法】以镁橄榄石粉为外掺料配制不同的油井水泥,分析温度为150℃,CO_(2)总压为50 MPa条件下镁橄榄石水泥石的抗压强度,优选出镁橄榄石粉的最佳掺量;利用渗透率、热重分析(thermo gravimetric analysis,TGA)、X射线衍射(X-Ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)进行测试,评价镁橄榄石对油井水泥石抗CO_(2)腐蚀性能的影响,分析镁橄榄石对油井水泥石抗CO_(2)腐蚀的作用机制。【结果】镁橄榄石粉的掺入不会影响油井水泥的流动度,当镁橄榄石粉的质量分数为2%时,对比腐蚀前油井水泥石的,抗压强度提高35.47%,渗透率降低0.0104 m D;腐蚀28 d后,镁橄榄石水泥石的抗压强度为空白水泥石的193.71%,且仍高于腐蚀前。【结论】镁橄榄石是一种抗CO_(2)腐蚀外加剂,能提升油井水泥的抗CO_(2)腐蚀性能。