High-frequency supercapacitors with phosphorus-doped Ketjen black

Compact supercapacitors(SCs)have attracted attention for their great potential to replace bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors(AECs)in alternating current(AC)line filtering applications.Herein,the fabrication of a high-frequency SC is reported using Ketjen black(KB)nanoparticles doped with phosphorus(P)to achieve a high areal capacitance of up to 2.26 mF cm^(-2)along with a high-rate capability,with a phase angle of-80.2°at 120 Hz.The high performance of the phosphorus-doped KB(designated PKB)SC with a 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte is associated with its increased surface wettability and additional capacitive sites provided by the P-doping.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further indicate that the P-doping enhances the interactions between the electrolyte ions and the carbon surface,thus leading to an improved electrochemical performance.These results suggest that the P-doped carbonbased SC could be highly favored in replacing conventional AECs in various high-frequency electronic devices.

Novel forward mode AC/AC converters with high frequency link

A circuit configuration and a circuit topologic family of the novel forward mode AC/AC converters with high frequency link are presented. The circuit configuration is constituted of input cycloconverter, high frequency transformer, output cycloconverter, input and output filters. The circuit topologic family includes eight circuit topologies, such as full-bridge-full-wave mode, etc. The bi-polarity phase-shifted control strategy and steady principles are thoroughly investigated. The output characteristics are obtained. By using the bi-polarity phase-shifted control strategy with phase-shifted control between the output cycloconveter and the input cycloconverter, commutation overlap period of the output cycloconverter, and polarity selection of the output filtering inductance current and the input voltage, the leakage inductance energy and the output filtering inductance current are naturally commutated, and surge voltage and surge current of the cycloconverters are overcome. The converters have such advantages as simple topology, two-stage power conversions(LFAC/HFAC/LFAC), bi-directional power flow, high frequency electrical isolation, good output waveforms, and strong ability to stabilize voltage. The converters lay key technical foundation on a new-type of regulated sinusoidal AC power supplies and electronic transformers. The correction and advancement of the converters are well verified by a principle test.

High Density 3D Carbon Tube Nanoarray Electrode Boosting the Capacitance of Filter Capacitor

Electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)with fast frequency response are regarded as small-scale alternatives to the commercial bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors.Creating carbon-based nanoarray electrodes with precise alignment and smooth ion channels is crucial for enhancing EDLCs’performance.However,controlling the density of macropore-dominated nanoarray electrodes poses challenges in boosting the capacitance of line-filtering EDLCs.Herein,a simple technique to finely adjust the vertical-pore diameter and inter-spacing in three-dimensional nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide(3D-AAO)template is achieved,and 3D compactly arranged carbon tube(3D-CACT)nanoarrays are created as electrodes for symmetrical EDLCs using nanoporous 3D-AAO template-assisted chemical vapor deposition of carbon.The 3D-CACT electrodes demonstrate a high surface area of 253.0 m^(2) g^(−1),a D/G band intensity ratio of 0.94,and a C/O atomic ratio of 8.As a result,the high-density 3D-CT nanoarray-based sandwich-type EDLCs demonstrate a record high specific areal capacitance of 3.23 mF cm^(-2) at 120 Hz and exceptional fast frequency response due to the vertically aligned and highly ordered nanoarray of closely packed CT units.The 3D-CT nanoarray electrode-based EDLCs could serve as line filters in integrated circuits,aiding power system miniaturization.

Edge-Oriented Graphene on Carbon Nanofiber for High-Frequency Supercapacitors

High-frequency supercapacitors are being studied with the aim to replace the bulky electrolytic capacitors for current ripple filtering and other functions used in power systems. Here, 3 D edge-oriented graphene(EOG)was grown encircling carbon nanofiber(CNF) framework to form a highly conductive electrode with a large surface area. Such EOG/CNF electrodes were tested in aqueous and organic electrolytes for high-frequency supercapacitor development. For the aqueous and the organic cell, the characteristic frequency at-45° phase angle was found to be as high as 22 and 8.5 k Hz, respectively. At 120 Hz, the electrode capacitance density was 0.37 and 0.16 m F cm^(-2) for the two cells. In particular, the 3 V high-frequency organic cell was successfully tested as filtering capacitor used in AC/DC converter, suggesting the promisingpotential of this technology for compact power supply design and other applications.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

Electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma actuation driven by radio frequency voltage at low pressure

The electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma driven by radio frequency voltage are investigated experimentally in this paper. The influences of operating pressure, electrode distance, and duty cycle on the discharge are studied. When pressure reaches 60 Ton. （1 Torr= 1.33322 x 102 Pa） the transition from diffuse glow mode to constricted mode occurs. With the operating pressure varying from 10 Tort to 60 Torr, the discharge energy calculated from the charge-voltage （Q-V） Lissajous figure decreases rapidly, while it remains unchanged between 60 Torr and 460 Torr. Under certain experimental conditions, there exists an optimized electrode distance （8 mm）. As the duty cycle of applied voltage increases, the voltage-current waveforms and Q-V Lissajous figures show no distinct changes.

Effect of Driving AC Voltage Frequency on Breakdown Voltage in Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure in Helium

For dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)driven by AC voltage in helium at atmospheric,the relationship between the breakdown voltage and the driving frequency is experimentally investigated using a pair of parallel electrodes.The gap between the electrodes is 1 mm,4 mm,7 mm,and 10 mm,respectively.Meanwhile with an increment of 2 kHz,the applied AC voltage varies from 12 kHz to 30 kHz.In each experiment,the driving voltage increases slowly,till the helium-filled gap breaks down.Based on a number of experimental results and further analyses,conclusions are obtained as follows.(1)For a small gap(1 mm),the voltage that triggers the first breakdown(Uf)is close to the one that sustains steady breakdowns(Us).However,in the larger gaps(4,7,and 10 mm),Uf is obviously larger than Us.(2)For a fixed gap,Uf does not change significantly with the driving frequency,whereas in the gaps except the 1 mm one,Us drastically decreases with the increase of driving frequency.(3)The motion of residual space charges and the dissipation of positive column,two reasonable factors that explains asymmetrical discharges,are also main reasons for the effect of the driving frequency on the breakdown voltages.

Analysis of Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Induction Motor Drive

The systematic mathematical analysis of the high frequency soft-switched AC-AC converter is proposed for variable frequency induction machine load in this paper. Both PWM and square-wave modes of operation have been considered. The frequency relation and phase unbalance problem due to discrete time integral half-cycle switching has been discussed in the beginning. Then, generalized Fourier series have been derived for output voltage, output current and supply current in two modes.The analytical results help to understand tbe converter characteristics, design optimally a convertermachine system of arbitrary capacity considering the various trade-off parameters.

一种面向高频链AC-DC矩阵变换器的高频变压器绕组优化设计方法

针对高频链AC-DC矩阵变换器中高频变压器绕组损耗大的问题,提出了一种高频变压器绕组优化设计方法,该方法首先建立了漏感模型和绕组损耗模型,并基于模型合理选择关键参数作为优化参数,应用有约束的多目标遗传优化算法对关键参数进行寻优,最后得到一套高频变压器绕组的优化设计方案。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法与传统面积乘积法(AP)法相比,绕组损耗可降低10%以上,变换器整机效率最高提升了1.07%,由此证明,该变压器绕组优化设计方法可以通过降低高频变压器的绕组损耗,达到降低高频链AC-DC矩阵变换器损耗、提升变换器整体效率的目的。

Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Machine as a Variable Frequency Transformer

VFT （variable frequency transformer） has been recently used as art alternative to HVDC （high voltage direct current） to control power flow between asynchronous networks. VFT consumes less reactive power than a back-to-back HVDC system, provides faster initial transient recovery, and has better natural damping capability. VFT is simply a DFIM （doubly-fed induction machine） where the machine torque controls the power flow from stator to rotor and vice versa. The main disadvantage of this VFT is the slip rings and brushes required for the rotor circuit, especially in bulk power transmission. The BDFM （brushless doubly-fed machine） with nested cage rotor machine is proved to be a comparable alternative to conventional DFIM in many applications with the advantage that all windings being in the stator frame with fixed output terminals. In this paper, the BDFM is used as a BVFT （brushless variable frequency transformer）. A prototype machine is designed and simulated to verify the system validity.

隔离型AC-DC矩阵变换器最小电流应力控制方法

针对隔离型AC-DC矩阵变换器降低功率器件成本、提高效率和抑制电磁干扰等需求,提出了一种基于零矢量嵌入的移相策略的最小电流应力控制方法。基于移相策略深入研究了影响变换器电流应力的关键因素。建立了三维(3D)功率模型,从中求取等功率分布线,通过引入功率约束条件以及移相角范围,对电流应力在限定条件下采用序列二次寻优方法进行最小化寻优,得到使电流应力最小的最优移相比。仿真和实验结果表明,基于零矢量调制的移相调制策略可以实现前后级电路的协调控制,功率因数在0.96左右,直流侧输出电压和电流稳定且纹波小。因此,采用所提控制方法,在保证网侧和直流侧的基本性能的同时,实现了对变换器电流应力的最小化。

OFDM系统中基于最优阈值ACE的PAPR抑制

动态星座图扩展(Active constellation extension, ACE)是一种能够有效降低正交频分复用(Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM)系统峰均功率比(Peak-to-average power ratio, PAPR)的方法,为解决现有ACE算法因选择固定限幅阈值而限制降低PAPR效果的问题,提出一种最优阈值ACE(Optimal threshold ACE, OTACE)算法,该算法能在每次迭代时根据信号功率求得最合适的限幅阈值,从而增强抑制PAPR的效果.通过数据拟合得到合适的迭代次数,在此基础上对OTACE算法抑制PAPR的效果进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明,与凸集映射(Projection onto convex sets, POCS)和智能梯度投影(Smart gradient projection, SGP)算法相比,OTACE分别能提高5 dB和3 dB左右的PAPR增益.在广电1、广电6和巴西A三种信道下,分别在多普勒频移为20 Hz和60 Hz时测试OTACE算法对系统误码率(Bit error rate, BER)的影响.实验结果显示,采用OTACE可提高系统的BER性能,并且与POCS相比,OTACE可提高1 dB左右的信噪比(Signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)增益;与SGP相比,OTACE在高SNR时有明显的优势.

基于移相和调频的单级双向AC-DC变换器临界电流调制策略

传统双有源桥单级AC-DC变换器的移相调制难以实现全范围软开关,开关管损耗大,效率难以进一步提高。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于临界电流模式(BCM)的调制策略,将移相和调频相结合,实现所有开关管的零电压开通,从而有效地降低了开通损耗。该文分析单级式双向AC-DC变换器的临界电流调制基本原理和软开关实现条件,并推导出软开关条件下的移相和频率数学表达式。搭建DC 48 V、AC 220 V、500 W实验样机,最高效率达到94%,通过实验验证该调制策略的有效性和正确性。

基于Matlab/Simulink的AC-AC调压电路仿真研究

【目的】AC-AC调压电路较为常用,但原理较为复杂。为研究其特性,有必要对AC-AC调压电路进行仿真研究。【方法】分别对两种典型的AC-AC调压电路(单相交流调压电路和斩控式交流调压电路,的拓扑结构、工作原理、仿真波形进行介绍和分析,并对两种电路的波形和总谐波畸变率(THD)进行对比。【结果】通过波形对比发现,斩控式的调压电路的波形更为平滑,更符合实际应用的需求。但斩控型调压电路的谐波分量较为严重,总谐波畸变率(THD)过高,因此考虑使用LC滤波电路对电路的波形进行滤波。【结论】通过选取合适的电感和电容参数改进THD的数值来降低谐波分量,最终使电路达到实际并网中要求的THD低于5%的使用需求。

Steady-state Voltage Security-constrained Optimal Frequency Control for Weak HVDC Sending-end AC Power Systems

Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

ACE模式下混合储能辅助火电机组调频协调控制

在新能源大发阶段,电网动态区域控制偏差(ACE)对大扰动下频率的快速恢复具有不可替代的作用。为此,本文提出一种在ACE模式下的混合储能辅助火电机组调频协调控制,运用以飞轮为主、锂电池为辅的混合出力策略,同时结合功率型飞轮和能量型锂电两者优势,快速提升机组的性能指标。仿真结果证明,该策略具有较高的有效性,可降低机组的频繁波动,增加电厂收益。

Analysis and Design Aspects of a Series Power Semiconductor Array with Digital Waveform Control Capability for Single Phase AC Voltage Regulators and Other Applications

A series connected power semiconductor array, with digital control capability could be used for developing single phase AC regulators or other applications such as AC electronic loads. This technique together with an ordinary gapless transformer could be used to develop a low cost AC voltage regulator (AVR) to provide better or comparable specifications with bulky ferro-resonant AVR types. One primary advantage of the technique is that digital control can be used to minimize harmonics. Commencing with a review of AC voltage regulator techniques for single phase power conditioning systems, an analysis and design aspects of this technique is presented with experimental results for AVRs. Guidelines on how to utilize the technique in a generalized basis is also summarized together with a summary of a technique for achieving harmonic control.

电流源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器研究

提出了基于反激Flyback变换器的电流源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器电路结构与拓扑族。该电路结构由输入周波变换器、高频储能式变压器、输出周波变换器以及输入、输出周波变换器构成,能够将一种不稳定畸变的交流电变换成同频率稳定的正弦交流电压;该电路拓扑族包括单四象限功率开关式、推挽式、半桥式、全桥式等四种电路。以单四象限功率开关式电路拓扑为例,分析研究了这类变换器工作模式、稳态原理与电压瞬时值反馈控制策略,给出了变换器的外特性曲线、关键电路参数设计准则。原理试验结果证实了这类变换器新概念的正确性与先进性。

双极性移相控制电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器研究

提出了一类双极性移相控制电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器,以半桥全波式电路拓扑为例,深入研究了这类变换器的稳态工作原理,获得了变换器功率器件实现软开关的设计准则。借助输出周波变换器换流重叠、输入电网电压极性选择和输出滤波电感电流极性选择,实现了变压 器漏感能量和输出滤波电感电流的自然换流,解决了周波变换器固有的电压过冲和环流问题,实现了输入周波变换器功率器件的ZVS开关和输出周波变换器功率器件的ZCS开关,为获得新型正弦交流稳压器和电子变压器奠定了关键技术基础。仿真与原理试验结果均证实了这类变换器的正确性与先进性。

单极性移相控制电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器研究

该文首次提出并深入研究了基于正激Forward变换器 的单极性移相控制电压源高频交流环节AC/AC变换器。这类变换器由输入周波变换器、高频变压器、输出周波变换器、以及输入、输出滤波器构成。输入周波变换器将输入不稳定劣质的交流电压调制成双极性三态的高频交流电压,输出周波变换器将此高频交流电压解调成单极性三态SPWM波,经输出滤波后得到稳定优质的正弦交流电压。通过输入周波变换器右桥臂相对左桥臂的移相,让输出周波变换器功率开关在输入周波变换器输出的高频交流电压为零期间进行换流,并借助输出周波变换器换流重叠和输入电压极性选择,从而实现了变压器漏感能量和输出滤波电感电流的自然换流、输出周波变换器的ZVS开关。详细分析了这类交换器在1个高频开关周期内的12个工作模式及其等效电路,获得了变换器外特性曲线与关键电路参数设计准则。原理试验结果证实了这类交换器新概念,为实现新型电子变压器、正弦交流稳压器和交流调压器奠定了基础。