Steady-state Voltage Security-constrained Optimal Frequency Control for Weak HVDC Sending-end AC Power Systems

Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Systematic Evaluation of Deep Neural Network based Dynamic Modeling Method for AC Power Electronic System

Since the high penetration of renewable energy complicates the dynamic characteristics of the AC power electronic system(ACPES),it is essential to establish an accurate dynamic model to obtain its dynamic behavior for ensure the safe and stable operation of the system.However,due to the no or limited internal control details,the state-space modeling method cannot be realized.It leads to the ACPES system becoming a black-box dynamic system.The dynamic modeling method based on deep neural network can simulate the dynamic behavior using port data without obtaining internal control details.However,deep neural network modeling methods are rarely systematically evaluated.In practice,the construction of neural network faces the selection of massive data and various network structure parameters.However,different sample distributions make the trained network performance quite different.Different network structure hyperparameters also mean different convergence time.Due to the lack of systematic evaluation and targeted suggestions,neural network modeling with high precision and high training speed cannot be realized quickly and conveniently in practical engineering applications.To fill this gap,this paper systematically evaluates the deep neural network from sample distribution and structural hyperparameter selection.The influence on modeling accuracy is analyzed in detail,then some modeling suggestions are presented.Simulation results under multiple operating points verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

Performance of PSS to Damp Power Oscillations Caused by an HVDC Link in AC-DC Power System

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) systems are increasingly being applied to improve power system operation and controllability. However, inappropriate setting of HVDC controller may have a detriment effect on the system performance. Generally, PSS (Power System Stabilizer) is known as a simple concept, easy to perform, and computationally effective to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. This paper examines the effectiveness of the PSS to enhance the dynamic performance of AC-DC power systems and to compensate the negative damping of HVDC system. The dynamic performance is evaluated by examining the system response to various disturbances. In order to ensure the reliability of the simulation test results as well as the performance of the PSS, detailed HVDC modeling is adopted using SimPowerSystems toolbox in the MATLAB, and some important conclusions are drawn.

Identification of the Worst-case Static Voltage Stability Margin Interval of AC/DC Power System Considering Uncertainty of Renewables

Calculation of static voltage stability margin(SVSM)of AC/DC power systems with lots of renewable energy sources(RESs)integration requires consideration of uncertain load growth and renewable energy generation output.This paper presents a bi-level optimal power flow(BLOPF)model to identify the worst-case SVSM of an AC/DC power system with line commutation converter-based HVDC and multi-terminal voltage sourced converter-based HVDC transmission lines.Constraints of uncertain load growth’s hypercone model and control mode switching of DC converter stations are considered in the BLOPF model.Moreover,uncertain RES output fluctuations are described as intervals,and two three-level optimal power flow(TLOPF)models are established to identify interval bounds of the system worst-case SVSM.The two TLOPF models are both transformed into max–min bi-level optimization models according to independent characteristics of different uncertain variables.Then,transforming the inner level model into its dual form,max–min BLOPF models are simplified to single-level optimization models for direct solution.Calculation results on the modified IEEE-39 bus AC/DC case and an actual large-scale AC/DC case in China indicate correctness and efficiency of the proposed identification method.

Research on the variable speed system of large power alternating current motor

The development status of the variable speed system of large power AC(alternating current)motor drive in China is introduced.The large power AC drive fed by AC-AC converters(cycloconverters)has developed greatly,and some innovations on the theory and engineering technique have been realized.They have been applied to rolling mills,mine hoists,and so on,and remarkable economic and social benefit has been achieved.The development of AC drive fed by large power IGCT(integrated gate commutated thyristors)AC-DC-AC converter is also introduced.It has excellent performance and reliable operation,and has been used in traction.

Influences of ±800 kV Yunnan-Guangdong HVDC System on Security and Stability of China Southern Power Grid

The interaction mechanism between AC and DC systems in a hybrid AC-DC transmission grid is discussed with PSS/E software. Analysis shows that receiving-end AC faults may cause much more damage on the HVDC system operation than the sending-end AC faults in a multi-infeed HVDC system, and the damage severity depends on the power recovering rate of the HVDC systems. For HVDC systems with slow power recovering rate, the receiving-end AC faults may probably be a critical factor to constrain power transfer limits. Larger capacity of HVDC system means not only higher power transfer-limit of the parallel connected AC-DC transmission grid, but also more expensive stabilizing cost.

Low Power Passive Photovoltaic System Development to Assist Inconvenient Grid Connection Locations

Sun radiation is known as one of the cleanest energy available and free maintenance on the earth to support the extensive demand for electrical power requirement for large and small scale. This energy is known as most promising renewable energy available during the whole year. This fact has shown a very strong interest among the researchers, industries and consumers to develop technology and system that can harvest solar energy to electrical energy. A lot of researches have been done to explore the capability of sun as natural energy source which is capable to provide huge alternative support to the increasing demand of electrical power in society. All the research findings have been adaptively combined to design, develop and structure as a reliable finished product for end users implementation. The fast improving research in photovoltaic application has proven that photovoltaic renewable energy is considered as one of the most promising source to support the increasing demand in electrical utilization. Advantages implementing the photovoltaic technology will benefit during the fuel price increment and be insufficient of the non-renewable energy to support the increasing demand from the society. Looking into this factor, many industries have developed the electrical photovoltaic system in large, medium and small scale for implementation. Electricity is becoming an essential requirement because of the increasing demand for electrical power from the society. Due to the increasing demand for electrical power, many researches are conducted to support the conventional way of generating electricity. This research has explored many other available abundant renewable energy resources such as solar, wind and thermal which are largely available to support the increasing demand. In this research, researchers discovered that the solar energy is the main contributor to support the increasing demand for electricity. The research outcome has helped the industries to develop solar power photovoltaic systems. This paper discusses the approaches to design and develop a real-time 500 Watt DC to AC Solar Power System. The system capability to store the harvested energy is discussed in this paper.

交直流电力系统电压稳定性控制方法

交直流电力系统电压稳定性控制方法主要集中在单一的调节手段上进行定功率控制,导致电压区域不稳定,发生大规模波动,为此研究交直流电力系统电压稳定性控制方法。首先,通过对交直流电力系统的电压进行分区,揭示系统电压分布的特点和规律。电压分区后,构建储能单元的数学模型,针对直流配电网的惯性特性进行详细分析,确定电压稳定负荷裕度的计算方法,以评估系统的稳定性水平,最后,结合电压暂态稳定性控制输出,实现交直流电力系统电压稳定性控制。实验结果显示,与无功补偿方法和有功潮流优化方法相比,研究的交直流电力系统电压稳定性控制方法的交流子网的电压区域稳定,未发生大规模波动,具有实际的应用价值。

Comparison and Performance Analysis of FACTs Controller in System Stability

In large inter connected power systems, inter-area oscillations are turned to be a severe problem. Hence inter-area oscillations cause severe problems like damage to generators, reduce the power transfer capability of transmission lines, increase wear and tear on network components, increase line losses etc. This paper is to maintain the stability of system by damping inter-area oscillations. Implementation of new equipment consists of high power electronics based technologies such as FACTs and proper controller design has become an essential to provide better damping performance than Power System Stabilizer (PSS). With development of Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), remote signals have become as feedback signals to design Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) for FACTs devices. In this work, POD is applied to both SVC and SSSC. Simulation studies are carried out in Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) environment to evaluate the effectiveness of the FACTs controller in a large area power system. Results show that extensive analysis of FACTs controller for improving stability of system.

基于多项式混沌展开的交直流系统全纯嵌入概率潮流计算方法

为快速、准确量化分析风电出力不确定性对交直流电力系统潮流分布的影响,提出一种基于多项式混沌展开(PCE)的交直流电力系统全纯嵌入概率潮流计算方法。该方法首先根据风电出力的概率分布特征选择最优正交基函数,构造近似风电出力概率分布特征的PCE表达式;其次,将该PCE表达式引入交直流电力系统的全纯嵌入潮流方程中,构建基于PCE的交直流电力系统全纯嵌入概率潮流计算模型;再次,通过Galerkin投影将所构建的全纯嵌入概率潮流计算模型转化为高维确定性全纯嵌入潮流计算模型;然后,借助确定性全纯嵌入潮流模型求解方法,实现对所转化的高维确定性全纯嵌入潮流模型的求解,并根据所得PCE逼近系数计算交直流电力系统潮流的概率分布特征;最后,通过修改的PJM 5节点、IEEE 30节点和IEEE 118节点交直流测试系统算例验证所提方法的准确性和有效性。

基于功角轨迹灵敏度的交直流电网振荡抑制优化

高压直流线路稳态功率影响交直流互联系统功角稳定性。为抑制同步发电机功角振荡,基于功角轨迹灵敏度,提出对故障前直流功率的优化方法。建立交直流系统轨迹灵敏度解析表达,引入中间变量确定功角和稳态直流功率关系。推导潮流解对稳态直流功率的灵敏度,计算轨迹灵敏度初值。基于时域仿真中网络约束方程,推导含直流变量的不平衡项。以功角差最小为目标,提出稳态直流功率优化模型,采用内点法求解。仿真结果验证了所提算法对功角振荡的抑制效果。

交流双边供电系统供电能力分析

牵引供电系统采用双边供电方式可以取消相邻牵引变电所供电臂电分相,我国轨道交通直流供电系统基本采用双边供电方式,交流供电系统尚未应用该方式。本文针对交流双边供电系统,从电压损失、电流需求、牵引网能耗等方面进行分析,并给出研究结论。

Solving Optimal Power Flow Using Modified Bacterial Foraging Algorithm Considering FACTS Devices

In this paper, a new Modified Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (MBFA) method is developed to incorporate FACTS devices in optimal power flow (OPF) problem. This method can provide an enhanced economic solution with the use of controllable FACTS devices. Two types of FACTS devices, thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC) are considered in this method. The basic bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) is an evolutionary optimization technique inspired by the foraging behavior of the E. coli bacteria. The strategy of the OPF problem is decomposed in two sub-problems, the first sub-problem related to active power planning to minimize the fuel cost function, and the second sub-problem designed to make corrections to the voltage deviation and reactive power violation based in an efficient reactive power planning of multi Static VAR Compensator (SVC). The specified power flow control constraints due to the use of FACTS devices are included in the OPF problem. The proposed method decomposes the solution of such modified OPF problem into two sub problems’ iteration. The first sub problem is a power flow control problem and the second sub problem is a modified Bacterial foraging algorithm (MBFA) OPF problem. The two sub problems are solved iteratively until convergence. Case studies are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Enhancement of Available Transfer Capability with Facts Device in the Competitive Power Market

In order to facilitate the electricity market operation and trade in the restructured environment, ample transmission capability should be provided to satisfy the demand of increasing power transactions. The conflict of this requirement and the restrictions on the transmission expansion in the restructured electrical market has motivated the development of methodologies to enhance the Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of the existing transmission grids. The insertion of FACTS devices in electrical systems seems to be a promising strategy to enhance ATC. In this paper, the viability and technical merits of boosting ATC using Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is being analyzed. The work has been carried out on IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus systems. Bilateral and multilateral transactions are considered. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are employed to obtain the optimal settings of TCSC.

励磁系统交流侧接地对转子接地保护的影响

励磁系统交流侧接地将引起注入式转子接地保护、乒乓切换式转子接地保护误动作。本文介绍了一起相关案例,并对引起误动的基本原理进行了深入分析和定量计算,总结了励磁系统交流侧接地引起采样数据变化的典型特征,提出了关于缩小转子接地保护定位范围的思考。当转子一点接地保护动作后,应首先根据采样数据的变化,对故障点位于励磁系统交流侧还是直流侧做出初步判断,缩小故障定位范围,为快速查找故障提供决策依据。

基于微分代数模型的AC/DC系统非线性控制器设计

针对电力系统实际负荷以及直流系统本身的非线性特性,在微分代数模型的基础上,将M导数、M括号以及MIMO微分代数系统反馈线性化技术运用到交直流并联系统非线性控制器设计中。在系统的M关系度小于系统阶数及其满足一定的条件时,可得到微分代数系统模型的Bronovsky标准形式,并对交直流混合(AC/DC)系统中发电机励磁控制和直流系统整流侧定电流控制律进行了深入研究。针对一个含有AC/DC的单机无穷大系统(SMIBs)进行实例仿真,研究结果表明所设计的非线性控制器与传统的PID控制器相比具有较好的阻尼特性,能进一步提高系统的动态稳定性。该控制器的设计方法可以很方便地应用于多机交直流并联系统的稳定性控制。

计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力计算

利用功率注入法,建立广义统一潮流控制器(generalized unified power flow controller,GUPFC)和线间潮流控制器(interline power flow controller,IPFC)的数学模型。将GUPFC和IPFC的目标控制约束及运行约束即内部功率平衡约束和考虑等效功率注入模型的潮流约束嵌入到最优潮流计算模型中,得到计及GUPFC和IPFC的可用输电能力(available transfer capability,ATC)计算模型,并利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法对模型进行求解。IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算显示GUPFC对节点电压和多条线路甚至某一子网络潮流的灵活控制能力及IPFC对线间潮流的合理分配能力;同时验证模型和算法的有效性和可行性。

广州地铁22号线交流牵引供电系统电磁干扰问题分析

[目的]当地铁线路正常运行时,由于钢轨对地不能做到完全绝缘,采用交流牵引供电系统的地铁会对邻近金属油气管道产生交流干扰。因此,有必要研究地铁交流牵引供电系统对外部电磁干扰的问题。[方法]以广州某金属油气管道与广州地铁22号线并行段为例,建立地铁隧道与金属油气管道耦合模型,对金属油气管道进行电磁干扰仿真分析;计算了与隧道呈不同夹角的油气管道各段的电磁感应电压、地电位和涂层耐受电压,分析了电磁干扰的主要影响因素。[结果及结论]交流牵引供电制式下,管道涂层实际承受电压为涂层内部金属管道表面的电压和外部土壤中的地电位的差值,地铁隧道在金属管道表面产生的感应电压幅值是土壤地电位幅值的10倍以上,金属油气管道受到的电磁干扰以管道与地铁的电磁感应电压为主;金属油气管道及地铁隧道并行段是产生电磁干扰的主要区段;增加回流线可以极大地降低金属油气管道的电磁感应电压,回流线的位置与数量对减少电磁干扰效果有极大的影响。