Alternatingly stacked thin film electrodes-based compact aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitors for hundred-volts AC line filtering

Filtering capacitor with compact configuration and a wide range of operating voltage has been attracting increasing attention for the smooth conversion of the electric signal in modern circuits.Lossless integration of capacitor units can be regarded as one of the efficient ways to achieve a wider voltage range,which has not yet been fully conquered due to the lack of rational designs of the electrode structure and integration technology.This study presents an alternatingly stacked assemble technology to conveniently fabricate compact aqueous hybrid integrated filtering capacitors on a large scale,in which a unit consists of rGO/MXene composite film as a negative electrode and PEDOT:PSS based film as a positive electrode.Benefiting from the synergistic effect of rGO and MXene components,and morphological characteristics of PEDOT:PSS,the capacitor unit exhibits outstanding AC line filtering with a large areal specific energy density of 1,015 μF V^(2)cm^(-2)(0.28 μW h cm^(-2)) at 120 Hz.After rational integration,the assembled capacitors present compact/lightweight configuration and lossless frequency response,as reflected by almost constant resistor-capacitor time constant of 0.2 ms and dissipation factor of 15% at120 Hz,identical to those of the single capacitor unit.Apart from standing alone steadily on a flower,a small volume(only 8.1 cm^(3)) of the integrated capacitor with 70 units connected in series achieves hundred-volts alternating current line filtering,which is superior to most reported filtering capacitors with sandwich configuration.This study provides insight into the fabrication and application of compact/ultralight filtering capacitors with lossless frequency response,and a wide range of operating voltage.

AC Line Filter Electrochemical Capacitors:Materials,Morphology,and Configuration

Recently,more and more supercapacitors(SCs)have been developed as AC line filter capacitors,which are generally named AC line filter electrochemical capacitors(FECs).Compared to traditional bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors(AECs),FECs have higher capacity and lower space occupancy,which makes them a strong competitor.However,different from the common SCs for energy storage,it is necessary to consider the frequency response of the SCs for AC line filtering,where the contradiction between frequency response and specific capacitance is a challenge.The researchers have proposed different solutions from the perspective of materials,morphology,and configuration for this challenge.Based on the above background,in this review,we briefly introduce the principle and parameters of AC line filter electrochemical capacitors.We systematically summarize the state-of-the-art progresses of FECs and discuss their possible application and development in the future.The development of FECs can greatly promote the planarization,integration,and miniaturization of filter capacitors,and provide a new solution for the utilization of green and unstable energy.

Research on Total Electric Field for DC Lines Converted from Double-Circuit AC Lines

With rapid growth of power demand, transmission capacity is also in urgent need of upgrading. In some cases, converting existing AC transmission lines to DC lines can Improve the transmission capacity and reduce the construction investment. In this paper, the upstream finite element method was expanded to calculate the total electric field of same tower multi-circuit DC lines converted from double-circuit AC lines, and the validity of the algorithm was confirmed by experiments. Taking a DC line converted from a typical same tower 500 kV double-circuit AC transmission line as an example, the surface electric field and the ground total electric field in different pole conductor arrangement schemes were calculated and analyzed, and the critical height of pole conductors for DC lines in residential and non-residential area were determined. Then, the corridor width of DC and AC lines at critical height in residential and non-residential areas before and after AC-DC line transformation were compared. The results indicate that for DC lines converted from common 500 kV double-circuit AC lines, the ground total electric field can meet the requirements of corresponding standard with appropriate pole conductor arrangement schemes.

采用AC0.69k V为市域线远距离低压电动机配电的应用研究

分析了市域线区间内电动机负荷采用AC 0.69 kV(660 V)供电的可行性与经济性。AC 0.69 k V(660 V)为规范规定的标准电压,低压相关元器件均可在0.69 kV系统中正常运行,其实际运用案例在我国工业领域已数不胜数。研究表明,AC 0.69 kV应用于市域线电动机配电领域是可行的;可选择合适的负荷,由AC 0.69 kV供电,其他负荷的配电方案可按常规的AC 0.4 kV方式供电,2种方案可并行;各市域线项目应根据工程投资估算确定远距离电机配电方案。当负荷的距离及容量合理时,AC 0.69 kV可显著减少工程的总投资。

High-frequency supercapacitors with phosphorus-doped Ketjen black

Compact supercapacitors(SCs)have attracted attention for their great potential to replace bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors(AECs)in alternating current(AC)line filtering applications.Herein,the fabrication of a high-frequency SC is reported using Ketjen black(KB)nanoparticles doped with phosphorus(P)to achieve a high areal capacitance of up to 2.26 mF cm^(-2)along with a high-rate capability,with a phase angle of-80.2°at 120 Hz.The high performance of the phosphorus-doped KB(designated PKB)SC with a 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte is associated with its increased surface wettability and additional capacitive sites provided by the P-doping.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further indicate that the P-doping enhances the interactions between the electrolyte ions and the carbon surface,thus leading to an improved electrochemical performance.These results suggest that the P-doped carbonbased SC could be highly favored in replacing conventional AECs in various high-frequency electronic devices.

Critical Length Criterion and the Arc Chain Model for Calculating the Arcing Time of the Secondary Arc Related to AC Transmission Lines

The prompt extinction of the secondary arc is critical to the single-phase reclosing of AC transmission lines, including half-wavelength power transmission lines. In this paper, a low- voltage physical experimental platform was established and the motion process of the secondary arc was recorded by a high-speed camera. It was found that the arcing time of the secondary arc rendered a close relationship with its arc length. Through the input and output power energy analysis of the secondary arc, a new critical length criterion for the arcing time was proposed. The arc chain model was then adopted to calculate the arcing time with both the traditional and the proposed critical length criteria, and the simulation results were compared with the experimental data. The study showed that the arcing time calculated from the new critical length criterion gave more accurate results, which can provide a reliable criterion in term of arcing time for modeling and simulation of the secondary arc related with power transmission lines.

Radio Interference Characteristic of Ultra-high Voltage AC Transmission Lines by Using Stochastic Modeling

For developing ultra-high voltage(UHV) AC power transmission systems,it is important to precisely estimate and to limit the radio interference(RI) level of power lines.Based on the stochastic characteristics in amplitude and repetition rate of induced corona current,by using the probability theory and mathematical statistics,we establish a stochastic model for the wide-sense stationary random process of corona discharges.Then combining the stochastic model with model-propagation-analysis method,the RI levels under three-phase UHV AC transmission lines are calculated.The results of the calculation based on stochastic model method and International Council on Large Electric Systems(CIGRE) excitation function are compared with that based on semi-empirical method and some other excitation functions.The stochastic model based on different excitation functions is also adopted to simulate the RI levels under finite test lines with two opened terminations.The results indicate that with the same average maximum gradient on conductor surface and the same conductor type,the number of corona discharge per unit length is one of the main reasons that causes the difference between different excitation functions.It is also concluded that for a long test line,the effect of standing wave on RI field strength is negligible in the middle of the line,but obvious near both terminations: for a 10-km line,the maximum difference in RI field strength is 2.78 dB,between the peak value of the standing wave near the ends and the steady value near the middle of the line.

Measurement and Simulation of Induced Voltage and Current on 110 KV Crossing Transmission Lines under UHV AC Transmission Lines

The induced electricity of 110 kV transmission lines which cross the UHV AC transmission lines may threaten personal safety of the maintenance staff. In this paper, field measurement of the induced voltage and induced current on a 110 kV crossing line inside Jinhua in Zhejiang province is performed. The electrostatic induced voltage on the measured line is 12.24 kV. The power frequency electromagnetic field simulation model is established, and the calculation results are consistent with the measured. Influence factors analysis shows that the electrostatic induced voltage on the 110 kV line is 12.78 kV, the electromagnetic induced voltage is 12.3 V, the induced current through ground wire is less than 1A when the UHV lines operate at full load. The induced voltage and current decrease while the crossing distance increases. Parallel lines induction is much higher than crossing lines. The electromagnetic induced voltage after ground knife-switch shut down would exceed the human safety voltage 36 V while the crossing angle is less than 30?, so the temporary ground wire must be hanged to ensure safety of the maintenance staff.

Design of 1000-kV AC Single-Circuit Overhead Transmission Line

The UHVAC 1 000-kV transmission system is so far the one with the most advanced transmission technique applied and highest operation voltage.There are no guidelines or standards available for the design of 1 000-kV overhead transmission line in China.Study on key technologies and design schemes shall be carried out to ascertain the technical principles and construction standards for project construction,which are presented in this paper based on the Southeast Shanxi-Nanyang-Jingmen test and demonstration transmission line.A comparison and analysis of technical data and economic indices between UHV line and other lines are also described.

基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法

交直流混联系统中逆变站的换相失败使交流线路发生频率偏移,导致工频量纵联方向保护的可靠性受到影响。提出了一种基于行波电流极性差异的交直流混联系统纵联方向保护方法,利用线路区内、外故障时,传播到两端保护的电流故障初始行波波头之间极性差异构成纵联保护。该方法仅利用电流初始行波极性差异进行方向判别,消除了电容式电压互感器无法准确传输宽频带电压信息导致保护的低可靠性问题,且利用高频电流进行计算,避免了交直流混联系统频率偏移的影响。仿真结果显示,基于行波电流极性差异的纵联方向保护方法能够准确、快速地识别单相故障和多相故障,适用于交直流混联系统。

地铁车站低压配电系统电动机设备采用AC 660V配电的研究

通过分析电动机定子绕组接线形式,输入电压与电磁功率、转矩关系,以及电动机负荷配电系统元件、电缆,从而得出地铁电动机设备均可采用AC 660V供电的结论。通过对比分析说明地铁电动机设备采用AC 660V供电时,具有大幅节约有色金属,降低初期投资及减小线缆损耗的优势。

UHVAC输电线路大跨越段的防雷保护

为确保特高压输电线路的耐雷可靠性,对晋东南-南阳-荆门UHV输电线路的黄河大跨越段和汉江大跨越段的雷电性能进行了研究并介绍了UHV输电线路大跨越段雷电性能评估的计算方法,同时根据我国输电线路大跨越段的运行情况,参考俄罗斯标准,以大跨越段在雷电过电压下的雷击无故障时间(耐雷指标)来确定防雷保护方案,还计算了UHV输电线路大跨越段的年绕击跳闸次数和年反击跳闸次数及雷击避雷线跨越档距中央的反击跳闸次数,提出了按雷电过电压要求的跨越塔塔头间隙。研究表明,我国特高压输电线路大跨越段的耐雷指标不宜<50 a。

对AC UHV输电线附近可听噪声预测公式的评估

特高压输电中,导线的选择是由输电线下的可听噪声大小决定的,所以可听噪声的预测十分重要。为了从不同机构总结出的多种半经验公式中选择最适合用来预测我国特高压交流输电线下可听噪声大小的公式,结合我国对特高压交流输电线的要求,将相导线水平和正三角排列方式下可听噪声大小的不同预测结果与测量结果进行对比和分析。结果表明:相导线水平排列大雨时可用ENEL公式或IREQ公式计算,小雨时可用ENEL或GE公式计算;相导线正三角排列大雨时可用ENEL公式或BPA公式计算,小雨时只有BPA公式最适合。所以,我国特高压交流输电线下可听噪声的计算在相导线水平排列时选用ENEL公式,相导线正三角方式排列时选用BPA公式。

交流输电线路对油气管道的干扰限值

随着能源与经济的迅速发展,交流输电线路与油气管道交叉并行的现象越来越常见,交流输电线路稳态运行与故障状态下的交流干扰对人体、管道与阴极保护设备的危害倍受广泛关注。通过对比分析国内外有关交流干扰的规范标准和最新研究成果,提出了交流输电线路稳态运行、输电线路故障时的相关干扰限值问题。建议稳态工况下人身安全电压为33 V、故障工况下采用GB/T 50065—2011《交流电气装置的接地设计规范》中的人体可以承受的接触电压计算式;管道交流腐蚀程度采用GB/T 40377—2021《金属和合金的腐蚀-交流腐蚀的测定防护准则》判定;为了避免电弧损伤,管道与接地体应有一定的安全距离;管道涂层的电气强度为25 MV/m,耐受电压值为5000 V,雷电冲击的耐压值为109 kV;恒电位仪应能承受50 Hz、30 V的持续交流干扰与1500 V的瞬间干扰,Mg阳极在交流电流密度为30 A/m^(2)时,便无法保证提供足够的阴极保护,Mg阳极不发生极性逆转的交流电流密度为100 A/m^(2)。

超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流后备保护的整定建议

针对国家电网“六统一”线路保护装置,提出了超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流保护的整定原则。反时限零序过流保护在保证灵敏性方面并无困难,整定原则的核心问题是解决选择性和速动性的矛盾。根据该保护的原理和逻辑提出了转折电流的概念以及接地距离保护与反时限零序过流保护的配合原则;充分考虑配合时间定值和最小时间定值对保护动作特性的影响,综合超、特高压电网实际短路电流水平和接地距离保护的过渡电阻耐受能力,将反时限零序过流保护低电流区的选择性与接地距离保护高电流区的选择性进行结合,提升了对接地故障全域电流范围的选择性切除能力;提出了方向元件投退原则。通过对某省级电网进行算例分析,验证了整定原则的有效性,该整定原则已经在实际电网中进行了应用。

基于矩阵变换器的AC/DC变换器

对传统的三相/三相矩阵变换器进行变换,得到一种新型的AC/DC变换器拓扑,并对该电路的工作原理进行了分析,通过在变换器的高频部分加入变压器,既实现了输入和输出的电气隔离,又减小了系统的重量和体积。本文对所采用的基于输入电压的双线电压调制策略机理进行了详细的分析,推导了在该调制策略下的输入电流和输出电压的表达式,说明采用该调制策略能实现三相交流输入侧电流正弦和单位功率因数,输出电压与调制指数之间存在线性的关系。采用MOTOROLA的16位微处理器和CPLD协调控制制作了一台样机,验证了理论和控制方法的正确性和可行性。

新型单级功率因数校正AC/DC变换器

提出一种新型带抽头电感的单级功率因数校正AC/DC变换器。该变换器与采用两个电感的单级功率因数校正变换器同样可实现电流连续导通模式(CCM),若合理利用抽头电感的漏感有进一步减少器件的可能。对所设计的电路进行工作原理分析,并对电路进行了仿真和实验研究。实验结果证明,输入电压在宽范围内(100～240V),均满足高次谐波IEC6100032ClassD国际标准,最高效率可达到87%。

CT辅助下听眦线及鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线对AC-PC平面的定位

目的探讨在双源CT辅助下测量听眦线及鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线对AC-PC平面的定位情况,达到更加准确的在成人体表勾绘出AC-PC平面。方法通过测量我院326例接受立体定向手术的成人头颅的256层高分辨率双源CT扫描仪数据,输入手术计划系统,以获得听眦线及鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线与AC-PC线在矢状平面投射夹角、前后联合间径长度、外耳道中点至平面垂直距离等常用参考值,以便获得扫描时精准的AC-PC平面。结果采用平行于听眦线进行的CT 2 mm层厚的扫描中,AC-PC点全都存在同一层面中;在以平行于鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线进行的CT 4mm层厚的扫描中,AC-PC点全都存在同一层面中。听眦线与AC-PC的夹角为(1.6±0.7)°,相距(48.4±4.2)mm;鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线与AC-PC的夹角(2.3±0.3)°,相距(15.8±2.8)mm,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论听眦线及鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线在现有的CT扫描基线中与AC-PC连线平行度均较高,临床上实用性均较强;二者相比较,鼻翼耳郭软骨下缘线可作为更理想的立体定向功能神经外科的CT扫描基线。