Resistance risk and molecular mechanism associated with resistance to picoxystrobin in Colletotrichum truncatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Anthracnose,caused by Colletotrichum truncatum and C.gloeosporioides,is amongst the most serious diseases of soybean in China.Picoxystrobin,a quinone outside inhibitor fungicide,is commonly used for the control of anthracnose.Its resistance risk and mechanism in C.truncatum and C.gloeosporioides are unclear.In this study,the sensitivities of 128 C.truncatum and 121 C.gloeosporioides isolates to picoxystrobin were investigated,and unimodal distributions were observed with average EC_(50)values of 0.7740 and 1.1561μg mL^(-1),respectively.Eleven picoxystrobin-resistant mutants of C.truncatum and six mutants of C.gloeosporioides were acquired,with EC_(50)values varying from 5.40-152.96 and 13.53-28.30μg mL^(-1),respectively.Compared to the parental isolates,mutants showed similar or higher relative fitness in conidial production and germination,and pathogenicity.Collectively,the resistance risk of C.truncatum and C.gloeosporioides to picoxystrobin is moderate to high.There was positive cross-resistance between picoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin,but not between picoxystrobin and fluazinam,difenoconazole,or propiconazole.The G143S mutation in Cyt b protein was detected in seven high-resistant mutants of C.truncatum(RF>100),and G137R occurred in four moderate-resistant mutants(RF<_(50)).Contrastingly,there were no point mutations in Cyt b of any C.gloeosporioides mutants.Molecular docking confirmed that two mutations conferred different resistance levels to picoxystrobin.Under greenhouse trials,picoxystrobin did not control mutants with the G143S mutation,those bearing G137R or no point mutation were somewhat controlled,but at a lower level compared to wild-type isolates.These results showed that integrated management strategies should be implemented to preserve fungicide effectiveness.

Enrichment of nervonic acid in Acer truncatum Bunge oil by combination of two-stage molecular distillation,one-stage urea complexation and five-stage solvent crystallization

Nervonic acid is the world’s first and only potent substance that can repair damaged nerve fibers and promote nerve cell regeneration with high nutritional value.The wide variety of fatty acids in plant oils and fats with similar structures makes the large-scale separation and purification of high-purity nervonic acid very difficult.A new combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and solvent crystallization was established to prepare high-purity nervonic acid with the mixed fatty acids obtained after saponification and acidification of Acer truncatum Bunge oil as raw materials.First,according to the difference in the mean free path of fatty acids,molecular distillation was used to separate and remove C16 saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid and four C18-C20 fatty acids of stearic,oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids.The content of C16-C20 fatty acids decreased from 72.92% to 19.22% after two-stage molecular distillation processes,in which the contents of saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid decreased to about 0.5%.Then,according to the difference in carbon chain length and saturation of fatty acid,the contents of C22-C24 saturated fatty acids of tetracosanoic and docosanoic acids decreased to 0.21% and 0.07% by urea inclusion with urea/free fatty acid preparation by saponification(SPOMFs)ratio as 0.6.In addition,all saturated fatty acids were basically separated.Finally,according to the difference in the solubility of fatty acids in solvents,the C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids of oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids and C22 unsaturated fatty acid of erucic acid were removed by solvent crystallization.The content of C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids decreased to less than 5% with pentanol as the solvent after the first stage solvent crystallization.The content of erucic acid decreased to 3.47% with anhydrous ethanol as the solvent after the second to fifth stage solvent crystallization.The combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and low temperature crystallization innovatively adopted an efficient,simple and easy-toindustrial solvent crystallization method to separate erucic and nervonic acids,obtaining nervonic acid with purity of 96.53% and final yield of 47.99%.

Influence of Colletotrichum truncatum on the Physiological and Chemical Quality in Different Varieties of Soy Seed

The literature highlights that a severe infection by the fungus Colletotrichum truncatum may be capable of inflicting considerable damage to seeds after harvest, potentially affecting their chemical composition and physiological quality. Taking into account that currently there is no categorization in terms of susceptibility and tolerance on this pathogen, the present work is presented with the main objective of “Evaluate the influence of Pathogenicity of C. truncatum on the physiological quality (germination, vigor, viability) and biochemical components in different varieties of soybean seeds (Glycine max)” most planted in the region. The work was carried out in the Agrotec laboratory, located in the Municipality of San Alberto (Alto Paraná), using a completely randomized experimental design, with AxB factorial arrangement, where A indicates ten most planted soybean varieties in the region and B with or without artificial inoculation of Colletotrichum truncatum, with twenty treatments and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were: germination, vigor, viability and chemical composition. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% error. The results showed a significant statistical difference, accepting the alternative hypothesis proposed “The pathogenicity of Colletotrichum truncatum influences the physiological quality (germination, vigor, viability) and biochemical components (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) in different varieties of soybean seeds (Glycine max)”.

20个苜蓿品种对炭疽病(Colletotrichum truncatum)的抗性测定

以20个苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)品种为材料,研究其对苜蓿炭疽病(Colletotrichum truncatum)的抗性。通过对不同苜蓿品种抗苜蓿炭疽病的室内鉴定,以苜蓿的病叶量作为测定指标并对数据进行聚类分析。结果表明,不同品种抗苜蓿炭疽病能力的强弱不同,通过聚类分析将供试品种划分为4个类群,以ProINTA Patricia和Victoria SPI对苜蓿炭疽病的抗性最好,Defi德福、Lobo路宝、Salado萨兰多、新疆大叶苜蓿和Travois的抗病性最差,其他品种呈中等抗性。

采用BSLB(Brine Shrimp Letality Bioassay)法对元宝枫 (Acer truncatum Bunge .)及同属植物活性部位的筛选(英文)

本文通过BSLB法对元宝枫及同属植物不同部位的水提物进行了活性试验 ,得知 :元宝枫的幼技、种皮的水提物具一定的生物致死活性 ;同属植物青榨槭叶和种子 ,秦岭槭、杈叶槭果翅的水提物也具一定的生物致死活性。

Cloning of Atr MYB Transcription Factor Gene from Acer truncatum

[Objective] Cloning of the AtrMYB transcription factor gene from Acer truncatum was conducted to further explore the red leaf development mechanism and breed cultivars of colored-leaf maple. [Method] The Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar was used as the material for cloning the MYB gene by mean of RTPCR and RACE-PCR. [Results] Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained a full coding region of 831 bp encoding 276 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 32.17 kD and a molecular formula C_（1430）H_（14052）N_（2247）O_（406）S_（14）. The gene was named as AtrMYB with a Gen Bank accession number of 1825712. This coded protein had apI of 9.44. The results showed that the AtrMYB exhibited typical features of the R2R3-MYB domain. The AtrMYB was highly homologous with the MYB of other species at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The AtrMYB had no signal peptide, but a nuclear localization signal. The phylogenetic tree showed that the AtrMYB was at the same clade as the MYB from Citrus sinensis. [Conclusion] The AtrMYB was cloned from Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1＇ cultivar. These results have provided a foundation for further purification and identification of target protein and function study of the AtrMYB.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of CHS Gene Fragment from Acer truncatum

[Objective] This study aimed to clone and analyze the sequence of CHS gene from Acer truncatum leaves. [Method] Using A. truncatum cultivars No.1-6 as experimental materials, total RNA was extracted from A. truncatum leaves with the modified CTAB method. CHS gene sequences were downloaded from the NCBI and aligned by BLAST. Degenerate primers were designed by DNAMAN and Primer- premier5 to amplify the target band. CHS gene fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and ligated to pMD18-T vector. The identified positive colonies were sequenced. [Result] A 1 365 bp fragment was amplified. Sequence analysis suggested that the obtained fragment encoded 365 amino acids and shared above 90% homology to nucleotide sequence of CHS gene from A. palmatum and A. [Conclusion] In this study, CHS gene was successfully cloned from A. truncatum for the first time, which laid the foundation for efficient utilization of CHS gene.

基于MaxEnt模型的天然元宝枫在我国的适生区区划及合理性分析

【目的】探究天然元宝枫在我国的适生区区划及生态阈值,并通过实地考察样本点对区划结果进行合理性分析,为天然元宝枫人工栽培合理选址、天然种质资源调查和保护、优良品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】选择经筛选得到的138个天然元宝枫代表性样本点数据,结合15个生态因子,基于MaxEnt模型,采用刀切法分析影响天然元宝枫分布的主要生态因子及阈值范围,结合GIS模拟天然元宝枫在我国的适生区区划,运用受试者工作特征曲线评估模型结果,评估后实地考察样本点,对区划结果进行合理性分析。【结果】(1)天然元宝枫适生区区划结果的ROC曲线训练集和测试集AUC分别为0.968和0.947;(2)影响天然元宝枫适生区范围的主要生态因子为最干季平均温度、最湿季降水量、海拔、最干季降水量和年平均温度,累计贡献率达82.80%,土壤因子对天然元宝枫的分布影响较小;天然元宝枫适宜在最干季平均温度−12.50~3.82℃、最湿季降水量230~547 mm、海拔0~1465 m、最干季降水量5~53 mm和年平均温度4.04~15.41℃的区域生长;(3)天然元宝枫的主要适生区跨越34°—46°N,108°—126°E,集中分布在内蒙古、陕西、河北、吉林、山西、辽宁、山东、河南和甘肃等省(区、市),面积约1642247 km^(2),占全国陆地总面积的17.11%,其中,高适生区主要位于河北、辽宁和山东,面积约277792 km^(2),占全国适生区总面积的16.92%;(4)通过实地考察样本点对天然元宝枫适生区区划合理性进行分析,天然元宝枫的总体区划精度为0.82,Kappa系数为0.61。【结论】天然元宝枫适生区广泛分布在我国华北地区和东北、西北的部分地区,生物气候因子和海拔因子是天然元宝枫在我国境内生长的主要限制生态因子。本研究模拟的天然元宝枫适生区区划结果能够较好反映天然元宝枫的空间分布特征,为充分利用天然元宝枫资源、实现元宝枫经济价值最大化提供理论依据。

Volatiles from <i>Acer truncatum</i>Flowers

Plant volatile organic compounds (Biogenic Volatile Organic compounds, referred BVOCs) have a significant impact on the atmospheric environment, air quality and human health. This experiment takes Acer truncatum flowers as the research object, uses solid-phase micro-extraction combine GC-MS (SPME-GC-MS) to detect the main component of volatiles released by the flowers from 10 individual trees of Acer truncatum (Acer truncatum Bunge). The results showed that 37 kinds of volatiles were detected and they are belonged to four types organic compouds, such as terpenoids, alcohols, ketones, esters. According to the analysis of the main components of Acer truncatum flower volatiles includes Fluorene, 4,8 -Dimethyl-1,3 (E), 7-Nonene, (cis, trans)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-triene-Partenkirchen, Myrcene, Basil hexene, 3-Carene, (E)-Basil, Camphene, Caryophyllene, Linalool, α-Terpinolene, O-cymene, 3-Vinyl-1,2-dimethyl-1, Eucalyptus alcohols and Alcohol vinegar-12. However, there were no significant differences between individual trees in terms of obscure material O-cymene, Eucalyptus alcohols, Alcohol vinegar-12, as well as the significant differences in terms of remaining volatiles.

Interaction of Glufosinate and <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>on Ammonia Levels and Glutamine Synthetase Activity in Hemp Sesbania

The use of microbes and microbial products as bioherbicides has been studied for several decades, and combinations of bioherbicides and herbicides have been examined to discover possible synergistic interactions to improve weed control efficacy. Bioassays were conducted to assess possible interactions of the herbicide glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid] and Colletotrichum truncatum (CT), a fungal bioherbicide to control hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata)]. Glufosinate acts as a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor that causes elevated ammonia levels, but the mode of action of CT is unknown. GS has also been implicated in plant defense in certain plant-pathogen interactions. The effects of spray applications of glufosinate (1.0 mM) orbioherbicide (8.0 × 104 conidia ml-1), applied alone or in combination were monitored (88 h time-course) on seedling growth, GS activity and ammonia levels in hypocotyl tissues under controlled environmental conditions. Growth (elongation and fresh weight) and extractable GS activity were inhibited in tissues by glufosinate and glufosinate plus CT treatments as early as 16 h, but CT treatment did not cause substantial growth reduction or GS inhibition until after ~40 h. Generally, ammonia levels in hemp sesbania tissues under these various treatments were inversely correlated with GS activity. Localization of hemp sesbania GS activity on electrophoretic gels indicated a lack of activity after 30 h in glufosinate and glufosinate plus CT-treated tissue. Untreated control tissues contained much lower ammonia levels at 24, 64, and 88 h after treatment than treatments with CT, glufosinate or their combination. CT alone caused elevated ammonia levels only after 64 - 88 h. Glufosinate incorporated in agar at 0.25 mM to 2.0 mM, caused a 10% - 45% reduction of CT colony radial growth, compared to fungal growth on agar without glufosinate, and the herbicide also inhibited sporulation of CT. Although no synergistic interactions were found in the combinations of CT and glufosinate at the concentrations used, further insight on the biochemical action of CT and its interactions with this herbicide on hemp sesbania was achieved.

DNA Fingerprinting of Acer truncatum Clones Using SRAP Markers

[ Objective] This study aimed to establish DNA fingerprints of 23 Acer truncatum clones, thus providing the theoretical basis for selection, classification and identification of A. truncatum varieties. [Method] Sixteen pairs of SRAP primers with rich polymorphism and high specificity were used to establish DNA fin-gerprints. [Result] A total of 223 bands were amplified with 16 primer pairs, including 197 polymorphic bands. Averagely 13.9 loci and 12.3 polymorphic loci were amplified with each primer pair. The average percentage of polymorphic loci reached 88. 34% . [ Conclusion] The classification result drawn by cluster analy-sis is consistent with that obtained based on main characteristics and genetic relationships of A. truncatum, clones. By using DNA fingerprints established with prim-er pairs ME1-EM4 and ME2-EM1, 23 A. truncatum clones can be effectively distinguished, and the confidence probability is greater than 99.99%.

Biological Control of the Weed Sesbania exaltata Using a Microsclerotia Formulation of the Bioherbicide <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>

Colletotrichum truncatum, grown on rice grain (3 to 4 weeks, 22°C to 24°C) produced a fungus-infested rice mixture of microsclerotia and conidia (spores) in a ratio of ~9:1, respectively. Greenhouse tests of this formulation (0.4 to 50 mg finely-ground fungus-rice product) which applied pre-emergence to 5 cm2 of soil surface, caused 22% to 96% hemp sesbania plant mortality, after 14 days. Post-emergence treatment (fungus-rice aqueous formulation;2.4 × 105 microsclerotia ml-1, 30% unrefined corn oil and 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfactant) of weeds surviving the pre-emergence application, resulted in 93% mortality, after 14 days. Based on greenhouse results, field tests were undertaken: 1) pre-emergence treatment (fungus-rice formulation at 2.4 × 105 microsclerotia cm-2), 2) post-emergence (fungus-rice product in 30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet) only treatment, applied 15 days after planting and 3) pre-emergence treatment followed by post-emergence treatment (fungus-rice product in 30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet) applied 15 days after planting to surviving weeds. Control treatments were: 1) autoclaved rice product sans fungus, 2) unrefined corn oil (30% unrefined corn oil, 0.2% Silwet in water) and 3) untreated plants. Planting dates were: early season (April-May), early-mid season (June-July), late-mid season (July-August), and late season (September-October). Weed mortality was recorded at 15 days for the pre-plus post-treatment, and at 30 days after planting for the pre-emergence only and the post-treatment only. The early season, pre-emergence treatment caused 67% hemp sesbania mortality (3-yr average) within 15 days and the post-emergence treatment caused 91% mortality of the surviving weeds. In the late-mid-season, pre-emergence treatment caused minimal (<5%) mortality at 15 days, but mortality in the post-emergence treatment was >80%. Results suggest that seasonal environmental conditions are important in the efficacy of this C. truncatum-rice product formulation when applied pre- or post-emergence to this onerous weed.

A Comparative Study on Extraction Methods of Total RNA from Leaves of Acer truncatum ‘Luhong No.1’

Leaves of Acer truncatum ＇ Luhong No. 1 ＇ contain large amounts of polysaccharides and polyphenols, which seriously affect extraction yield and quality of total RNA. In order to explore the appropriate total RNA extraction method, total RNA was extracted from leaves of A. truncatum ＇ Luhong No. 1 ＇ with three methods, including kit method, Trizol method and modified CTAB method. The results showed that ODE6o/OD2so and OD^o/OD2ao ratios of total RNA extracted from leaves of A. truncatum ＇ Luhong No. 1 ＇ with kit method were higher than 1.8, with a general yield and certain level of DNA contamination ; OD^o/OD~ and OD^o/OD^o ratios of total RNA extracted with Trizol method were about 1.5, with the lowest yield; OD260/OD280 and OD260/OD230 ratios of total RNA extracted with modified CTAB method were about 2.0, with the highest yield and distinct eleetrophoresis patterns. The results demonstrated that total RNA extracted with modified CTAB method exhibited high yield and purity, which could meet the demands of subsequent molecular biology research. Thus, modified CTAB method is the appro- oriate method for extracting total RNA from leaves of A. truncatum ＇ Luhong No. 1 ＇

元宝枫组织培养与快速繁殖技术

【目的】元宝枫是我国特有的木本油料植物,非常适合开发利用,但其组培离体繁殖生根非常困难,建立合理的完整组培离体再生体系,在短时期内获得大量种苗和当年生带芽茎段,为该树种优良种苗规模化生产提供新途径,为选育元宝枫良种、种质资源保存与推广等提供研究基础。【方法】以元宝枫当年生带芽茎段和种子为试材,通过正交设计筛选法和单因素筛选法对其灭菌方式及腋芽诱导、继代增殖、生根培养基进行设计筛选。在MS、1/2MS和NN69基础培养基中分别添加不同质量浓度的6-BA、NAA和TDZ激素,通过不同配比找出元宝枫各阶段的最适培养基。【结果】全年中4月份为带芽茎段最佳采集时间,经洗衣粉溶液轻刷表面并冲洗半小时后,以75%酒精30 s+0.1%HgCl_(2) 10 min浸泡处理的灭菌效果最佳。再生体系各阶段最适培养基均为MS基础培养基,在其基础上再添加不同质量浓度的激素可以诱导嫩芽分化成不同器官。启动培养阶段,6-BA对腋芽诱导影响最大,最适培养基诱导率可达73.33%;继代增殖阶段,TDZ对不定芽分化影响最大,增殖系数最高可达4.31;生根阶段,采用单因素筛选法,发现添加0.2 mg·L^(-1) IBA元宝枫生根率和生根条数均为最高,达93.33%和4.3。【结论】元宝枫最适培养基为:1)启动培养:MS+0.06 mg·L^(-1) 6-BA和0.06 mg·L^(-1) NAA,诱导率为73.33%;2)增殖培养:MS+0.30 mg·L^(-1) TDZ和0.05 mg·L^(-1) NAA;3)生根培养:MS+0.2 mg·L^(-1) IBA。

科尔沁沙地不同种源元宝枫功能性状变异及其环境驱动因子研究

【目的】研究不同种源地木本油料植物功能性状变异及其环境驱动因子,对其核心育种群体构建和良种选育具有重要的意义。【方法】以分布于科尔沁沙地周围的乌旦塔拉、松树山、代钦塔拉3个中国现存最大的元宝枫天然林为研究对象,测定其叶片和种子功能性状、土壤理化性质,同时结合气候数据,采用方差分析、相关性分析、RDA排序分析以及构建PLS-SEM模型等方法,研究科尔沁地区不同种源地元宝枫功能性状的变异程度以及性状与环境之间的相关性,探究元宝枫功能性状与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】(1)3地元宝枫各个功能性状的差异性明显,各性状的变异系数表现为比叶面积(SLA)>油酸含量(OA)>种子长宽比(ZC∶ZK)>碳氮比(C∶N)>神经酸含量(NA)>种子油脂含量(OC)>亚油酸含量(LOA)>叶片碳含量(LCC),种源间变异系数范围为3.81%~19.51%,种源内变异系数范围为3.60%~14.64%,种源间变异大于种源内变异;(2)3个种源地中,代钦塔拉地区油脂、亚油酸含量最高,乌旦塔拉地区的神经酸含量最高;(3)相关性结果显示,元宝枫功能性状与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系;(4)RDA分析结果显示,环境因子可以解释24.1%的元宝枫功能性状变异,土壤有机质(SOM)和气温季节性变异系数(BIO-4)为主导生态因子,气象和土壤共同决定元宝枫功能性状的变异,且气象因子起主导作用;(5)PLS-SEM模型显示,元宝枫叶片及种子性状与油脂指标之间的路径系数较小,协同作用不显著,年均温是元宝枫油脂相关指标的主要影响因子,且与其油脂相关性表现出负相关,即较低的温度有利于元宝枫种子油脂的积累。【结论】气象是驱动元宝枫功能性状变异的主导环境因子,且气温是决定元宝枫种子油脂含量的关键因子,该研究结果可为油用元宝枫定向培育提供理论基础。

丛枝菌根真菌对元宝枫生长及其根系形态的影响

【目的】阐明丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对元宝枫生长状况及根系形态特性的影响,探讨元宝枫根系形态与其生长发育的关系。【方法】在元宝枫幼苗生长基质中接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)和根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices)2种AM真菌,以不接种AM真菌为对照,通过盆栽试验,培养90 d后,测定元宝枫的生长状况、根系活力及根系形态指标,利用单因素方差分析和多重比较方法,分析接菌与不接菌处理之间的差异,采用envfit()函数、冗余度分析和变差分解分析元宝枫生长状况与其他指标间的关系。【结果】①接种2种AM真菌后,元宝枫株高、地径、茎干质量和根系活力较对照显著提高,根冠比下降。根内根孢囊霉对元宝枫的促生作用比摩西斗管囊霉显著。②与对照相比,接种2种AM真菌后,元宝枫根表面积和根体积显著增大,粗根根长占总根长的比例增加,细根根长占总根长的比例显著降低。根内根孢囊霉对元宝枫根系形态的影响比摩西斗管囊霉显著。③元宝枫生长状况与其根系活力和根系形态密切相关。【结论】接种AM真菌有助于增强元宝枫的根系活力,改善其根系形态,促使其汲取更多养分,进而提高其生物量。

元宝枫种仁多糖提取纯化、结构表征以及降糖活性研究

对元宝枫(Acer truncatum Bunge)种仁多糖进行提取纯化,探究其理化性质和降糖活性。采用水提醇沉法提取元宝枫种仁多糖,并通过响应面法优化元宝枫种仁多糖提取工艺。通过Sevage法脱蛋白和柱层析对元宝枫种仁多糖进行纯化,通过红外光谱、热重分析及离子色谱法对其进行单糖组成和结构表征,并进一步通过建立肝癌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型(IR-HepG2),考察纯化后元宝枫种仁多糖体外降糖活性。结果表明,在提取1次、液固比为30:1 mL/g、提取温度为80℃、提取时间为3.5 h条件下,多糖(PATM)得率为18.17%。经Sevage法脱蛋白,DEAE-DE纤维素52层析柱和SephadexG-100凝胶层析柱分离纯化,得到纯化多糖(PATM-3-1)。PATM-3-1具有多糖组分红外光谱特征峰,其单糖组成为D-半乳糖醛酸、L-阿拉伯糖、D-半乳糖、L-鼠李糖、D-葡萄糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖醛酸、L-岩藻糖、D-核糖和D-氨基葡萄糖。体外降糖活性实验的结果表明,PATM-3-1具有较强的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,能显著(P<0.05)提高胰岛素诱导的HepG2细胞中葡萄糖消耗量、糖原含量、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶含量,展现出优异的降糖活性。本研究为元宝枫种仁多糖的开发和应用提供参考和数据支撑。

不同种类生物炭对元宝枫育苗基质养分及酶活性的影响

为探究添加不同种类、不同用量生物炭对元宝枫育苗基质养分及酶活性的影响,筛选出其育苗基质最优施炭量,为元宝枫育苗基质科学施用生物炭提供理论参考。以元宝枫幼苗为试验对象,采用盆栽法并设置不同生物炭种类(竹炭、橡胶木炭、稻壳炭)与不同施用量(3%、5%、7%)的基质施炭试验,1年后测定基质养分及酶活性,采用相关性分析与通径分析探讨基质养分与酶活性之间的关系、聚类分析探讨最优施炭量。结果显示:(1)添加生物炭能在一定程度上提升基质的养分含量及酶活性,pH值范围为6.89~7.21,全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别提高了6.25%~76.38%、4.08%~414.29%、41.86%~111.81%,水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了8.56%~56.66%、33.67%~576.53%、26.11%~58.16%,且基质养分及酶活性之间存在显著相关关系。(2)施用稻壳炭对基质的pH、有机碳、全氮、水解性氮和脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性提升效果优于竹炭和橡胶木炭。(3)水解性氮和pH为酶活性影响较大的养分因子;速效钾和全氮是对脲酶影响较大的养分因子;全氮和pH是对过氧化氢酶影响较大的养分因子;全钾和水解性氮是对蔗糖酶影响较大的养分因子。(4)DK7%处理(添加7%稻壳炭)对基质养分含量和酶活性的提升效果显著,属于高等肥力水平。总体来看,添加生物炭短期内对元宝枫育苗基质养分及酶活性具有促进效果,建议在元宝枫育苗基质添加生物炭时优先选择7%稻壳炭。

寄生元宝枫种子和食叶害虫的希姬小蜂属Hyssopus一新种(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)

本文报道在内蒙古和北京发现的一个寄生蜂新种——元宝枫希姬小蜂Hyssopus truncatumi Yang,Liu et Cao(膜翅目:姬小蜂科Eulophidae)。该姬小蜂寄生杨凌冠麦蛾Bagdadia yanglingensis幼虫(为害元宝枫种子)和元宝枫花细蛾Caloptilia dentata幼虫(取食元宝枫叶片),对杨凌冠麦蛾幼虫的寄生率达34.4%。目前,杨凌冠麦蛾对元宝枫种子危害严重,种子受害率达40%,同时,元宝枫花细蛾也是元宝枫的重要食叶害虫,因此,利用元宝枫希姬小蜂开展这两种害虫的生物防治具有重要的应用潜力和价值。本文详细描述了元宝枫希姬小蜂的形态特征,并附彩色形态特征图;同时,与希姬小蜂属的两个近似种进行了鉴别特征比较。

元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响

探究元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响。在基础培养基中分别添加10、20 g/kg和40 g/kg的元宝枫油对野生黑腹果蝇进行干预,观察果蝇寿命、爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力等行为学变化情况;检测超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力;收集果蝇中肠,进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序,检测肠道微生物组的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同含量的元宝枫油干预均能显著延长果蝇的寿命(P<0.000 1),其中,20 g/kg元宝枫籽油抗衰老效果最佳,平均延长寿命31%。另外,20 g/kg元宝枫油干预可明显改善衰老果蝇的爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力,提高SOD和GSH-Px活力。衰老改变了果蝇肠道微生物的组成和结构,线性判别分析结果显示衰老果蝇中Enterobacteriaceae、Gluconobacter和Morganella morganii 3类细菌相对丰度增加,而元宝枫油抑制了衰老过程中以上3类细菌相对丰度的增加。综上,元宝枫油具有抗衰老作用,可改善果蝇的生理功能衰退,延长寿命,其机制可能与改变衰老果蝇肠道微生物的丰富度、均匀度和菌群结构,从而调节肠道菌群和提高抗氧化能力有关。