Efficacy of Bacterial Adaptation on Copper Biodissolution from a Low Grade Chalcopyrite Ore by A. ferrooxidans

A low-grade ore containing ~0.3% Cu, remains unutilized for want of a viable process at Malanjkhand Copper Project (MCP), India in which copper is present as chalcopyrite associated with pyrite in quartz veins and granitic rocks. In order to extract copper from this material, bioleaching has been attempted on bench scale using Acidithiobacillus fer-rooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) isolated from the native mine water. The enriched culture containing A. ferrooxidans when adapted to the ore and employed for the bioleaching at 5% (w/v) pulp density, pH 2.0 and 25°C with three particle sizes viz.150 -76 μm, 76 - 50 μm and SCE) from 530 to 654 mV in 35 days. Under similar conditions, the unadapted strains gave a recovery of 44.0% for SCE from 525 to 650 mV. On using unadapted bacte-rial culture directly in shake flask at pH 2.0 and 35°C temperature and 5% (w/v) pulp density (PD) for 9 cells/mL in 35 days. The higher bio-recovery of copper with the adapted bacterial culture may be attributed to the improved iron oxidation (Fe2+ to Fe3+) exhibiting higher ESCE as compared to that of unadapted strains.

富里酸和Ca^(2+)共存对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌介导生成次生高铁矿物的影响

为揭示富里酸和Ca^(2+)共存对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)氧化酸性矿山废水(AMD)中的Fe^(2+)和形成次生高铁矿物的影响,分析了pH、Fe^(2+)氧化率、铁沉淀率以及次生高铁矿物矿相、基团等相关指标。结果表明,Ca^(2+)确实具有提高嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^(2+)的能力。低质量浓度(0.2 g/L)的富里酸对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌活性的提高具有促进作用,高质量浓度(0.4 g/L)的富里酸具有抑制作用,而增加Ca^(2+)反过来能够减弱高浓度富里酸对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌的抑制作用。对形成的次生高铁矿物进行X射线衍射(XRD)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析,结果表明高浓度富里酸促进了另一次生高铁矿物草黄铁矾的生成。

Electrochemical oxidation behavior of pyrite bioleaching by Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans

The electrochemical oxidation behavior of pyrite in bioleaching system of Acidthiobacillusferrooxidans was investigated by cyclic voltammetry （CV）, polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. The results show that in the presence or absence of A. ferrooxidans, the oxidation reaction of pyrite is divided into two steps： the first reaction step involves the oxidation of pyrite to S, and the second reaction step is the oxidation of S to SO4^2-. The oxidation mechanism of pyrite is not changed in the presence of A. ferrooxidans, but the oxidation rate of pyrite is accelerated. With the extension of reaction time of A. ferrooxidan with pyrite, the polarization current density of pyrite increases and the breakdown potential at which the passive film dissolves decreases. The impedance in the presence ofA. ferrooxidans is obviously lower than that in the absence of A. ferrooxidans, further indicating that microorganism accelerates the corrosion process of pyrite.

Synthesis of plant-based biogenic jarosite nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus gunni leaf extracts and its application in Fenton degradation of dicamba

Bio-jarosite,an iron mineral synthesized biologically using bacteria,is a substitute for iron catalysts in the Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants.Iron nanocatalysts have been widely used as Fenton catalysts because they have a larger surface area than ordinary catalysts,are highly recyclable,and can be treated efficiently.This study aimed to explore the catalytic properties of bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles syn-thesized with green methods using two distinct plant species:Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus gunni.The focus was on the degradation of dicamba via Fenton oxidation.The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited different particle size,shape,surface area,and chemical composition characteristics.Both particles were effective in removing dicamba,with removal efficiencies of 96.8%for A.indica bio-jarosite iron nano-particles(ABFeNPs)and 93.0%for E.gunni bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles(EBFeNPs)within 120 min of treatment.Increasing the catalyst dosage by 0.1 g/L resulted in 7.6%and 43.0%increases in the dicamba removal efficiency for EBFeNPs and ABFeNPs with rate constants of 0.025 min^(-1) and 0.023 min^(-1),respectively,confrming their catalytic roles.Additionally,the high efficiency of both catalysts was demonstrated through five consecutive cycles of linear pseudo-first-order Fenton oxidation reactions.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270与矿物吸附过程的热量变化及不同条件下代谢热的基础研究

用微量热技术研究了不同条件下Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270（以下简写为A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270）与硫化矿吸附过程的热量变化以及不同细菌浓度、不同的初始pH值及不同的培养条件下细菌的代谢产热情况。研究发现,矿浆浓度0.03g/mL,细菌浓度1.7×10^8个/mL的时候细菌与矿物的吸附放热最大。不同条件培养的细菌胞外多聚物的组成不同,与矿物吸附的反应热也不相同,黄铁矿培养细菌胞外多聚物含量最高,反应热也最高,说明细菌胞外多聚物在吸附过程中起重要作用。用微量热法能够很好地反映出细菌生长代谢过程中每个微观时刻的热量变化。对于A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270,最佳的代谢产热条件为：pH值为2.0和2.3,细菌浓度为3.0×10^8个/mL。不同培养条件下的细菌的生长代谢热不同,2039＋FeSO4培养的代谢热最大、放热最快。

Effect of surfactant Tween-80 on sulfur oxidation and expression of sulfur metabolism relevant genes of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The effects of surfactant Tween-80 on the growth, sulfur oxidation, and expression of selected typical sulfur metabolism relevant genes of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 were investigated. The results showed that in the presence of 10-2 g/L Tween-80, the growth of A. ferrooxidans and its metabolism on the insoluble substrate S0 and CuFeS2 were promoted. After 24 d of bioleaching, the copper extraction yield of chalcopyrite at 10-2 g/L Tween-80 increased by 16% compared with the bioleaching experiment without Tween-80. FT-IR spectra analysis revealed that the result was probably caused by the extracellular polymeric substances whose composition could be changed by the surfactant addition. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the differential expressions of 17 selected sulfur metabolism relevant genes in response to the addition of Tween-80. Down-regulation of the extracellular protein genes indicated the influence of Tween-80 on bacteria-sulfur adsorption. Variation of the expression level of the enzymes provided a supplement to sulfur metabolism investigation.

Effect of EPS on adhesion of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on chalcopyrite and pyrite mineral surfaces

Extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） were extracted from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans through sonication method associated with centrifugation, which was evaluated tentatively with 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid （KDO） as the indicator of EPS by spectrophotometry. Then the effect of EPS of A. ferrooxidans on the adhesion on chalcopyrite and pyrite surfaces was studied through a series of comparative experiments. The untreated cells and EPS-free cells of A. ferrooxidans were mixed with EPS suspension, Fe^2＋ or Fe^3＋, respectively. The planktonic cells were monitored in 2 h during bioleaching. The results indicate that the presence of EPS on the cell is an important factor for the adhesion to chalcopyrite and pyrite. A decrease of attachment of A. ferrooxidans to minerals was produced by the deficiency of EPS, which can recover mostly when the EPS was re-added into the EPS-free cells. The restoring extent is more obvious in pyrite than in chalcopyrite. The extent of cell adhesion to chalcopyrite increased when EPS and Fe^3＋ added, and decreased when Fe^2＋ added, which imply the electrostatic interaction plays a main role in initial adhesion between bacteria and minerals and it is a driving force for bacteria to produce EPS probably as a result of regaining their attachment ability to copper sulphides.

Differential utilization and speciation transformation of orthorhombic α-S_8 and amorphous μ-S by substrate-acclimated mesophilic Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The utilization and speciation transformation of α-S8 and μ-S by the typical mesophilic acidophilic strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 were investigated.A.ferrooxidans cells first acclimated to the energy source α-S8 or μ-S,respectively.The results of cell growth and sulfur oxidation behavior showed that the strain grown on α-S8 entered slowly（about 1 d later） into the exponential phase,while grew faster in the exponential phase and attained higher maximal cell density and lower p H value than that on μ-S.After bio-corrosion,both of the two sulfur samples were evidently eroded and modified by A.ferrooxidans cells.After growth of A.ferrooxidans,the surface composition of amorphous μ-S became 63.1% μ-S and 36.9% α-S8,and that of orthorhombic α-S8 became 68.3% α-S8 and 31.7% μ-S,while the surface compositions of α-S8 and μ-S in sterile experiment were not changed,indicating that these two elemental sulfur species can be interconverted by A.ferrooxidans.

Effects of Acidiphilium cryptum on biosolubilization of rock phosphate in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The bioleaching of pyrite and biosolubilization of rock phosphate （RP） in 9K basal salts medium were compared by the following strains of an autotrophic acidophilic bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, a heterotrophic acidophilic bacterium, Acidiphilium cryptum, and mixed culture of At. ferrooxidans and A. cryptum. The results show that A. cryptum is effective in enhancing the bioleaching of pyrite and biosolubilization of RP in the presence of At. ferrooxidans, although it could not oxidize pyrite and solubilize RP by itself. This effect is demonstrated experimentally that A. cryptum enhances a decrease in pH and an increase in redox potential, concentration of total soluble iron and planktonic part bacterial number in the broth during pyrite bioleaching processes by At. ferrooxidans. The mixed culture of At. ferrooxidans and A. cryptum leads to the most extensive soluble phosphate released at 30 °C. Pulp density exceeding 3% is shown to adversely influence the release of soluble phosphate by the consortium of At. ferrooxidans and A. cryptum. It is essential to add pyrite to the 9K basal salts medium for the biosolubilization of RP by the mixed culture of At. ferrooxidans and A. cryptum, and the percentage of soluble phosphate released is the greatest when the mass ratio of RP to pyrite is 1：2 or 1：3.

浸矿菌Leptospirillum ferrooxidans氧化Fe^(2+)的电化学动力学

研究Leptospirillum ferrooxidans溶液氧化还原电位φ与Fe2+氧化的内在联系,得到φ随溶液ln[c(Fe3+)/c(Fe2+)]的增加呈线性增长关系;研究Fe2+、细菌浓度、温度变化时Fe2+氧化反应速率的变化规律。在给定条件下,当溶液中Fe2+浓度较低时,随着Fe2+浓度的上升,Fe2+的氧化速率加快,而当Fe2+浓度在5 kg/m3以上时,Fe2+浓度的增加不但不会促使氧化速率加快,反而会抑制Fe2+的氧化;细菌浓度的增加,氧化速率随之上升,当细菌浓度在1.25×108cells/dm3以上时,氧化速率随细菌浓度的增加有较大幅度的增长;当温度在20~35℃范围时,温度的升高会加快细菌氧化Fe2+的速率,当温度再升高,则会抑制Fe2+的氧化。通过一系列电化学与生物化学分析,导出了Leptospirillum ferrooxidan生长动力学方程,并计算出活化能Ea、频率因子K0、表观饱和常数Km和单元附着系数Ki′等动力学参数的值;动力学模型能很好说明实验结果。

海藻酸钙固定化At.ferrooxidans的研究

采用海藻酸钙固定化包埋氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,At.ferrooxidans),制备海藻酸钠-氯化钙固定化凝胶珠。以Fe2+的氧化率为主要监测指标,通过对海藻酸钠、氯化钙、硝酸钙及细胞浓度的筛选,最终确定了At.ferrooxidans固定化凝胶珠的最佳制备条件为:2.5%海藻酸钠,2%氯化钙,1.2×107cell.mL-1细胞浓度。整个固定化操作简单,凝胶珠大小均匀,机械强度高,不粘连,稳定性好,具有很好的应用价值。

A.ferrooxidans对高硫煤矸石去除酸性水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的强化作用

本研究考察了Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.ferrooxidans)联合高硫煤矸石(富含FeS2)对模拟煤矿酸性水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果.结果表明,处理Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为50mg/L的模拟煤矿酸性废水(pH=2.5)时,投配率为6.67~33.33g/L高硫煤矸石可使Cr(Ⅵ)去除达到良好效果.50mg/LCr(Ⅵ)在24h内即可完全被高硫煤矸石中的FeS2还原成Cr(Ⅲ),且在反应终点时(120h),6.67,13.33,33.33g/L高硫煤矸石对还原产物Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附去除率分别为7.1%、20.2%、29.1%.然而,在高硫煤矸石的还原和吸附作用下,大部分的Cr仍以Cr(Ⅲ)形式残留在酸性水体中,且高硫煤矸石的大量投加也给水体带来了Fe^2+、Fe^3+、SO4^2-等二次污染物.在高硫煤矸石-Cr(Ⅵ)体系中引入A.ferrooxidans和9K培养基后,A.ferrooxidans介导的Fe^2+生物氧化及产物Fe^3+水解矿化过程可促进部分Fe^2+、Fe^3+、SO42-等向次生铁矿物(包括施氏矿物和黄钾铁矾)转变,从而使模拟酸性水体中残留的Cr(Ⅲ)通过次生铁矿物的吸附或共沉淀作用被清除.在A.ferrooxidans强化作用下,模拟煤矿酸性废水中Cr(Ⅵ)在96h即可达到99.4%的去除率.

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化分解毒砂的次生产物研究

毒砂是常见的含砷硫化物矿物。在金属硫化物矿山环境中,含毒砂矿石和尾矿的风化会导致严重的重金属污染,在其风化过程中,微生物能够显著促进毒砂的氧化分解。本文实验研究了Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化分解毒砂矿物的现象,利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜,分析了毒砂微生物氧化作用形成的次生矿物类型,发现毒砂表面存在As含量明显不同的2类次生产物,观察到黄钾铁矾、臭葱石、自然硫和施威特曼石等矿物;借助光电子能谱仪重点分析了微生物作用前后毒砂晶面的表面化学组成,基本查明了Fe、As和S三种元素的价态变化,初步探讨了毒砂表面次生矿物成因和As的化学态转化。

氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)对重金属富集植物腐蚀作用研究

为了获得重金属富集植物生物法预处理的最佳工艺条件,实现其资源化利用,以黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为材料,探究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,T.f)在不同接种量和不同浓度底物添加剂(S0、Na2S2O_3、Fe SO4、Fe S和Fe0)条件下对黑麦草的腐蚀作用,通过扫描电镜进一步观察其对细胞壁的破坏情况。结果表明:氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黑麦草具有较好的腐蚀作用,各接种量(5%~15%)之间差异较小,反应第10 d,10%接种量处理组中黑麦草的纤维素降解率达40.97%,半纤维素降解率达77.49%,木质素降解率达19.33%。投加底物添加剂后,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对纤维素降解率有明显提高。总体来看,添加14 g·L^(-1)的S0对黑麦草的降解效果较好,纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的降解率分别达到81.31%、82.29%、26.02%,此条件下铀、铬、镉的浸出效率均较高。在氧化亚铁硫杆菌及底物添加剂的作用下,除Fe S、Fe0处理组外,其他各处理组的pH值均呈下降趋势,反应10 d后,pH值最低降至1.0左右,pH值的降低能有效提高半纤维素降解率,但与纤维素及木质素的降解率无明显关系。扫描电镜结果表明氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黑麦草细胞壁有较强的破坏作用。氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黑麦草具有很好的腐蚀效果,并且能充分利用底物添加剂提高黑麦草中纤维素降解率。后期需进一步考虑提高氧化亚铁硫杆菌对木质素的降解效率及黑麦草中重金属的回收率。

天然闪锌矿光催化协同Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans生长及抑制自身分解作用实验研究

对天然闪锌矿光催化协同下的Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans生长,以及此过程中天然闪锌矿的光催化作用对其自身分解的影响进行了研究。结果表明,天然闪锌矿的光催化作用能够将光能以电子的形式转移给A.ferrooxidans并且促进了其生长,这一过程以Fe2+/Fe3+这一氧化还原对作为媒介;有光照组的A.ferrooxidans细胞浓度达到了8×108 cell/mL,而无光照和体系无电流的2组对照组A.ferrooxidans细胞浓度分别为6×108 cell/mL和4.95×108 cell/mL。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定3组不同条件实验体系中Zn2+的溶出量可以发现,在光照条件下Zn2+的溶出量只有3.5×10-6,而无光照条件下Zn2+溶出量达到了5×10-6。天然闪锌矿光催化作用一方面可以促进A.ferrooxidans的生长,另一方面也能够抑制其自身的分解和金属离子向水体中的释放。研究结果为酸性矿山废水地区抑制硫化物矿物溶蚀提供了新的思路。

固定化Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans对Fe^(2+)氧化及其生物反应器研究进展

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans对Fe2+的生物氧化是一个非常重要的反应过程,在生物浸矿、H2S等废气的脱硫、含重金属污泥和酸性矿坑废水的处理等领域有着重要的应用。近些年来,大量的研究主要集中A.ferrooxidans及其反应过程等方面,然而,A.ferrooxidans对Fe2+的催化氧化速率缓慢和稳定性欠佳等问题仍然限制了其商业应用。因此,对A.ferrooxidans的固定化及其生物反应器研究是该技术进一步发展的关键。评述了A.ferrooxidans最新应用、存在的问题和解决办法,重点比较了目前文献中报道的各种A.ferrooxidans固定材料、方法,并对目前采用的各种固定化A.ferrooxidans生物反应系统的效率和结构等方面进行了讨论和分析。

Experimental measurements of short-term adsorption of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans onto chalcopyrite

The influencing factors in adsorption such as adsorption time, pulp concentration, bacterial concentration, pH as well as ionic strength were investigated to explore the relationship among them and bacterial adsorption. The adsorption was a rapid process for bacterial adhesion to chalcopyrite. The extent of adsorption increased with increasing initial bacterial concentration and pulp concentration. The optimal pH for Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans adsorption onto chalcopyrite surfaces was in the range of pH 1-3. The increase of ionic strength led to decrease in bacterial adsorption, which can be well explained by electric double layer theory. The adsorption behavior appeared to be controlled by both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions at the interface of bacteria and mineral,

Preservation efficiency of new cryoprotectant used for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in liquid nitrogen

The efficiency of a new cryoprotectant,GP,for the preservation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans（A.ferrooxidans） strain DC in liquid nitrogen was investigated.The optimal concentration of this new cryoprotectant for the maximal viable cell recovery and the highest ferrous ion oxidation activity was determined.The results show that 30%（volume fraction） GP is optimal for the cryopreservation with 84.4% of cells surviving,completely oxidizing ferrous ions within 120 h,and growing to a final density of 5.8×107 cell/mL after 6 d in the culture.Furthermore,the optimal residual GP concentration for viable cell recovery after culture of thawed cells in 9K medium for 6 d is 0.6%（volume fraction）.At this concentration,strain DC completely oxidizes ferrous ions within 108 h and grows to a final cell density of 6.8×107 mL-1.Thus,GP is a simple,effective cryoprotectant for the preservation of A.ferrooxidans strain DC in liquid nitrogen.

Preparation of jarosite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidation

The formation ofjarosite in the presence of Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans （A. ferrooxidans） was researched to ascertain the conditions of producing minimum precipitation. The effects of salt concentration and pH on the characteristics ofjarosite formed in K2SO4/（NHa）2SOa-FeSO4 inorganic salt solution and 9K medium were studied by using the measurements of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourierism transform infrared analysis, thermogravity/differential thermogravity analysis and particle size analysis to evaluate the product. The results indicate that the formation of jarosite begins when A. ferrooxidans reaches logarithmic growth phase in 9K medium, and a higher pH value is beneficial to the formation of jarosite. The jarosite formed in 9K medium has smaller and more concentrative particle size and smoother surface than that formed in inorganic salt solution.

Fe^(2+)浓度对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans耐铜性的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)是铜矿生物冶金中应用最广泛的微生物之一。但在冶金过程中淋滤出来的Cu2+等重金属逐渐积累,达到一定的浓度后就会抑制A.ferrooxidans的生长,从而降低冶金的效率。本文着重研究了Fe2+初始浓度对A.ferrooxidans耐铜性的影响。实验中ρ(Cu2+)变化范围为0～5.0 g/L。结果表明,当ρ0(Fe2+)为6.7 g/L时,A.ferrooxidans仅在Cu2+为0～0.4 g/L的体系中能显著地氧化Fe2+进行生长;当Cu2+≥0.5 g/L时,A.ferrooxidans生长完全受到抑制。将ρ0(Fe2+)增加到8.9 g/L,A.ferroox-idans在0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 g/L Cu2+的培养基中也能明显氧化Fe2+,并最终将其完全氧化,Cu2+对A.ferrooxidans生长抑制作用仅出现在4.0和5.0 g/L Cu2+的体系中。因此提高体系中亚铁离子的浓度能提高菌体对Cu2+的耐受力。研究结果对铜矿的生物冶金具有重要意义。