不平衡电网下AC-DC矩阵变换器的新型模型预测控制

为降低AC-DC矩阵变换器在输入不平衡条件下网侧有功功率波动,以及离散型模型预测控制中开关频率不固定的问题,提出一种新型模型预测控制方法。通过根据电网电流相位角选择有效矢量,避免了传统模型预测控制评估价值函数计算的负担。提出了一种二阶扩展复数卡尔曼滤波器,计算精度可以达到泰勒级数展开的二阶项,新型模型预测控制能够在不平衡电网系统中应用。仿真结果表明:所提控制策略在输入电压不平衡工况下,能够有效抑制网侧电流谐波,稳定系统输出的有功功率,并且表现出良好的性能。

Research on Scheduling Strategy of Flexible Interconnection Distribution Network Considering Distributed Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Technology and engineering application of cross area HVDC interconnection system high-precision simulation modeling based on ADPSS

In recent years, a large number of high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission projects have been connected to AC systems. This has started to have an impact on AC/DC hybrid power grids, particularly receiving terminal power grids. An HVDC system is a large-scale power electronic integrated nonlinear system, and it includes a primary system and a control and protection system. Hence, the precision and degree of detail of HVDC systems directly affect the actual effect of simulation. In recent years, in the case of the normal operation and failure of AC power grids, the abnormal fluctuation and even locking of HVDC systems caused by the inappropriate strategies of the control and protection system component have strongly affected power grids. This has significantly affected the safety and stability of receiving power grids and normal operation. In this study, the actual engineering HVDC control logic provided by a manufacturer is analyzed and simulated based on the user defined component library of the ADPSS electromagnetic transient calculation program, and an HVDC control model based on an actual system is established. The accuracy of the DC control custom model based on ADPSS is verified through the simulation of an actual power grid.

Practice and Prospect of AC/DC Hybrid Power Grid in Southern China

China Southern Power Grid is a unique EHV AC/DC hybrid transmission network that operates in China. In its service area, the distribution of energy resources and the development of economy are extremely unbalanced, so long-distance and bulk power transmission are needed; besides, the geography and climate conditions are serious, rains, fogs, lightning and typhoon as well as high temperature are common all the year round. Facing these challenges, the power grid enhanced stability control, improved the equipment and strengthen the network structure. In the future, the power grid plans to optimize the disposition of power sources and build digitalized power system.

交直流混合微电网中AC/DC双向功率变流器的新控制策略

交直流混合微电网中的AC/DC双向变流器,对系统的稳定运行和功率的协调分配有着重要作用。为了使直流微电网部分作为一个电压功率可控的单元接入交流母线,提出了一种新的AC/DC双向变流器控制策略,用于平衡交直流微电网间的功率流动并提高系统联网和孤岛运行的稳定性及可控性。在联网模式时,新方法基于dq坐标系,通过直流侧电压外环给定内环直轴电流参考值,进而控制功率流动和联网运行。孤岛模式时,新方法以交直流母线的电压差值作为外环,控制功率在交直流母线间的流动,使其互为支撑,提高系统稳定性。与传统的并网控制不同,新方法在电压控制的基础上引入有功功率控制项,很好地解决了并网时功率流动的问题。通过对双向变流器及其控制策略的分析研究,给出新方法的状态方程及控制框图。仿真结果证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。

电流畸变时AC/DC双向功率变换器的控制策略

在交直流混合微电网中,通过电力电子接口接入的可再生能源和非线性负载会使交流母线电流发生畸变。因此,要求AC/DC双向功率变换器不仅能可靠变换功率以保证交直流子网功率平衡,而且能抑制交流母线谐波电流。该文基于Fryze-Buchholz-Depenbrock(FBD)功率理论的谐波电流检测法,提出一种可以治理交流母线谐波电流的AC/DC双向功率变换器控制策略。该控制策略在实现交直流子网功率传输及母线电压稳定的基础上,还可以通过AC/DC双向功率变换器治理交流母线谐波电流,保证微电网具有良好的电能质量。最后通过仿真和实验验证了该控制策略的有效性。

交直流混合微电网中双向AC/DC变换器模型预测控制策略

基于模型预测控制理论,提出一种应用于交直流混合微电网的双向AC/DC变换器控制策略,用来平衡交直流子网间的能量流动,使系统能够安全可靠运行。为此,建立双向AC/DC变换器的动态模型,在变换器电压空间矢量有限的条件下,根据系统离散时间模型来预测系统下一采样时刻的输出值,利用价值函数确定开关管的状态。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略可行、有效。

交直流微电网AC/DC双向功率变换器控制策略

为了实现交直流混合微电网的可靠并网,基于微电网中AC/DC双向功率变换器下垂控制策略和预同步工作原理,提出一种适用于混合微电网中连接交直流子网的AC/DC双向功率变换器的控制策略。孤岛/并网模式时采用双向下垂控制实现双向功率流动。在由孤岛模式转为并网模式时,利用消除dq轴电压偏差实现幅值与相位同步,无需通过锁相环获取相位信息,实现平滑并网。同时,针对微电网中由于不平衡负载导致的三相不平衡工况,采用正负序分别控制的方法实现了非理想工况下微电网的同步互联。仿真结果验证了该方案的可行性。

联接弱交流电网MMC-HVDC系统的直流功率传输能力提升方法

模块化多电平换流器高压直流输电(modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)由于具备自换相能力,尤其适用于向弱交流电网供电。交流系统强度降低时,会制约系统的直流功率传输能力,甚至导致系统失稳。针对联接弱交流电网时MMC-HVDC系统功率传输受限的问题,建立了状态空间与直流阻抗模型,从时域、频域两方面研究了交流系统强度对直流功率传输能力的影响,明确了弱交流电网工况下功率传输受限的原因。基于参与因子定位结果,提出了在定直流电压控制环节引入直流电流反馈的功率传输能力提升方法,从时域、频域两方面对控制策略的提升作用进行了机理分析,并定量得出了控制参数的可行域及功率传输能力的最大提升水平。该方法在避免稳态误差的前提下,有效提升了MMC-HVDC系统的直流功率传输能力。

Route designs and cost estimation for Japan-Russia and Japan-South Korea interconnections

This paper describes route designs and cost estimation for possible interconnections between Japan-Russia and between Japan-South Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has conducted a desktop study to design several cable routes as possible options. To optimize the route, the group studied a wide range of open data, regarding sea depth, fishery zones, geographic condition, available transmission capacity in connecting points inside Japan and so on. The result of desktop study shows that it is possible to keep sea depth for planned routes less than 300 m and length for most of designed routes is less than 600 km. Compare to existing undersea cables in Europe, proposed routes are not challenging from technical and geological viewpoints.The study shows that investment cost range, including cost for grid enhancement inside Japan, is from around 200 bn JPY to 600 bn JPY, depending on the routes. Annualized cost range is from around 8 to 24 bn JPY(for 25-year operation), which is not so large compare to 1800 bn JPY-average annual investment in transmission infrastructure by 10 power utilities in the past 23 years.

三相并网DC/AC变换器控制策略研究

并网变换器拓扑结构和控制方法的选择和设计对并网效率、谐波含量、并网质量等产生重要影响,直接影响并网系统的安全性和可靠性。提出基于前馈解耦的电压电流双闭环三相并网变换器控制策略,使输出电压能够快速跟踪额定输出电压,达到所需要输出电压的标准,提高输出电压响应速度,并实现无静差。通过建立三相并网变换器在dq轴坐标系下的数学模型,引入前馈解耦控制,建立电压控制器和电流控制器的输出解耦数学模型,并分析前馈解耦控制的原理,采用电压、电流双闭环实现系统的控制。电压调节器的输出作为有功电流的给定值,电流调节器用来独立调节系统的有功、无功电流,使系统的有功、无功电流实时跟踪指令电流值。利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建三相并网变换器控制模型,分析开关的脉冲信号、LC滤波前后电压、电流和谐波等,验证了所提控制方式的正确性和有效性。

Complete Localization of HVDC Back-to-Back Project Realized

The first completely localized DC back-to-back project for asynchronous interconnection between Northwest and Central China plays an important role in realizing national power grid interconnection, spurring indigenous manufacturing industries and promoting DC transmission equipment. Insisting on the principle of autonomous innovation, this project was based on domestic forces in every aspect, from engineering organization, system design, equipment completion, engineering design, equipment manufacturing and procurement to construction and debugging. By passing through strict quality control, intermediate supervision and acceptance test and assessment, the project has been proved up to world advanced level.

DC/AC工况下的直流电能计量误差分析

随着直流输配电网的进一步推广,直流电能表将逐渐作为贸易结算的依据,其准确性有待进一步验证。基于具体工况的直流电能表设计及计量研究是提高电能表准确性和合理性的有效方法。探讨了DC/AC支路模块接入直流配电网工况条件下应用的电参数特征,分析了直流电能表在DC/AC直流端的电流特征,根据当前电能计量芯片大都基于瞬时积分法原理进行电能计量的现实,利用瞬时积分原理推导了DC/AC支路模块接入直流配电网工况条件下的电能计量过程,搭建了相应的仿真电路进行了验证。结果表明:DC/AC支路模块直流电压、电流存在不同频率的交流分量时,直流计量将产生误差。

基于能量回馈并网系统的双向AC/DC变换器设计

传统能耗型电池化成设备采用不控整流技术,能量只能单相流动,并且对电网产生谐波污染。采用单相电压型PWM整流器与推挽全桥两级拓扑结构,设计一种放电能量回馈型并网变换器。运用电压、电流双闭环控制算法,实现电池充放电功能以及能量回馈并网;给出变换器主功率参数计算、选型;最后进行样机实验。实验结果表明:所设计的双向AC/DC变换器可以实现能量回馈并网,且充放电过程无缝切换。

基于首行波曲率半径的交直流互联电网交流输电线路单端量保护

交直流互联电网中逆变侧交流输电线路故障特征与纯交流系统具有较大的差异性,传统交流输电线路的保护方案已经不再适用于逆变侧交流输电线路.首先,基于逆变侧交流输电线路发生区内、外故障时拓扑结构的不同,分别推导了两种情况下线模故障分量电流首行波的表达式,理论上明确了交流输电线路在发生区内、外故障时首行波波形特征的差异性.其次,采用小波变换模极大值法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法提取首行波曲率半径,构造了利用首行波曲率半径进行故障区域识别的高可靠性单端量保护方案.最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建交直流互联电网模型,使用MATLAB对保护方案进行验证.仿真结果表明:所提保护方案快速有效,可靠性高,耐受过渡电阻的能力较强,具有良好的抗噪声能力.

考虑条件风险价值的交直流系统两阶段分布鲁棒低碳经济优化调度

考虑到海上风电出力的随机性以及日益突出的生态环境问题,以含柔性直流输电技术(voltagesource converter high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统为研究对象,提出了考虑条件风险价值(conditional valueatrisk,CVaR)的两阶段分布鲁棒低碳经济优化模型,构建了基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度的概率分布模糊集,同时利用条件风险价值量化了极端场景下的尾部风险,使得模型能够同时考虑概率分布不确定性以及处于最坏概率分布中极端场景下的尾部损失;此外,将阶梯型碳交易机制并入所提分布鲁棒模型中,通过合理利用柔性资源和储能装置,增强系统运行的灵活性,在兼顾运行风险的前提下,降低碳排放量的目标。再者,为了提高计算效率,在列和约束生成算法(column-and-constraint generation method,C&CG)和Multi-cut Benders分解算法的基础上提出了双循环分解算法。最后,在基于改进的IEEE RTS 79测试系统中验证了所提模型及算法的有效性。

构网型和跟网型电力电子装备混联系统惯量响应的匹配问题综述

构网型和跟网型电力电子装备具有异质化调频特性,导致2类装备交直流混联系统惯量响应阶段的动态交互作用机理复杂,传统的惯量参数匹配原则难以优化系统频率响应的问题。阐述了电力电子装备系统的惯量响应匹配问题,并对现有电压源型变流器的调频控制方法进行了概述。从功频响应分析方法、调频功率分配原则和频率响应特性3个方面对电力电子装备系统惯量配置问题的研究现状展开梳理。对电力电子装备混联系统的统一建模及惯量响应匹配问题提出了研究思路,旨在通过惯量支撑功率的匹配控制提升低惯量电力系统的频率稳定性,从系统层面为高比例电力电子装备友好并网提供基础理论和关键技术支撑。

含多类型直流的交直流混联电网潮流计算方法适用性分析

作为电网发展的新阶段,交直流混联电网呈现多类型直流参与、大规模交直流互联的特点,而关于统一迭代和交替迭代2种潮流计算方法的适用性尚未得到深入分析。为此基于含多类型直流的交直流混联电网对2种潮流计算方法的运算性能进行对比研究。推导了含常规直流、柔性直流、混合直流的交直流混联电网潮流模型,进而提出了相应的统一迭代法和交替迭代法。通过3个交直流混联电网测试系统和南方电网实际系统数据验证了潮流模型的有效性和潮流算法的准确性,结合系统负荷水平、系统强度、直流嵌入规模等因素对2种潮流计算方法的收敛性能和计算速度进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在含多类型直流的交直流混联电网中进行潮流计算时,统一迭代法的计算效率比交替迭代法高。

互联电网短路电流在线分析与优化决策方法

在线分析技术是应对交直流电网短路电流超标和随机波动问题的重要手段。结合调度自动化系统的建模范围和实时数据采集情况,提出在线短路电流计算原则和超标判据;通过日前和实时短路电流多目标逐级优化决策,提升短路电流优化策略对电网时变性和复杂性的适应能力;构建在线短路电流分析和优化控制系统功能架构,通过调度端和厂站端功能集成实现短路电流可靠闭环控制。该方法实现了短路电流精细化分析、综合优化决策和精准闭环控制技术在实际电网的应用,通过对实际电网在线短路电流分析与优化控制系统运行结果的分析,验证了所述方法的有效性和实用性.

基于子网优先级驱动的交直流混合微网集群双向互联变流器分散式控制策略

随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提高,交直流混合微电网集群逐渐成为新型电力系统的弹性解决方案。考虑到实际运行中各子电网优先级和电能质量需求存在差异,该文提出一种基于子网优先级驱动的交直流混合微网集群双向互联变流器分散式控制策略,以实现系统的弹性功率交互。首先,通过将归一化的交流频率和直流电压值作为子电网的状态偏差因子,以最小化全局总偏差因子为目标构建了用于交直流混合微电网集群的最优电力交换模型,该模型充分考虑了子电网的优先级指数和供电容量;其次,基于最优电力交换目标,提出用于双向互联变流器的准下垂控制策略,由于该策略中双向互联变流器仅需检测本地交流频率/直流电压的状态偏差因子,因此可以实现对交直流混合微电网集群整体偏差因子最小化的分散式最优功率自主协同控制;最后,构造了两个仿真实例,并利用半实物仿真系统验证了所提策略的有效性。