Research on Scheduling Strategy of Flexible Interconnection Distribution Network Considering Distributed Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research on power electronic transformer applied in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks

The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.

Two-stage Optimal Dispatching of AC/DC Hybrid Active Distribution Systems Considering Network Flexibility

The increasing flexibility of active distribution systems(ADSs)coupled with the high penetration of renewable distributed generators(RDGs)leads to the increase of the complexity.It is of practical significance to achieve the largest amount of RDG penetration in ADSs and maintain the optimal operation.This study establishes an alternating current(AC)/direct current(DC)hybrid ADS model that considers the dynamic thermal rating,soft open point,and distribution network reconfiguration(DNR).Moreover,it transforms the optimal dispatching into a second-order cone programming problem.Considering the different control time scales of dispatchable resources,the following two-stage dispatching framework is proposed.d dispatch uses hourly input data with the goal(1)The day-ahea of minimizing the grid loss and RDG dropout.It obtains the optimal 24-hour schedule to determine the dispatching plans for DNR and the energy storage system.(2)The intraday dispatch uses 15-min input data for 1-hour rolling-plan dispatch but only executes the first 15 min of dispatching.To eliminate error between the actual operation and dispatching plan,the first 15 min is divided into three 5-min step-by-step executions.The goal of each step is to trace the tie-line power of the intraday rolling-plan dispatch to the greatest extent at the minimum cost.The measured data are used as feedback input for the rolling-plan dispatch after each step is executed.A case study shows that the comprehensive cooperative ADS model can release the line capacity,reduce losses,and improve the penetration rate of RDGs.Further,the two-stage dispatching framework can handle source-load fluctuations and enhance system stability.

Battery Storage Configuration of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Networks

The upscaling requirements of energy transition highlight the urgent need for ramping up renewables and boosting system efficiencies.However,the stochastic nature of excessive renewable energy resources has challenged stable and efficient operation of the power system.Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)have been identified as critical to mitigate random fluctuations,unnecessary green energy curtailment and load shedding with rapid response and flexible connection.On the other hand,an AC/DC hybrid distribution system can offer merged benefits in both AC and DC subsystems without additional losses during AC/DC power conversion.Therefore,configuring BESSs on an AC/DC distribution system is wellpositioned to meet challenges brought by carbon reductions in an efficient way.A bi-level optimization model of BESS capacity allocation for AC/DC hybrid distribution systems,considering the flexibility of voltage source converters(VSCs)and power conversion systems(PCSs),has been established in this paper to address the techno-economic issues that hindered wide implementation.The large-scale nonlinear programming problem has been solved utilizing a genetic algorithm combined with second-order cone programming.Rationality and effectiveness of the model have been verified by setting different scenarios through case studies.Simulation results have demonstrated the coordinated operation of BESS and AC/DC hybrid systems can effectively suppress voltage fluctuations and improve the cost-benefit of BESSs from a life cycle angle.

Reverse Droop Control-based Smooth Transfer Strategy for Interface Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Networks

Hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are promising candidates for future applications due to their rapid advancement in power electronics technology.They use interface converters(IFCs)to link DC and AC distribution networks.However,the networks possess drawbacks with AC voltage and frequency offsets when transferring from grid-tied to islanding modes.To address these problems,this paper proposes a simple but effective strategy based on the reverse droop method.Initially,the power balance equation of the distribution system is derived,which reveals that the cause of voltage and frequency offsets is the mismatch between the IFC output power and the rated load power.Then,the reverse droop control is introduced into the IFC controller.By using a voltage-active power/frequency-reactive power(U-P/f-Q)reverse droop loop,the IFC output power enables adaptive tracking of the rated load power.Therefore,the AC voltage offset and frequency offset are suppressed during the transfer process of operational modes.In addition,the universal parameter design method is discussed based on the stability limitations of the control system and the voltage quality requirements of AC critical loads.Finally,simulation and experimental results clearly validate the proposed control strategy and parameter design method.

Bi-objective optimal active and reactive power flow management in grid-connected AC/DC hybrid microgrids using metaheuristic-PSO

In the context of evolving energy needs and environmental concerns,efficient management of distributed energy resources within microgrids has gained prominence.This paper addresses the optimization of power flow management in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid through an energy management system driven by particle swarm optimization.Unlike traditional approaches that focus solely on active power distribution,our energy management system optimizes both active and reactive power allocation among sources.By leveraging 24-hour-ahead forecasting data encompassing load predictions,tariff rates and weather conditions,our strategy ensures an economically and environmentally optimized microgrid operation.Our proposed energy management system has dual objectives:minimizing costs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Through optimized operation of polluting sources and efficient utilization of the energy storage system,our approach achieved significant cost savings of~15%compared with the genetic algorithm coun-terpart.This was largely attributed to the streamlined operation of the gas turbine system,which reduced fuel consumption and associated expenses.Moreover,particle swarm optimization maintained the efficiency of the gas turbine by operating at~80%of its nominal power,effectively lowering greenhouse gas emissions.The effectiveness of our proposed strategy is validated through simu-lations conducted using the MATLAB®software environment.

Coordinated voltage regulation of hybrid AC/DC medium voltage distribution networks

In a hybrid AC/DC medium voltage distribution network, distributed generations(DGs), energy storage systems(ESSs), and the voltage source converters(VSCs)between AC and DC lines, have the ability to regulate node voltages in real-time. However, the voltage regulation abilities of above devices are limited by their ratings. And the voltage regulation efficiencies of these devices are also different. Besides, due to high r/x ratio, node voltages are influenced by both real and reactive power. In order to achieve the coordinated voltage regulation in a hybrid AC/DC distribution network, a priority-based real-time control strategy is proposed based on the voltage control effect of real and reactive power adjustment. The equivalence of real and reactive power adjustment on voltage control is considered in control area partition optimization, in which regulation efficiency and capability are taken as objectives.In order to accommodate more DGs, the coordination of controllable devices is achieved according to voltage sensitivities. Simulations studies are performed to verify the proposed method.

Cyber-physical Power System Modeling for Timing-driven Control of Active Distribution Network

In a cyber-physical power system, active distribution network(ADN) facilitates the energy control through hierarchical and distributed control system(HDCS). Various researches have dedicated to develop the control strategies of primary devices of ADN. However, an ADN demonstration project shows that the information transmission of HDCS may cause time delay and response lag, and little model can describe both the ADN primary device and HDCS as a cyber-physical system(CPS). In this paper, a hybrid system based CPS model is proposed to describe ADN primary devices, control information flow, and HDCS. Using the CPS model, the energy process of primary devices and the information process of HDCS are optimized by model predictive control(MPC) methodology to seamlessly integrate the energy flow and the information flow. The case study demonstrates that the proposed CPS model can accurately reflect main features of HDCS, and the control technique can effectively achieve the operation targets on primary devices despite the fact that HDCS brings adverse effects to control process.

Day-ahead scheduling based on reinforcement learning with hybrid action space

Driven by the improvement of the smart grid,the active distribution network(ADN)has attracted much attention due to its characteristic of active management.By making full use of electricity price signals for optimal scheduling,the total cost of the ADN can be reduced.However,the optimal dayahead scheduling problem is challenging since the future electricity price is unknown.Moreover,in ADN,some schedulable variables are continuous while some schedulable variables are discrete,which increases the difficulty of determining the optimal scheduling scheme.In this paper,the day-ahead scheduling problem of the ADN is formulated as a Markov decision process(MDP)with continuous-discrete hybrid action space.Then,an algorithm based on multi-agent hybrid reinforcement learning(HRL)is proposed to obtain the optimal scheduling scheme.The proposed algorithm adopts the structure of centralized training and decentralized execution,and different methods are applied to determine the selection policy of continuous scheduling variables and discrete scheduling variables.The simulation experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Performance Analysis of Grid Connected and Islanded Modes of AC/DC Microgrid for Residential Home Cluster

This paper presents performance analysis on hybrid AC/DC microgrid networks for residential home cluster. The design of the proposed microgrid includes comprehensive types of Distributed Generators (DGs) as hybrid power sources (wind, Photovoltaic (PV) solar cell, battery, fuel cell). Details about each DG dynamic modeling are presented and discussed. The customers in home cluster can be connected in both of the operating modes: islanded to the microgrid or connected to utility grid. Each DG has appended control system with its modeling that will be discussed to control DG performance. The wind turbine will be controlled by AC control system within three sub-control systems: 1) speed regulator and pitch control, 2) rotor side converter control, and 3) grid side converter control. The AC control structure is based on PLL, current regulator and voltage booster converter with using of photovoltaic Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and inverters to connect to the grid. The DC control system is mainly based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller and boost converter connected to the PV array block and in order to control the system. The case study is used to analyze the performance of the proposed microgrid. The buses voltages, active power and reactive power responses are presented in both of grid-connected and islanded modes. In addition, the power factor, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and modulation index are calculated.

考虑SOC的混合储能功率分配与自适应虚拟惯性控制

电力电子化的直流配电网存在低惯性问题,不利于系统稳定运行。混合储能设备可向电网提供虚拟惯性,但不同类型的储能之间存在功率协调问题,并且储能的荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)对虚拟惯性的调节也有约束作用。针对上述问题,提出了一种自适应时间常数的分频控制策略,时间常数根据混合储能系统(hybridenergy storage system, HESS)的SOC而动态调整以改变功率分配。首先,通过分析储能SOC与虚拟惯性的关系,并考虑储能充放电极限问题,研究兼顾SOC、电压变化率以及电压幅值的自适应虚拟惯性控制策略,提高系统惯性。然后,建立控制系统的小信号模型,分析虚拟惯性系数对系统的影响。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建直流配电网仿真模型,验证了所提控制策略能合理分配HESS功率,提高超级电容器利用率,改善直流电压与功率稳定性。

含SOP的交直流混合配电网日前优化调度

为实现交直流混合配电网的高效运行,提出一种含智能软开关的交直流配电网优化调度方法。在对应用于交直流配电网的智能软开关工作原理进行阐述的基础上,建立含智能软开关的交直流配电网优化调度模型。通过线性化和凸松弛技术,将所建立的非线性优化模型转化为二阶锥规划模型,并且采用改进的50节点算例分析验证模型的有效性。算例结果表明,基于所建模型得到的智能软开关运行策略能够降低配电网运行损耗及改善电压越限的情况,显著提高混合配电网的经济性。

基于线性化方法的交直流混合配电系统网架规划

随着配电系统中直流设备的大量接入,交直流混合配电系统得到越来越广泛的应用。为适应交直流混合配电系统中不同交直流(AC/DC)类型的负荷或电源的接入,提出一种新的交直流混合配电系统网架结构规划方法,该方法考虑了网架交直流配置的所有可能性。首先以二进制网络矩阵描述配电系统的网架结构;其次建立网架单层规划模型,将规划变量和运行变量同时进行优化以提升全局寻优能力;最后将单层规划模型进行线性化处理,转换为混合整数线性规划问题以提升求解效率。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够为配电系统中不同交直流类型的负荷和电源的接入提供最佳的网架配置方案,相比于传统的纯交流规划方案具有更好的经济性和供电能力,在算法上与经典遗传算法求解的双层规划方法相比,具有更好的全局寻优能力和计算效率。

含新能源和电动汽车充电站并网的主动配电网无功优化模型

针对新能源和电动汽车充电站规模化并网引起的无功优化问题,首先建立以主动配电网运行成本和电压偏差最小,系统稳定性最优的多目标无功优化模型。其次,基于PV曲线上、下半支解的接近程度,提出一种新的静态电压稳定性指标,以改善系统电压稳定性。最后,采用具有交叉反馈机制的混合优化算法对模型进行求解,并提出一种基于Tent混沌映射和自适应变异算子的改进飞蛾扑火算法提高求解效率。仿真结果表明,所提模型在降低系统运行成本,减少电压波动的同时,还能提高系统稳定性,且该混合优化算法能够快速、准确地求解混合整数的非凸、非线性优化模型。

考虑光伏随机性的交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域模型

为实现高比例光伏接入下交直流混合配电网的安全评估,构建了交直流混合配电网的鲁棒机会约束安全域模型。首先,提出一种基于区间划分的自适应带宽核密度估计方法,以获取光伏预测误差概率分布,构建光伏出力机会约束不确定集合;其次,采用功率与节点电压幅值比值为状态变量,在已有交流线性化潮流模型的基础上推导一种交直流混合配电网线性化潮流模型;然后,提出交直流混合配电网鲁棒机会约束安全域的概念和模型,结合列与约束生成算法和径向迭代搜索算法生成可观测的鲁棒机会约束安全域空间。最后,算例分析验证了所提模型能够在鲁棒机会约束安全域上准确、直观的反映光伏出力的随机性,进而为交直流混合配电网的准确安全评估提供支撑。

高比例分布式可再生能源交直流混合配电网运行调控:科学问题与技术框架

随着分布式可再生能源发电与中低压直流组网技术的快速发展,未来配电网必然向复杂的交直流混合形态演进,其运行调控技术面临许多新的挑战。在高比例分布式可再生能源交直流混合配电网(HR-HDN)运行调控技术发展需求分析的基础上,提炼出HR-HDN运行调控技术的3个科学问题,并以多类型可控设备协同、源-网-荷-储高度互动化和市场化需求为研究主线,从稳定控制、故障主动防御与恢复、电力市场机制辅助调控以及“平台+数据”数字化集成调控4个方面,提出了HR-HDN的运行调控技术框架。最后,对HR-HDN运行调控关键技术的未来发展进行了展望。

基于固态断路器主动注入式直流故障测距方法

随着直流配电网的快速发展与深化应用,准确可靠的故障测距技术对直流故障检修和恢复至关重要。该文提出一种基于固态断路器(SSCB)主动注入式直流故障测距方法。首先,利用SSCB开断主动注入不同脉冲宽度的信号,并检测注入脉冲首末端和反射波首末端的时间差作为注入波形传播时间间隔,能够减小采样频率带来的误差。然后,提取电缆线路电压线模量作为检测量,削弱正负极线路之间的耦合作用,获得稳定波速。最后,基于小波变换原理提出改进自适应模极大值方法来检测脉冲首末端时刻,减小噪声和过渡电阻对测距精度的影响。仿真结果表明,基于SSCB主动注入式测距方法在直流配电网单极接地和极间短路故障情况下均能够实现准确且快速的定位。

基于混合强化学习的主动配电网故障恢复方法

针对高比例新能源接入的配电网故障恢复问题,提出一种基于混合强化学习的主动配电网故障恢复方法。首先,以故障损失最小为恢复目标、配电网安全运行要求为约束条件,构造主动配电网的故障恢复模型;其次,建立用于故障恢复的强化学习环境,根据状态空间和动作空间特点,提出一种混合强化学习方法,该方法使用竞争架构双深度Q网络算法处理离散动作空间,进行开关动作;然后,使用深度确定性策略梯度算法处理连续动作空间,调节电源出力;最后,通过IEEE33节点系统仿真实验验证所提方法的可行性和优越性。

The Averaged-value Model of a Flexible Power Electronics Based Substation in Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Systems

The concept of a flexible power electronics substation(FPES)was first applied in the Zhangbei DC distribution network demonstration project.As a multi-port power electronics transformer(PET)with different AC and DC voltage levels,the FPES has adopted a novel topology integrating modular multilevel converter(MMC)and four-winding medium frequency transformer(FWMFT)based multiport DC-DC converter,which can significantly reduce capacitance in each sub-module(SM)of a MMC and also save space and cost.In this paper,in order to accelerate speed of electromagnetic transient(EMT)simulations of FPES based hybrid AC/DC distribution systems,an averaged-value model(AVM)is proposed for efficient and accurate representation of FPES.Assume that all SM capacitor voltages are perfectly balanced in the MMC,then the MMC behavior can be modeled using controlled voltage sources based on modulation voltages from control systems.In terms of the averaged current transfer characteristics among the windings of the FWMFT,we consider that all multiport DC-DC converters are controlled with the same dynamics,a lumped averaged model using controlled current and voltage sources has been developed for these four-port DC-DC converters connected to the upper or lower arms of the MMC.The presented FPES AVM model has been tested and validated by comparison with a detailed IGBT-based EMT model.Results show that the AVM is significantly more efficient while maintaining its accuracy in an EMT simulation.

考虑柔性资源多维价值标签的交直流配电网灵活调度

可再生能源高渗透率使得交直流配电网面临严重的随机性和波动性,充分挖掘柔性资源调控潜力可以有效地降低可再生能源带来的网络运行风险。针对当前交直流配电网优化调度主要考虑电压源型换流器(VSC)的调控能力,对VSC与柔性资源协同研究不足的问题,提出一种考虑柔性资源多维价值标签的交直流配电网灵活调度方法。首先,考虑柔性资源调控特性差异,构建了包含响应时段、调节能力、调节成本及响应意愿的多维价值标签评估体系,准确全面地评估柔性资源聚合调控潜力范围;其次,以运行成本最小为目标函数,柔性资源多维价值标签为约束,建立交直流配电网两阶段鲁棒日前优化调度模型,并采用嵌套列和约束生成算法(C&CG)及强对偶理论进行求解;最后,通过改进的IEEE 33节点交直流配电网仿真结果表明,所提方法能够充分发挥柔性资源的调控潜力和协同能力,同时可有效提高模型求解效率和求解精度。