Levels of soluble delta-like ligand 1 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous meningitis patients

In this study, the levels of soluble delta-like ligand 1 in cerebmspinal fluid and serum of 50 patients with tuberculous meningitis, 30 patients with viral meningitis, 20 patients with purulent meningitis and 40 subjects without central nervous system disease were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean levels of soluble delta-like ligand 1 in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with tuberculous meningitis were significantly higher compared with those from patients with viral meningitis or purulent meningitis or from subjects without central nervous system disease. Meanwhile, the level of soluble delta-like ligand 1 gradually decreased as tuberculous meningitis patients recovered. If patients deteriorated after treatment, the level of soluble delta-like ligand 1 in cerebrospinal fluid gradually increased. There was no correlation between the level of soluble delta-like ligand 1 and the protein level/cell number in cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings indicate that the levels of soluble delta-like ligand 1 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum are reliable markers for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and for monitoring treatment progress. At the same time, this index is not influenced by protein levels or cell numbers in cerebrospinal fluid.

Two Cases of Tuberculous Meningitis after Cesarean Section

This article revealed two valuable case reports about two young females suffered tuberculous meningitis after cesarean section.After antituberculous therapy,the condition of one patient improved and the other one became deteriorated.

Changes of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅱ and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in cerebrospinal fluid of children with tuberculous meningitis

BACKGROUND： Recent studies have found that insulin-like growth factors （IGFs） and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 （IGFBP-3） have stronger neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. But whether their levels in cerebrospinal fluid could be used as an auxiliary indicator in differentially diagnosing tuberculous meningitis and viral encephalitis is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE： To explore the changes of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅱ （IGF-Ⅱ ） and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） of children with tuberculous meningitis and the significance of the changes. DESIGN： A non-randomized concurrent controlled study. SETTING： Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： Thirty children with tuberculous meningitis （14 males and 16 females） were selected from the Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from January 2005 to December 2006. Tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed according to their clinical manifestations, the history of close contact with tuberculosis, typical cerebrospinal fluid changes of tuberculous meningitis, positive tuberculosis antibody and effective antituberculosis treatment. There were 30 children （13 males and 17 females） with viral encephalitis, and viral encephalitis was diagnosed according to epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, conventional and biochemical changes of cerebrospinal fluid, and negative bacteriology judgment. Meanwhile, 30 children （13 males and 17 females） without infectious and central nervous system disease were selected as the control group. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of all the enrolled children. METHODS： ①The lumbar puncture operation was implemented immediately to obtain cerebrospinal fluid （3 mL）. The contents of IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 were detected with immunoradiometric assay. The concentrations of glucose and protein in cerebrospinal fluid were determined with a dry-chemical method. The number of white blood cells was counted by Fushi Method. ②The Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of the contents of IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid with the leucocyte counting and the concentrations of glucose and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The contents of IGF- Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid, and their correlation with the leucocyte counting and the concentrations of glucose and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS： ①Contents of IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid： The contents of IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid in the tuberculous meningitis group were significantly higher than those in the encephalitis virus group and control group （P 〈 0.05）. There was no significant difference in the contents of IGF- Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 in cerebrospinal fluid between the viral encephalitis group and control group （P 〉 0.05）. ②Correlation： The IGF- Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 contents in cerebrospinal fluid were positively correlated with the protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid （r =0.821, 0.855, P 〈 0.01）, but negatively with the glucose （r =0.742, - 0.605, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION- ①IGFs and IGVBPs are involved in the pathophysiological process of tuberculous meningitis, as well as the glucose and protein metabolism in cerebrospinal fluid. ②The IGF-Ⅱ and IGFBP-3 contents in cerebrospinal fluid can be used as the auxiliary indicators to differentially diagnose tuberculous meningitis and viral enceohalitis.

Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in Iran:A review

In recent years,the number of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran has increased.The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiological status,clinical symptoms,diagnostic methods,and treatment strategies of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran,with a focus on tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis.Between January 1,2000 and June 1,2021,1651 cases of tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis were discovered in Iran.The prevalence of tuberculosis meningitis was higher in Sistan and Baluchestan,South Khorasan,and Mazandaran compared with other provinces.The most prevalent symptoms of tuberculous meningitis were fever,anorexia,headache,neck stiffness,loss of consciousness,and vomiting.The most commonly used procedures for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis were polymerase chain reaction and cerebrospinal fluid culture.The most prevalent clinical symptoms of miliary tuberculosis were fever,lethargy,weariness,and anorexia.In 70%of chest radiographs,a miliary pattern was visible.Bone marrow biopsy was used to diagnose miliary tuberculosis in 80%of patients,while bronchoalveolar lavage was used in 20%of cases.The conventional 6-month treatment approach for tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis was used for all of the participants in the investigations.Given the high prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iran and the devastating consequences of the disease,the researchers recommend that further study be done to prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the general population.

Tuberculous Meningitis and COVID-19 Co-Infection: About a Case

We report the case of an adult patient diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2-associated meningoencephalitis based on the detection of its RNA on a nasopharyngeal swab, cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The most destructive type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is tuberculous meningitis, in which the consequences are severe, resulting in death or disability in almost half of all sufferers despite anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and paraclinical features and laboratory findings and outcome of a patient with tuberculous meningitis and COVID-19 coinfection. Infection of COVID-19 and lymphopenia promotes the development of the severe form of tuberculosis. On the other hand, TBM increased the risk of infection with coronavirus due to the weakened immune system in addition to other immunosuppressive factors (older age and comorbidities such as low socioeconomic status and malnutrition). The patient had a good recovery even if he required intensive neurorehabilitation for a month due to poor feeding and weakness. Treatment, both anti-mycobacterial and anti-inflammatory, early started, guaranteed good recovery.

Bilateral optic nerve infiltration in tuberculous meningitis: A diagnostic dilemma

Rationale:Tuberculous meningitis(TBM)is severe extrapulmonary tuberculosis that can cause poor outcomes without timely treatment.We report a case of presumed TBM that presented solely ocular complaints without other neurological features.Patient's concerns:A 71-year-old man presented with a sudden central visual defect in both eyes for 10 days.Fundoscopy showed bilateral hyperaemic swelling disc with infiltrates.Diagnosis:A diagnosis of presumptive TBM was made with Mantoux test reading 15 mm,elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate,subdural effusion on CT scan,and high opening pressure.Intervention:Anti-tuberculous treatment.Outcomes:Bilateral vision improved and optic discs swelling resolved.Lessons:Early recognition of TBM with optic nerve infiltration is crucial for prompt treatment that may lead to a good prognosis.Neuroimaging will facilitate the diagnosis when other investigations show a borderline result.

结核性脑膜炎(Tuberculous meningitis)的治疗

结核性脑膜炎(结脑)是一严重的疾病。1946年抗结核药物出现前,结脑患者几乎全部死亡。近代抗痨治疗虽然有进步,但疗效仍然不满意,多留后遗症。治疗原则1.尽量早期治疗。只要疑及结脑,即刻开始抗结核治疗。2.选用一联合易透过血脑屏障的抗结核方案。3.余同肺结核的抗痨治疗原则。

Application Research of Detailed Nursing of Tuberculous Meningitis Patients

Objective:To explore the application effect of detailed nursing in tuberculous meningitis nursing.Methods:A total of 52 patients with tuberculous meningitis who were admitted to our hospital from May 2019 to February 2022 were selected as the research objects,and divided into 25 patients in the control group and 27 patients in the study group according to the random table method,and the compliance,quality of life,recurrence,nursing satisfaction,depression,anxiety and PSQI scores of the two groups were observed and analyzed.Results:In the study group,the number of patients with complete compliance,partial compliance and non-compliance were 13,11 and 3,respectively,and the compliance rate was 88.89%.In the control group,the number of patients with complete compliance,partial compliance and non-compliance were 11,5 and 9,respectively,and the compliance rate was 67.86%,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.The quality-of-life score of the control group was 48.36±2.24,which was lower than that of the study group,50.23±2.12,(P<0.05).The rate of recurrence of the control group was 36.00%,which was significantly higher than 7.41%in the study group(P<0.05).There was no significant statistical difference between the SAS,SDS,and PSQI scores of the two groups before nursing,(P>0.05).After nursing,both groups showed a decrease in SDS and SAS scores,with the study group showing significantly lower scores than the control group(P<0.001).Besides,the PSQI dimension scores and total score in the study group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.001).Moreover,the nursing satisfaction of the patients in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group(93.02%>71.79%),(P<0.05).Conclusion:A full range of detailed care is not only helpful for accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients,but also helps to create a satisfactory hospital environment for patients.Results from this study showed that detailed nursing care for patients with tuberculous meningitis shows a significant positive effect and should be applied in clinical practices.

Tuberculous Meningitis: Diagnostic and Radiological Features, Pathogenesis and Biomarkers

Central nervous system tuberculosis is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis disease. We aim to review the diagnostic and radiological features, pathogenesis, and biomarkers of tuberculous meningitis. We also aim to look at the latest development of research of the disease. The diagnosis of tuberculous (TB) meningitis is difficult because the disease presents with unspecific clinical features. However, the disease has excellent clinical response to antituberculous therapy. Good prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis with treatment and radiological findings are very important. There is an increase in the levels of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TNF-in TB meningitis patients. IL-6 level is also increased in patients with tuberculoma and exudates. There is an increase in the levels of serum and CSF TNF-α and IFN-γ in TB meningitis patients. There is also a rise in the levels of IL-8, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, CSF matrix metalloproteinases, CSF tissue inhibitors of matrix Metalloproteinases, VEGF level, caspase-1 and IL-1β. Signal-regulatory protein alpha is overexpressed at mRNA level. High dose intravenous rifampicin (800 mg daily) is associated with reduced mortality in patients with advanced disease.

Significance of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biochemical indicator ratio in identifying the tuberculous meningitis and purulent meningitis

Objective:To explore the significance of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biochemical indicator ratio in identifying the tuberculous meningitis and purulent meningitis.Methods: A total of 43 patients with tuberculous meningitis who were admitted in our hospital from August 2015 to July 2017 were included in the study and served as the tuberculous meningitis group. Moreover, 40 cases with purulent meningitis were served as the purulent meningitis group. The morning fasting peripheral venous blood was collected and centrifuged for the plasma. Lumbar puncture was used to collect cerebrospinal fluid. The fully automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect GSH, the plasma protein, chloride, glucose, lactic acid, and ADA. GSF/plasma ratio was calculated. The immunity transmission turbidity was used to detect GSH and Cys-C. FCM was used to detect CD64. ELISA was used to detect MMP-9.Results:GSF chloride and lactic acid in the tuberculous meningitis group were significantly lower than those in the purulent meningitis group, while ADA was significantly higher than that in the purulent meningitis group. The plasma protein, chloride, and lactic acid in the tuberculous meningitis group were significantly lower than those in the purulent meningitis group, while ADA was significantly higher than that in the purulent meningitis group. ADA ratio in GSF in the tuberculous meningitis group was significantly higher than that in the purulent meningitis group, while chloride and lactic acid ratio was significantly lower than that in the purulent meningitis group. CD64 in GSF in the tuberculous meningitis group was significantly lower than that in the purulent meningitis group, and MMP-9 was significantly higher than that in the purulent meningitis group, while the comparison of Cys-C between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions: GSF, plasma protein, chloride, lactic acid, and ADA concentration ratio in the tuberculous meningitis group and purulent meningitis group have a certain difference. Combined detection of CD64 and MMP-9 contribute to identifying the two meningitis.

Effects of quadruple antituberculous drugs in combination with linezolid and moxifloxacin on CSF cytology, NSE, NGF and its receptors in patients with refractory tuberculous meningitis

Objective: To investigate the effects of linezolid and moxifloxacin combined with quadruple antituberculosis drugs on CSF cytology, NSE (neuronal specific enolase), NGF(nerve growth facor) and its receptors, endothelin and its receptors and CRP (C reaction protein) in patients with refractory tuberculous meningitis. Method: A total of 56 patients were selected with tuberculous meningitis in our hospital from February 2014 to December 2017,randomly divided them into 2 groups, each group was 28 cases, set as the observation group and the control group, both groups were treated with quadruple antituberculosis drugs, the observation group was given ilinezolid on this basis, and the control group was combined with moxifloxacin, The course of treatment was 4 weeks, compared the levels of CSF cytology, NSE, NGF and NGF receptors, endothelin and endothelin receptors, and CRP after treatment in the two groups. Result:The CSF cytology, NSE, NGF and NGF receptors, endothelin and endothelin receptor, and CRP levels remained unchanged before treatment, the difference was not statistically significant. After treatment, the chloride and glucose levels in the observation group were higher than those before treatment and that of the control group, the protein, white blood cell count, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure levels were lower than before treatment and that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;The NSE level in the observation group after treatment was lower than before treatment and that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant;After treatment, the levels of NGF and its receptors in the observation group were higher than those before treatment and that of the control group, and the levels of endothelin, and its receptor, CRP were lower than those before treatment and that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion:The use of linezolid in combination with quadruple antituberculosis drugs to treat refractory tuberculous meningitis has better clinical effect, effectively improve cerebrospinal fluid cytology, regulate cerebrospinal fluid NSE levels, restore NGF, endothelin and its receptor function, reduce inflammatory response, recommended for clinical promotion and application.

Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid T-SPOT.TB for Tuberculousis Meningitis in China

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the cerebrospinal fluid（CSF） T‐SPOT.TB test for the diagnosis of TB meningitis（TBM）. A retrospective analysis of 96 patients with manifested meningitis was conducted; T‐SPOT.TB test was performed for diagnosing TBM to determine the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value（PPV）, and negative predictive value（NPV）. A receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve was also drawn to assess the diagnostic accuracy. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CSF T‐SPOT.TB test were 97.8%, 78.0%, 80.3%, and 97.5%, respectively, for 52 patients（54.2%） of the 96 enrolled patients. The area under the curve（AUC） was 0.910, and the sensitivities of CSF T‐SPOT.TB for patients with stages I, II, and III of TBM were 96.7%, 97.2%, and 98.9%, respectively. CSF T‐SPOT.TB test is a rapid and accurate diagnostic method with higher sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing TBM.

The prevalence,characteristics and outcome of seizure in tuberculous meningitis

Seizures are a common finding in patients with tuberculous meningitis(TBM),and associate with four times increased risk of death and neurological disability,especially in children.It has been reported that brain inflammation,diffuse neuronal injury,and reactive gliosis may all contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures in TBM.Early seizure onset may be associated with meningeal irritation and cerebral oedema;while,the late seizures are usually due to infarction,hydrocephalus,tuberculoma and paradoxical response.Moreover,recurrent uncontrolled seizures can evolve to status epileptics resulting in an increased risk of chronic epilepsy and poor prognosis.Therefore,this review aimed to assess the frequency of seizures in patients with TBM,and discuss the etiologies,mechanisms,and characteristics of seizures in TBM.Besides,we have searched the literature to identify the prognostic factors for chronic epilepsy after TBM.

Screening the cytokines for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

Objective To select cytokines for diagnosis of tuber-culous meningitis.Methods One hundred and twenty kinds of cytokines were detected with protein chips among two tuberculous meningitis cases,two viral meningitis cases and two noninfectious neurologic disease cases.The results were compared among different disease groups to select the differential cytokines,which

Analytical Optimization of GeneXpert Ultra for Detection of Tuberculosis in CSF Samples

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in extrapulmonary specimens can be challenging due to their paucibacillary nature. This difficulty is especially true for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis hampers rapid detection and treatment in vulnerable populations. GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra has been shown to provide rapid results for detection of MTBC and associated Rifampin resistance, but there is limited data regarding standardized methods for CSF processing on this assay. In this study, we sought to provide guidance regarding the best methods for CSF processing, including optimal volumes to test, length of incubation with sample reagent and finally effects of long-term freezing on detection.

伴激素过敏史的结核性脑膜炎患者的激素治疗策略探讨

目的旨在为伴有激素过敏史却需要使用激素治疗的患者提供用药参考和治疗思路。方法药师结合说明书和文献,分析甲泼尼龙的致敏机制,辅助临床医生为伴有甲泼尼龙过敏史的结核性脑膜炎患者制定口服激素治疗方案,并对该方案的有效性和安全性进行验证。结果甲泼尼龙注射制剂含有痕量的牛奶蛋白,禁用于已明确对牛乳过敏的患者。患者改为口服激素治疗后,未再出现过敏情况,病情平稳。结论糖皮质激素本身也会诱发过敏反应,在病史采集过程中应关注患者既往过敏史,同时药师也可发挥药学特长,协助临床医生制定个体化给药方案,保障患者用药的有效性和安全性。

成人水痘-带状疱疹病毒相关颅内感染5例临床分析

目的探讨水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella zoster virus,VZV)相关颅内感染的临床特点,脑脊液及影像学表现,治疗及转归,为临床诊治提供参考。方法回顾性总结2019年4月至2023年4月临沂市人民医院神经内科收治的5例VZV患者的临床资料,对其临床表现、辅助检查、治疗及预后进行分析。结果5例VZV相关颅内感染患者男性多于女性,年龄(53.6±10.9)岁,急性起病,均有前驱感染病史。临床表现均有头痛、发热和局灶神经功能障碍。影像学检查可无明显异常或脑实质受累,脑实质受累时病灶累及幕上及幕下,可合并出血。脑脊液检查表现为5例白细胞增高[(399.4±84.20)×10^(6)/L],4例氯化物降低[(107.65±7.17)mmol/L],5例蛋白含量均明显升高[(2.85±1.33)g/L],4例脑脊液糖/血糖<0.6,(0.52±0.05)。5例患者均通过脑脊液宏基因组二代测序(metagenomics next-generation sequencing,mNGS)检查确诊。抗病毒治疗整体预后良好。结论VZV颅内感染中老年起病,趋于年轻化。临床症状轻重取决于感染是否累及脑实质。脑脊液与结核性脑膜炎脑脊液表现类似。mNGS检测可提高鉴别敏感性、准确性。及早对因对症治疗大多数患者预后相对良好。

Xpert MTB/RIF联合T-SPOT.TB对结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断价值

目的探讨利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增技术(Xpert MTB/RIF)联合结核感染T细胞斑点试验(TSPOT.TB)对结核性脑膜炎早期诊断的临床价值。方法收集2019年10月至2022年9月于河南省胸科医院就诊的疑似结核性脑膜炎患者90例,经确诊分为脑膜炎组(46例)和非脑膜炎组(44例)。所有研究对象进行脑脊液抗酸杆菌涂片、脑脊液Xpert MTB/RIF和外周血T-SPOT.TB检测,比较各单一检测方法和联合检测的诊断阳性率、阴性率和准确率,采用灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和受试者工作特征曲线对各检测方法的诊断价值进行评价。结果TSPOT.TB和Xpert MTB/RIF单一检测诊断阳性率(分别为69.57%和60.87%)均高于涂片抗酸染色(19.57%),TSPOT.TB与Xpert MTB/RIF并联检测诊断阳性率(89.13%)高于串联检测(60.87%)和所有单一检测方法,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。并联检测诊断准确率(90.00%)高于串联检测(78.89%)和Xpert MTB/RIF检测(77.78%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。并联检测对结核性脑膜炎诊断的灵敏度和阴性预测值达到89.13%和88.89%,均高于串联检测和单一检测方法;特异度和阳性预测值分别为90.91%和91.11%,与串联检测和单一检测方法差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);曲线下面积最高,达到0.900(95%CI:0.828~0.972)。结论TSPOT.TB与Xpert MTB/RIF检测用于结核性脑膜炎诊断,相比较传统方法具有较好的敏感度和特异度,采取并联检测方式能够显著提高结核性脑膜炎的诊断效能,有利于早期诊断和治疗。

脑脊液中乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶、神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平在化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎中鉴别价值

目的观察化脓性脑膜炎(PM)、结核性脑膜炎(TBM)患者脑脊液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的差异,并分析三项指标在PM、TBM鉴别中的价值。方法将2019年12月至2021年12月就诊于衡水市人民医院神经内科的35例PM患者纳入PM组,45例TBM患者作为TBM组。采集患者治疗前的脑脊液样本,测定并对比两组脑脊液中LDH、CK、NSE水平及糖、蛋白、氯化物含量,经Pearson分析脑脊液中指标间相关性。线性回归分析影响TBM发生的因素,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估脑脊液中LDH、CK、NSE及联合对PM与TBM的鉴别价值。结果年龄、性别、临床特征(发热、病理征、呕吐、肢体抽搐等)发生率、脑脊液中糖与蛋白含量两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);TBM组脑脊液中LDH、NSE水平高于PM组,CK水平、氯化物含量低于PM组(P<0.05);Pearson相关性显示,脑脊液中LDH与CK、氯化物呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05),与NSE呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05);CK与NSE呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05),与氯化物呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05);NSE与氯化物呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05);线性回归分析显示,脑脊液中LDH、CK、NSE、氯化物均与TBM的发生相关(P<0.05);ROC曲线结果发现,脑脊液中LDH、CK、NSE及三者联合鉴别PM、TBM的AUC为0.849(95%CI:0.768~0.930)、0.858(95%CI:0.779~0.937)、0.851(95%CI:0.771~0.931)、0.954(95%CI:0.911~0.996)。结论PM、TBM患者临床特征相似,但脑脊液中LDH、CK、NSE水平存在差异,三项指标联合检测可提高PM与TBM的鉴别诊断。

隐球菌合并结核颅内感染并发脑耗盐综合征1例

患者,女,58岁,因反复头痛、头晕1年余收住入院,最终明确诊断为结核性脑膜炎合并隐球菌性脑膜炎并发脑耗盐综合征,经抗结核、抗真菌感染等对症治疗后症状缓解,预后良好。