Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Analysis on the fault characteristics of three-phase short-circuit for half-wavelength AC transmission lines

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT) is an ultra-long distance AC transmission technology, whose electrical distance is close to half-wavelength at the system power frequency. It is very important for the construction and operation of HWACT to analyze its fault features and corresponding protection technology. In this paper, the steady-state voltage and current characteristics of the bus bar and fault point and the steady-state overvoltage distribution along the line will be analyzed when a three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault occurs on an HWACT line. On this basis, the threephase fault characteristics for longer transmission lines are also studied.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Characteristic Analysis of AC Plasma Arc in Water

An experimental system of AC arc discharge in water was designed with pole-pole electrodes and a peak voltage of 1500 V and a test circuit was set up using virtual instrument technology. The mechanism of an AC plasma arc generated in water was analyzed. The voltage- current characteristic of the AC plasma are was obtained from the waveform. The temperature characteristic was tested with a spectrum diagnosis system, and the effect of different electrode materials on the striking voltage and peak current was analyzed. The results show that when a power supply of 6 kW is applied on electrodes with a gap of 2 mm in water, the striking voltage is from 900 V to 1300 V, the arc voltage is from 40 V to 100 V, the arc current is from 2 A to 7 A, and the zero rest period is from 1 ms to 2 ms. In addition, the arc voltage and current are different for electrodes in aluminum, copper and stainless steel. The arc voltage is lower and the current is higher for an aluminum electrode than those for copper and stainless steel ones. The highest temperature of the arc is 7643 K.

基于标准特征多项式的变电站光储直柔系统双向AC/DC变换器控制策略

为增强变电站光储直柔系统的可靠性,针对其在并网过程中会对变电站电能质量造成不良影响,以及现有设计方法难于工程化问题提出了一种面向工程化的基于标准特征多项式配置方法(SCP)的双向AC/DC变换器控制策略。通过建立变电站光储直柔(PEDF)系统变换器的数学模型,并分析控制器参数对变换器在不同运行模式下的电能质量的影响,然后采用SCP方法来配置闭环系统特征值,分析该方法对抑制并网电流谐波、改善AC/DC变换器并网电能质量的作用,最后对此进行仿真分析并和传统PI控制器效果进行比较,结果表明:所提策略降低了AC/DC变换器在谐波畸变率和并网电流不对称度,系统设计简便,且具有很好地鲁棒性,适合工程实践。

Characteristics of AC-biased Plasma Antenna and Plasma Antenna Excited by Surface Wave

Plasma’s conductive and dielectric properties have been well known for decades. Plasma antenna is a general terms representing using plasma as a conductive medium to transmit or reflect signals. It has unique properties like low RCS (radar cross section), variable impedance and instant on-off capability. Previous plasma antenna uses RF power to generate the plasma column. We developed AC-biased (alternating current) plasma antenna, which has larger operation frequency scale and lower sustaining power. Signals propagated are coupled into the plasma antenna via capacitive coupling. Impedance of the plasma shifts slightly with the AC current. Radiation pattern of the plasma antenna is less uniform than metal antenna and its gain is related to AC power, from the measuring results of AC-biased plasma antenna we found its advantages compare to the plasma antenna excited by the surface wave.

High-temperature characteristics of SiC module and 100 kW SiC AC–DC converter at a junction temperature of 180 ℃

High-temperature,high-power converters have gained importance in industrial applications given their ability to operate in adverse environments,such as in petroleum exploration,multi-electric aircrafts,and electric vehicles.SiC metaloxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET),a new,wide bandgap,high-temperature device,is the key component of these converters.In this study,the static and dynamic characteristics of the SiC MOSFET,half-bridge module,are investigated at the junction temperature of 180℃.A simplified experimental method is then proposed pertaining to the power operation of the SiC module at 180℃.This method is based on the use of a thermal resistance test platform and is proven convenient for the study of heat dissipation characteristics.The high-temperature characteristics of the module are verified based on the conducted experiments.Accordingly,a 100 kW high-temperature converter is built,and the test results show that the SiC converter can operate at a junction temperature of 180℃in a stable manner in compliance with the requirements of high-temperature,high-power applications.

大球盖菇风味肽高效制备及其ACE抑制活性

以基料呈味特性和肽产量为指标,通过响应面工艺优化,获得大球盖菇风味肽高效制备酶解工艺,即酶解时间51.62min,碱性蛋白酶加酶量0.99%(酶活力200000 U/g),酶解温度42.03℃,底物质量浓度48.45 g/L。在传统酶解最优制备工艺基础上,采用同步超声辅助定向酶解技术制备大球盖菇富肽风味基料,平板超声辅助酶解30 min时,基料中肽含量(469.21 mg/g干重)可达到传统酶解最优条件下的产肽量,基料制备时间显著缩短;辅助酶解40 min时的产肽量(492.87mg/g干重)较传统酶解产肽量提升了6.5%。同步超声定向酶解制备的富肽基料,在咸味和鲜味呈味特性上,分别较传统酶解基料提升了1.1~1.8倍和1.1~1.3倍。所有制备工艺得到的富肽基料均具有较优的血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性,半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.071,0.074,0.122 mg/mL和0.123 mg/mL。通过对大球盖菇风味肽氨基酸序列分析发现,肽链中存在天冬氨酸(D)、缬氨酸(V)、谷氨酸(E)、亮氨酸(L)、甘氨酸(G)、精氨酸(R)、脯氨酸(P)、丙氨酸(A)的氨基酸组合肽段DD、VV、EL、VG、VE、RP、RA、RV、VR时,多肽呈现咸鲜味呈味特性。上述氨基酸组合占比较高,可能是基料呈咸鲜味的主要原因。计算机模拟分子对接技术对大球盖菇风味肽体外抑制ACE活性的预测结果显示,风味肽可与ACE活性口袋氨基酸残基形成氢键,推测这是风味肽发挥ACE抑制作用的主要原因。本研究结果为大球盖菇风味富肽基料的高效制备及开发应用提供理论依据,为制备减盐增鲜调味品、降血压功能食品或食品添加剂提供参考。

Transient Characteristics and Accommodative Current Limiting Strategy for Bidirectional Interlinking Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

Bidirectional interlinking converter(BIC)is the core equipment in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid connected between AC and DC sub-grids.However,the variety of control modes and flexible bidirectional power flow complicate the influence of AC faults on BIC itself and on DC sub-grid,which potentially threaten both converter safety and system reliability.This study first investigates AC fault influence on the BIC and DC bus voltage under different BIC control modes and different pre-fault operation states,by developing a mathematical model and equivalent sequence network.Second,based on the analysis results,a general accommodative current limiting strategy is proposed for BIC without limitations to specific mode or operation condition.Current amplitude is predicted and constrained according to the critical requirements to protect the BIC and relieving the AC fault influence on the DC bus voltage.Compared with conventional methods,potential current limit failure and distortions under asymmetric faults can also be avoided.Finally,experiments verify feasibility of the proposed method.

Alternatingly stacked thin film electrodes-based compact aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitors for hundred-volts AC line filtering

Filtering capacitor with compact configuration and a wide range of operating voltage has been attracting increasing attention for the smooth conversion of the electric signal in modern circuits.Lossless integration of capacitor units can be regarded as one of the efficient ways to achieve a wider voltage range,which has not yet been fully conquered due to the lack of rational designs of the electrode structure and integration technology.This study presents an alternatingly stacked assemble technology to conveniently fabricate compact aqueous hybrid integrated filtering capacitors on a large scale,in which a unit consists of rGO/MXene composite film as a negative electrode and PEDOT:PSS based film as a positive electrode.Benefiting from the synergistic effect of rGO and MXene components,and morphological characteristics of PEDOT:PSS,the capacitor unit exhibits outstanding AC line filtering with a large areal specific energy density of 1,015 μF V^(2)cm^(-2)(0.28 μW h cm^(-2)) at 120 Hz.After rational integration,the assembled capacitors present compact/lightweight configuration and lossless frequency response,as reflected by almost constant resistor-capacitor time constant of 0.2 ms and dissipation factor of 15% at120 Hz,identical to those of the single capacitor unit.Apart from standing alone steadily on a flower,a small volume(only 8.1 cm^(3)) of the integrated capacitor with 70 units connected in series achieves hundred-volts alternating current line filtering,which is superior to most reported filtering capacitors with sandwich configuration.This study provides insight into the fabrication and application of compact/ultralight filtering capacitors with lossless frequency response,and a wide range of operating voltage.

基于MATLAB GUI的交流电路频率特性仿真教学平台设计

为了使学生更加直观地理解交流电路中的频率特性,构建了一种基于MATLAB GUI的交流电路频率特性仿真教学平台。该仿真平台包括RC滤波电路和RLC谐振电路两个模块,其中RC滤波电路能够实现低通滤波、高通滤波和带通滤波电路频率特性的仿真研究,RLC谐振电路能够实现串联谐振和并联谐振电路频率特性的仿真研究。借助该仿真平台,只需手动输入电路元件参数,就能获得各交流电路的幅频和相频特性曲线,最后将源程序封装成.exe文件。该仿真平台操作简单,便于任课教师和学生使用,能够显著地提高课堂教学质量。

构网型控制改善跟网型变流器次/超同步振荡稳定性的机理和特性分析

构网型(grid-forming,GFM)并网变流器具有良好的弱电网稳定性,同时能够改善跟网型变流器的次/超同步振荡稳定性。为明确GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的机理和特性,首先推导了GFM变流器电路特性与每个控制环节的关系,并分别从变流器自身电路特性、变流器并网系统整体阻抗特性角度揭示了GFM控制改善振荡稳定性的电路机理。然后,基于阻抗模型定量分析了GFM变流器占比提升对系统振荡频率、阻尼的影响。最后,利用电磁暂态仿真进行了验证。结果表明:GFM变流器在无功控制环节、电压外环作用下表现为“正电阻”,能够削弱跟网型变流器控制环节引入的负阻尼特性,进而改善系统次/超同步振荡稳定性;此外,GFM变流器占比提升能够显著改善系统振荡阻尼,但对振荡频率影响较小。

基于电气特性-物理参数耦合的交流电弧炉模型

现有电弧炉模型主要关注电弧内部与外部特性的联系,割裂了电弧内部微观下电气与物理的耦合影响,难以体现电弧的电热物理本质,导致仿真精度有所欠缺。针对上述问题,该文提出一种改进的新型交流电弧炉模型。首先,在电子连续性方程的基础上,构建电弧的电气特性模型;其次,根据弧柱磁压缩力平衡方程和瞬时能量平衡方程分别构建电弧的压强、温度等物理参数模型,推导得到电弧内部的电气特性与物理参数之间的耦合机理,得到两者的耦合模型;然后,基于电弧炉变压器二次侧额定电流和最大电弧温度之间的关系,利用麻雀搜索算法对电弧温度曲线进行辨识,确定物理模型的各个参数;最后,依据50 t、55 t炼钢交流电弧炉的现场实测数据,在Matlab/Simulink平台上搭建模型并验证模型的正确性。仿真结果表明,所提模型更符合交流电弧炉实际运行过程中的物理本质,能更精确地反映其谐波、电压波动特性。

非线性绝缘电介质AC介电特性参数及其测量

为调控电场分布避免电场集中,由聚合物与无机半导体填料制备的非线性绝缘电介质在许多高压设备中得到应用。非线性绝缘电介质介电特性的测试是其理论与应用技术研究的重要基础。研发了一套基于虚拟仪器技术的非线性绝缘介质交流介电特性测试装置,实现交流激励电压和响应电流瞬时波形的测试。参照激励电压通过确定的算法将响应电流分解成阻性电流和容性电流。通过对电压与电流波形的分析,获得瞬态测量条件下的静态、动态参数与电场强度关系曲线及等效参数等,可更全面地表征非线性绝缘电介质交流介电特性。结合测量实例,详细描述了各参数及其与电场强度关系曲线的获得过程。

AC/DC变换器的谐波分析简化方法

以6脉波AC/DC变换器为例,采用调制理论法对其进行了谐波分析,针对变换器输入电压以及开关函数,分别对它们进行了序量分解以及序特性分析,并在此基础上利用三相序量乘积特性对变换器的谐波计算进行了有效简化。利用简化方法对变换器直流侧电压以及交流侧电流进行了谐波分析,并且与仿真结果进行比较,分析情况包括:电压无畸变、输入电压不平衡、电压畸变以及开关函数不平衡。结果表明当存在电压谐波畸变时会根据畸变次数不同产生不同次谐波电流,而当系统出现电源不对称或者开关不对称情况时,都会在其交流侧产生3、9、15等次谐波。该方法适用的范围广,简单易行,可推广到12脉波或更高脉波变换器中,但是对单相电路并不适用。

不同海拔高度交流电晕电流脉冲特性实验研究

不同海拔高度下交流电晕特性的变化规律是高海拔地区线路设计的基础。文章利用可移动式小电晕笼和高频电流测量系统在20 m~4320 m范围内的5个海拔高度点进行实验,采集了1 mm直径细铜丝在不同施加电压下的电晕电流脉冲、无线电干扰和可听噪声水平数据;通过对实测数据的统计分析及拟合,得到了海拔高度对电晕电流脉冲特性的影响规律,并分析了不同海拔高度下电晕电流同无线电干扰和可听噪声水平的关联关系。研究表明,随着海拔高度增加,交流电晕电流脉冲的幅值增大,幅值概率分布逐渐分散,一个周期内交流电晕电流脉冲的数量增加,脉冲形成时间变得更加均匀;将电晕电流有效值作为中间变量,研究海拔高度对交流线路电晕效应的影响,得到电晕电流有效值与导线施加电压呈线性函数关系,该线性函数的斜率k、截距b均为海拔高度h的三次函数;无线电干扰和可听噪声水平均与电晕电流有效值呈对数增长关系,其中可听噪声与电流有效值的函数关系随海拔高度变化而改变。

保护膜材料对ACPDP放电特性影响的实验研究

提出了用测量ACPDP(ACplasmadisplaypanel)放电特性和加速老化特性来探求保护膜发射和稳定性能的间接测量方法 ,研制了模拟ACPDP放电特性测量装置 ,为衡量保护膜特性提供了有力的工具。并利用此装置对不同材料保护膜对ACPDP放电特性的影响进行了分析讨论 ,确定了新颖膜材的选择方向 。

燕麦麸蛋白ACE抑制肽的制备及性质研究

以燕麦麸为原料制备了燕麦麸蛋白,并利用蛋白酶对其酶解。测定了不同蛋白酶的水解产物的ACE抑制活性,以Alcalase和Trypsin酶解物活性最强。在此基础上进一步考察了Alcalase和Trypsin酶解物的DH对ACE抑制活性的影响,结果表明DH11.0%的Alcalase酶解物和DH12.2%的Trypsin酶解物有最大ACE抑制活性,分别达92.31%和86.36%。两种酶解物的肽组分相对分子质量均较低,大部分都低于1 000u。氨基酸分析表明ACE抑制肽中富含Glu、Leu、Pro和Phe。为了达到活性组分富集的目的,超滤技术是一种切实可行的方案。

交流电场下变压器油中贴壁气泡形变特性

气泡是油纸绝缘系统的典型缺陷,会显著地降低变压器油的绝缘性能。为了明晰气泡对油纸绝缘系统的危害,搭建了油中贴壁气泡动力学观测平台,研究吸附于电极表面的气泡在交流电场中的形变特性及影响规律。结果发现:油中贴壁气泡沿电场方向拉伸并以100 Hz的频率进行脉动变形;随着电场强度、气泡半径和温度的增大,气泡的变形程度也逐渐增大。基于相场方法搭建了气液两相流仿真模型,仿真与实验结果相互验证,揭示了气泡变形的本质为电场力和表面张力作用的平衡。气泡会影响油隙电场分布,其内部场强随气泡沿电场方向的拉伸而降低。该文研究可为深入评估气泡对液体绝缘的危害和变压器的绝缘设计提供参考。

肝素黄杆菌硫酸软骨素酶AC的高效重组表达体系构建及其酶学性质研究

为实现硫酸软骨素酶AC(chondroitinase AC,ChonAC)在大肠杆菌中高效表达,通过PCR方法从肝素黄杆菌(Pedobacter heparinus)中扩增得到ChonAC基因cslA,采用融合蛋白技术构建麦芽糖结合蛋白(maltose-bindingprotein,MBP)与ChonAC的融合表达载体(MBP-ChonAC),并在低温(15℃)条件下实现MBP-ChonAC的可溶活性表达,通过MBPTrap HP可实现一步纯化,使纯度可达95%以上,酶比活力可达94.1IU/mg融合蛋白(即相当于143.8IU/mgChonAC蛋白当量)。对MBP-ChonAC的酶学研究发现,其最佳催化pH值为7.5～8.0,最佳Ca2+浓度为20mmol/L,最适NaCl浓度为50mmol/L,最佳作用温度为20～35℃。MBP-ChonAC具有较好的热稳定性,在30℃时其半衰期可达8.3h。同时对其以硫酸软骨素A为底物的动力学常数测定发现,MBP-ChonAC相比ChonAC其Km稍有增大而催化常数kcat稍有降低,但是差别不大,表明MBP的融合没有对ChonAC的催化能力造成影响。通过宿主优化、诱导浓度优化及培养基优化进一步提高了MBP-ChonAC的表达量,其摇瓶培养酶活力就可达10800.5IU/L。