Fault diagnosis algorithm for 3-phase passive rectifiers based on frequency-domain analysis for acceleration grid power supply in CFETR NBI system

The acceleration grid power supply(AGPS) is a crucial part of the Negative-ion Neutral Beam Injection system in the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor,which includes a 3-phase passive(diode) rectifier.To diagnose and localize faults in the rectifier,this paper proposes a frequencydomain analysis-based fault diagnosis algorithm for the rectifier in AGPS.First,time-domain expressions and spectral characteristics of the output voltage of the TPTL-NPC inverter-based power supply are analyzed.Then,frequency-domain analysis-based fault diagnosis and frequency-domain analysis-based sub-fault diagnosis algorithms are proposed to diagnose open circuit(OC) faults of diode(s),which benefit from the analysis of harmonics magnitude and phase-angle of the output voltage.Only a fundamental period is needed to diagnose and localize exact faults,and a strong Variable-duration Fault Detection Method is proposed to identify acceptable ripple from OC faults.Detailed simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness,quickness,and robustness of the proposed algorithms,and the diagnosis algorithms proposed in this article provide a significant method for the fault diagnosis of other rectifiers and converters.

Operation of offshore wind farms connected with DRU-HVDC transmission systems with special consideration of faults

The diode rectifier unit(DRU)-based high-voltage DC(DRU-HVDC) system is a promising solution for offshore wind energy transmission thanks to its compact design, high efficiency, and strong reliability. Herein we investigate the feasibility of the DRU-HVDC system considering onshore and offshore AC grid faults, DC cable faults, and internal DRU faults. To ensure safe operation during the faults, the wind turbine(WT) converters are designed to operate in either current-limiting or voltage-limiting mode to limit potential excessive overcurrent or overvoltage. Strategies for providing fault currents using WT converters during offshore AC faults to enable offshore overcurrent and differential fault protection are investigated. The DRU-HVDC system is robust against various faults, and it can automatically restore power transmission after fault isolation. Simulation results confirm the system performance under various fault conditions.

MODEL AND SIMULATION FOR A BRUSHLESS AC GENERATOR WITH A ROTARY RECTIFIER

Objective For a brushless AC generator with a rotary rectifier, it is necessary and significant to model and simulate at normal and fault operation states. Methods Two new concepts, namely, Simulink signals and PSB(Power System Blockset) variables, are proposed, and the difference between the two concepts is clarified. Based on the new model for synchronous machines \, a simulation model for a brushless AC generator with a rotary rectifier is constructed by Matlab/Simulink/PSB. This new model, which has a speed input terminal and an exciting voltage input one, can simulate the real electrical characters and direct mechanical connection between two synchronous machines perfectly. The rotary rectifier is a three-phase full-wave bridge rectifier which consists of six diodes. The model for the diodes is a macro-model which possesses much better accuracy than an ideal one of switches. Results Based on the present model, some simulation results such as exciting current waveform, phase current waveform and phase voltbge waveform are afftained at several operation conditions. Conclusion The simulation for a brushless AC generator with a rotary rectifier is demonstrated at normal and fault operation states, respectively. The results confirm the presented method.

基于改进过压限制器和ACDTS的混联半波长系统故障保护策略

交直流混联半波长输电系统的暂态特性与常规的混联系统存在着很大差异。当混联系统半波长沿线发生不对称故障时,直流系统会受到沿线工频过电压和过电流的冲击。文章详细分析了混联系统半波长沿线故障的传播过程,研究了故障传播耦合机理。针对直流侧过电压问题,提出了在直流母线侧加装改进过压限制器,增设辅助限压通道,分级抑制直流侧过电压,并降低单个通道的电流值,提高了系统保护的限压水平;另一方面,对于直流侧过电流问题,提出了在换流站接口端并联接入双向晶闸管,实现交流系统等效三相短接,隔离交流侧母线馈入的故障过电流,确保换流站设备及线路的安全性。最后利用仿真验证了两种保护策略的可行性。

基于Hexverter的AC/AC系统交流不对称故障控制策略研究

六边形模块化多电平换流器(hexagonal modular multilevel converter,Hexverter)作为一种新型的AC/AC功率变换器,在未来海上风电场并网及低频输电技术中有着广阔的应用前景。为了解决Hexverter在电力系统不对称故障工况的稳定运行,文章首先对Hexverter的拓扑结构和工作原理简要介绍,并对其支路电流、支路功率进行分析。然后,研究其AC/AC系统交流侧不对称故障工况下的控制策略,基于理论推导部分得出的Hexverter六个支路间功率分布的规律(即不相邻的三个支路功率分别相等的特征),设计了子模块电容电压均衡控制方法,共包含两部分控制,分别为六个支路间子模块电容电压均衡控制和每个支路内部n个子模块电容电压之间的均衡控制。考虑到支路电流含有两侧交流系统不同频率成分,基于比例谐振控制器,提出了一种对支路电流直接进行控制的方法。最后,通过算例中稳态工况与故障工况研究分别对其工作原理和文中所提出的控制策略有效性进行验证。结果表明,在二次侧交流系统发生BC相短路故障期间,整个系统保持稳定运行,各个子模块电压始终保持均衡,仿真结果验证了文中所提控制策略的有效性。

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability,a new scheme called DR-HVDC(Diode Rectifier based HVDC)transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms.However,in this scheme,the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR.In this paper,a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid,is investigated.A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter(FB-MMC)at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore.Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power,a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current(I–V)characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed.Furthermore,the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed,and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed.Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up,power fluctuation,and onshore and offshore fault conditions.

Analysis on the fault characteristics of three-phase short-circuit for half-wavelength AC transmission lines

Half-wavelength AC transmission(HWACT) is an ultra-long distance AC transmission technology, whose electrical distance is close to half-wavelength at the system power frequency. It is very important for the construction and operation of HWACT to analyze its fault features and corresponding protection technology. In this paper, the steady-state voltage and current characteristics of the bus bar and fault point and the steady-state overvoltage distribution along the line will be analyzed when a three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault occurs on an HWACT line. On this basis, the threephase fault characteristics for longer transmission lines are also studied.

Fault Location Method for STATCOM Connected Transmission Lines Using CCM

Determining the fault location using conventional impedance based distance relay in the presence of FACTS controllers is a challenging task in a transmission line. A new distance protection method is developed to locate the fault in a transmission line compensated with STATCOM with simple calculations. The proposed protection method considers the STATCOM injected/absorbed current to correct the fault loop apparent impedance and accordingly calculates the actual distance to the fault location. The comprehensive equations needed for apparent impedance calculation are also outlined and the performance is evaluated and tested with a typical 400 KV transmission system for different fault types and locations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The evaluation results indicate that the new protection method effectively estimates the exact fault location by mitigating the impact of STATCOM on distance relay performance with error less than 0.3%.

交错并联LLC谐振的双向AC-DC变换器

针对当前平衡供电供需与解决再生能源间歇特性的问题,设计了一种以优化PWM调制策略控制图腾柱无桥PFC和交错并联双向LLC谐振电路的两级式双向AC-DC变换器。前级运用了优化PWM调制的控制策略,增强网侧电流对电网电压的跟踪能力,后级采用同步整流管驱动控制的交错并联LLC谐振变换器的方案,设计了变换器和环路补偿的参数,通过搭建实验仿真系统验证设计的可行性。结果表明,实现正向工作输入交流电220±10%V,输出直流电12 V,额定功率1 800 W;反向工作输入直流电12 V,输出交流电220 V,验证所设计的合理性与可行性。

高比例新能源送端系统暂态电压运行风险分析

针对交、直流故障下的高比例新能源送端系统暂态电压演化传播机理及运行风险尚不明晰的问题,首先,基于交直流系统间的无功电压交互作用机理分析,明确了交、直流系统故障下的暂态电压特性及主导影响因素,阐明了高比例新能源送端系统电力电子设备主导的暂态电压演化传播路径。其次,从“交直流故障强耦合作用持续加强,暂态无功功率成分复杂”、“新能源比例不断提升,暂态电压问题凸显”及“故障承载与调节能力下降,连锁脱网风险增大”三方面系统地阐述了暂态电压运行风险。然后,基于DIgSILENT/PowerFactory建立了实际高比例新能源多直流外送系统仿真模型,不同新能源占比、不同故障工况下的仿真结果验证了暂态电压运行风险分析的正确性。最后,从增强耦合运行特性机理认识、提升新能源涉网性能、增加多尺度协同控制策略、加强交流网架结构等方面提出了应对暂态电压运行风险的技术展望。

单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断实验设计

针对高速列车电力牵引系统中单相脉冲整流器的功率器件开路故障和传感器故障,设计了基于数据驱动的故障在线智能诊断实验。首先,对单相脉冲整流器系统进行数学建模,分析功率器件开路故障的故障拓扑和传感器故障的故障机理;然后,基于极限学习机算法和非线性自回归结构设计智能诊断模型,并将故障在线智能诊断实验分为离线训练和在线验证2个阶段;最后,基于RT Box半实物仿真器搭建快速原型控制实验平台,对故障模型和诊断模型进行实验验证。实验结果表明,构建的单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断模型可以在1/4个基波周期内检测到故障的发生,并在3/4个基波周期内识别出具体故障类型。

基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站及其控制策略

为提高海上换流站的紧凑型性并降低换流站一次性投入成本,西门子公司提出了基于二极管整流器(diode rectifier,DR)的高压直流输电技术,在此基础上,国内外学者对其控制策略及各种串并联拓扑进行了研究,但仍存在结构复杂、可行性差、运行灵活性低等问题。为此,提出了基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站拓扑,正负极分别采用模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevelconverter,MMC)和DR,以充分利用MMC灵活可控和DR体积小、成本低、可靠性高的优点。为降低直流电缆输电损耗,提出了复合式换流站正负极功率平衡控制,将接地极电流控制在零附近,提高了输电效率,可将高压直流电缆所产生的损耗降低67.7%。设计了限功率控制,在发生直流非对称故障期间通过低速通信,可主动对风电场发出功率进行限制,防止了换流站过电流风险,提高了系统可靠性。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真分析对所提拓扑及其控制策略进行了可行性验证。

基于功角轨迹灵敏度的交直流电网振荡抑制优化

高压直流线路稳态功率影响交直流互联系统功角稳定性。为抑制同步发电机功角振荡,基于功角轨迹灵敏度,提出对故障前直流功率的优化方法。建立交直流系统轨迹灵敏度解析表达,引入中间变量确定功角和稳态直流功率关系。推导潮流解对稳态直流功率的灵敏度,计算轨迹灵敏度初值。基于时域仿真中网络约束方程,推导含直流变量的不平衡项。以功角差最小为目标,提出稳态直流功率优化模型,采用内点法求解。仿真结果验证了所提算法对功角振荡的抑制效果。

兼顾直流电压安全与无功支撑的柔性直流输电故障穿越控制

受端电网三相故障下柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的直流电压骤升,可能引发过电压闭锁并威胁电网稳定。现有基于卸荷的VSC-HVDC故障穿越方法大多以直流电压为投切条件,未计及受端换流站交流母线电压和无功功率对直流电压安全的影响,可能因投切条件不合理或受端换流站无功功率过大引发卸荷非必要投入,对交直流系统造成额外冲击并增加能量损失。为此,该文建立了受端换流站功率可行域,以刻画受端电网故障下受端换流站的功率控制能力;分析发现了受端换流站功率可行域的缩减特征,进而提出避免直流电压越限的受端电网故障极限切除时间的概念和计算方法;通过解析引发直流电压越限的门槛电压,提出基于最大限度避免直流电压越限的协调控制点的VSC-HVDC故障穿越控制方法。算例表明,所提方法在受端强电网或VSCHVDC卸荷风险较高的场景中,能够兼顾VSC-HVDC的直流电压安全和对受端电网的无功功率支撑,在最大限度避免卸荷投入的同时,尽可能地为受端电网提供无功功率。

一例保护误动引起110kV主变开关跳闸的故障分析

本文对某盐化工企业发生的一例因微机保护装置误动作,引起整流110kV主变压器开关跳闸的故障进行分析,及时处理,并提出了防范对策,从中吸取了深刻教训,做到了防范于未然。

高比例分布式可再生能源交直流混合配电网运行调控:科学问题与技术框架

随着分布式可再生能源发电与中低压直流组网技术的快速发展,未来配电网必然向复杂的交直流混合形态演进,其运行调控技术面临许多新的挑战。在高比例分布式可再生能源交直流混合配电网(HR-HDN)运行调控技术发展需求分析的基础上,提炼出HR-HDN运行调控技术的3个科学问题,并以多类型可控设备协同、源-网-荷-储高度互动化和市场化需求为研究主线,从稳定控制、故障主动防御与恢复、电力市场机制辅助调控以及“平台+数据”数字化集成调控4个方面,提出了HR-HDN的运行调控技术框架。最后,对HR-HDN运行调控关键技术的未来发展进行了展望。

Control and protection strategy for MMC MTDC system under converter-side AC fault during converter blocking failure

This paper investigates a control and protection strategy for a four-terminal modular multilevel converter(MMC)based high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system under a converter-side AC fault.Based on the system operating condition,a control and protection strategy against the fault with normal blocking of the converter is proposed.In practical,applications encountering such a fault,the MMC at the fault side may experience different conditions of blocking failure.The blocking failures may occur on:①the whole converter;②one converter arm;③one sub-module(SM)/several SMs of one converter arm;④other conditions.The phenomenon of the multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)system following the fault is analyzed under the first three conditions with real-time simulations using the real-time digital simulator(RTDS).Based on the impact of different conditions on the MTDC system,the necessity of utilizing special control and protection is discussed.A special control and protection strategy is proposed for emergency conditions,and its effectiveness is verified by real-time simulation results.

直流换流站高通HP3型交流滤波器电抗器匝间故障监测及保护

直流换流站高通HP3型交流滤波器组中电抗器匝间短路故障事故多发,由于缺乏对此故障的快速监测及保护,导致其匝间短路持续存在3~9 min之久并起火燃烧。匝间短路后电抗器的等值电感会不断减小,由此引起了滤波器电路参数变化并进而引发了滤波器配置的热过负荷保护启动告警,长久故障也引发了次生的电抗器底部支撑绝缘子闪络接地致使滤波器差动保护动作出口跳闸。文中分析了3起典型故障案例,结合C型高通HP3型滤波器电路设计理念及运行特点,解释了有关保护启动及动作的原因。基于匝间短路会导致HP3电路中电阻器上的工频电压、电流会随着匝间短路的不断发展而剧烈增大的特性,提出了一种基于工频电压差动原理的故障监测及保护方法。