BACKGROUND： It is proved that the onset of Parkinson disease companies with neuronal apoptosis of dopamine in substantia nigra of midbrain. Previous researches on neuronal apoptosis of dopamine were analyzed on their...BACKGROUND： It is proved that the onset of Parkinson disease companies with neuronal apoptosis of dopamine in substantia nigra of midbrain. Previous researches on neuronal apoptosis of dopamine were analyzed on their consecutive tissue sections with immunohistochemical single-labeling method, immunofluorescence and electron microscope, and there are significant differences.OBJECTIVE ： To observe the feasibility of neuronal apoptosis of dopamine with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique.DESIGN ： Controlled study.SETTING： College of Pharmacology of Taishan Medical College; College of Management of Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS ： Wistar rats with 2 weeks old and of clean grade were provided by the Animal Center of Taishan Medical College. In situ end labeling kit （terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, mixed reactive solution of nucleotide, transfusion-POD）, monoclonal antibody of rat antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase （Boehriuser）. METHODS： The experiment was completed at the Pharmacological Laboratory of Taishan Medical College from February to December 2005. Tissue from midbrain of rats was taken out to make paraffin sections to observe the neuronal apoptosis of dopamine under microscope with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Neuronal apoptosis of dopamine with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique. RESULTS： ① After double-labeling staining, two kinks of positive products were observed in neurons of dopamine which were suffered from apoptosis. One stained with tyrosine hydroxylase was hyacinthine, and the other stained with in situ end labeling was buffy. Cells of positive products stained with in situ end labeling shaped as strap and bend and was distributed in clustering. Cytoplasm was hyacinthine, staining was symmetrical, and cellular ecphyma was observed. Nucleus was stained vacantly which was coincidence with form of neurons of dopamine. ②Apoptosis showed strictly in cytoplasm and nucleus at the aspect of morphology. Cytoplasm stained with in situ end labeling was hardly to recognize because of the usage of double-labeling staining technique, but nucleus was still characterized by apoptosis. The behavior of positive products stained with in situ end labeling was described as following： nucleus was buffy; karyopycnosis was round and irregular; caryotin was integrated into clump which was distributed at the border of nucleus and shaped as demilune and anular; positive signals were limited in nucleus and coincidence with morphological changes of apoptosis. However, blue and positive products were observed in cytoplasm of neurons of dopamine which did not occur apoptosis, and the nucleus was not labeled. Therefore, processing apoptosis of neurons of dopamine could be recognized. CONCULSION： Double-labeling staining technique can be used to correctly reveal histological and morphological changes of neuronal apoptosis of dopamine during its onset and development.展开更多
Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user f...Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.展开更多
Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transp...Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transporters expressed on the small intestine and the transporters can be classified into two major families,SLC family and ABC family.They mediate drug absorption,distribution,excretion and drugedrug interaction.Understanding the transport mechanism can improve the effectivity and safety of drug and guide clinical rational use of drugs.The roles of drug transporters can be assessed in vitro and in vivo,using techniques spanning from cellular expression systems to gene knockout animals.The purposes of this article were to introduce the main transporters in the intestinal tract,to explain the transport mechanism and to compare the limitations and applications of techniques used to evaluate interactions of drugs and transporters.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND： It is proved that the onset of Parkinson disease companies with neuronal apoptosis of dopamine in substantia nigra of midbrain. Previous researches on neuronal apoptosis of dopamine were analyzed on their consecutive tissue sections with immunohistochemical single-labeling method, immunofluorescence and electron microscope, and there are significant differences.OBJECTIVE ： To observe the feasibility of neuronal apoptosis of dopamine with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique.DESIGN ： Controlled study.SETTING： College of Pharmacology of Taishan Medical College; College of Management of Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS ： Wistar rats with 2 weeks old and of clean grade were provided by the Animal Center of Taishan Medical College. In situ end labeling kit （terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, mixed reactive solution of nucleotide, transfusion-POD）, monoclonal antibody of rat antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase （Boehriuser）. METHODS： The experiment was completed at the Pharmacological Laboratory of Taishan Medical College from February to December 2005. Tissue from midbrain of rats was taken out to make paraffin sections to observe the neuronal apoptosis of dopamine under microscope with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Neuronal apoptosis of dopamine with in situ end labeling and tyrosine-hydroxylase antibody immunohistochemical double-labeling staining technique. RESULTS： ① After double-labeling staining, two kinks of positive products were observed in neurons of dopamine which were suffered from apoptosis. One stained with tyrosine hydroxylase was hyacinthine, and the other stained with in situ end labeling was buffy. Cells of positive products stained with in situ end labeling shaped as strap and bend and was distributed in clustering. Cytoplasm was hyacinthine, staining was symmetrical, and cellular ecphyma was observed. Nucleus was stained vacantly which was coincidence with form of neurons of dopamine. ②Apoptosis showed strictly in cytoplasm and nucleus at the aspect of morphology. Cytoplasm stained with in situ end labeling was hardly to recognize because of the usage of double-labeling staining technique, but nucleus was still characterized by apoptosis. The behavior of positive products stained with in situ end labeling was described as following： nucleus was buffy; karyopycnosis was round and irregular; caryotin was integrated into clump which was distributed at the border of nucleus and shaped as demilune and anular; positive signals were limited in nucleus and coincidence with morphological changes of apoptosis. However, blue and positive products were observed in cytoplasm of neurons of dopamine which did not occur apoptosis, and the nucleus was not labeled. Therefore, processing apoptosis of neurons of dopamine could be recognized. CONCULSION： Double-labeling staining technique can be used to correctly reveal histological and morphological changes of neuronal apoptosis of dopamine during its onset and development.
文摘Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.
文摘Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transporters expressed on the small intestine and the transporters can be classified into two major families,SLC family and ABC family.They mediate drug absorption,distribution,excretion and drugedrug interaction.Understanding the transport mechanism can improve the effectivity and safety of drug and guide clinical rational use of drugs.The roles of drug transporters can be assessed in vitro and in vivo,using techniques spanning from cellular expression systems to gene knockout animals.The purposes of this article were to introduce the main transporters in the intestinal tract,to explain the transport mechanism and to compare the limitations and applications of techniques used to evaluate interactions of drugs and transporters.
