Power flow calculation for a distribution system with multi-port PETs:an improved AC-DC decoupling iterative method

Recently,power electronic transformers(PETs)have received widespread attention owing to their flexible networking,diverse operating modes,and abundant control objects.In this study,we established a steady-state model of PETs and applied it to the power flow calculation of AC-DC hybrid systems with PETs,considering the topology,power balance,loss,and control characteristics of multi-port PETs.To address new problems caused by the introduction of the PET port and control equations to the power flow calculation,this study proposes an iterative method of AC-DC mixed power flow decoupling based on step optimization,which can achieve AC-DC decoupling and effectively improve convergence.The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the iterative method and overcomes the overcorrection and initial value sensitivity problems of conventional iterative algorithms.

Equivalent Method of Integrated Power Generation System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Energy Storage in Power Flow Calculation and Transient Simulation

针对工程实际开展风光储联合发电系统在潮流计算和机电暂态仿真中的等值方法研究，旨在为大容量风光储联合发电系统的并网仿真分析奠定基础。将潮流计算的等值分为单元机组和集电系统2部分来研究。单元机组等值采用根据不同控制模式选取不同节点类型的方法，针对集电系统等值提出基于损耗不变原则的方法。等值模型和详细模型的算例结果表明，潮流计算等值方法具有较好的精度。在机电暂态仿真动态等值中，基于实际工程计算的最严重工况分析原则，提出运行在满出力点的单机“倍乘”等值模型，为工程计算中的风光储联合发电系统动态等值提供了一种解决方案。

Analysis and management strategies for the low voltage problems of rural power grid based on the distribution network flow calculation method

For a long time, because of the lack of investment capital and enough attentions, the overall constructions of rural power grid were far behind than the urban power grid in Chongqing Jiangbei Power Company. The low voltage problems were highlighted in the rural power grid due to the characteristics of rural power grid. Using the distribution network flow calculation method, we evaluated the low voltage problems of the rural power grid which belongs to Chongqing Jiangbei Power Company. In addition, we collected the data of distribution transformers in electricity consumption peak period. Some practical management strategies were proposed by the analysis and evaluation of potential and appeared low voltage problems.

Research and application of a power-flow-calculation method in multiterminal VSC-HVDC power grid

For demonstrating a multiterminal voltage-source converter(VSC)-based high-voltage DC(HVDC)(VSCHVDC) project, this study puts forward a technical route for calculating the power flow in a 500-kV VSC-HVDC power grid in comparison with that of an AC power grid. The Jacobian matrix used in the power-flow calculation was deduced through methods such as Newton–Laphson iteration and Taylor series expansion. Further, the operation effect of powerflow calculation on a true bipolar VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed briefly. The elements of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to VSC were studied under the mode of droop control and the control strategy of VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed in detail. The power-flow calculation model for VSC-HVDC power grid of the master–slave control mode was simplified using the PQ decomposition method of the power-flow calculation of an AC power grid. Moreover, a four-terminal model of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC demonstration project was established and tested on MATLAB. The simulation results under two kinds of operating conditions were analyzed and compared to the results of BPA; the deviation between the power-flow results was studied. The results show that the proposed calculation method can provide a feasible support for calculating the power flow in VSC-HVDC grids.

The Optimal Power Flow Calculation of Power System Based on the Annealing Algorithm

The result of OPF whose task is to compute the voltage and angle of each node in power system is the basic of stability calculation and failure analysis in power system. For this goal, the idea of simulated annealing method is introduced, mixed with the greedy randomized algorithm (GRASP), and then the hybrid SA algorithm is obtained. The algorithm is applied to the multi-objective optimal power flow calculation of power system, and the effectiveness of the algorithm given in this paper is verified by analysis of examples.

A New Parallel Algorithm in Power Flow Calculation:Dynamic Asynchronous Parallel Algorithm

Based on the general methods in power flow calculation of power system and on conceptions and classifications of parallel algorithm, a new approach named Dynamic Asynchronous Parallel Algorithm that applies to the online analysis and real-time dispatching and controlling of large-scale power network was put forward in this paper. Its performances of high speed and dynamic following have been verified on IEEE-14 bus system.

Reactive Power Flow Convergence Adjustment Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Power flow calculation is the basis of power grid planning and many system analysis tasks require convergent power flow conditions.To address the unsolvable power flow problem caused by the reactive power imbalance,a method for adjusting reactive power flow convergence based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed.The deep reinforcement learning method takes switching parallel reactive compensation as the action space and sets the reward value based on the power flow convergence and reactive power adjustment.For the non-convergence power flow,the 500 kV nodes with reactive power compensation devices on the low-voltage side are converted into PV nodes by node type switching.And the quantified reactive power non-convergence index is acquired.Then,the action space and reward value of deep reinforcement learning are reasonably designed and the adjustment strategy is obtained by taking the reactive power non-convergence index as the algorithm state space.Finally,the effectiveness of the power flow convergence adjustment algorithm is verified by an actual power grid system in a province.

An Improved Method of the Energy Loss Calculation Considering the Volatility of Wind Power Generation

The energy loss of the power grid is one of the key factors affecting the economic operation of power systems. How to calculate the electric energy consumption accurately will have a great influence on the planning, operation and management of the power grid. Currently there is a mountain of theoretical methods to calculate the line loss of the power system. However, these methods have some limitation, such as less considering the volatility of wind power resources. This paper presents an improved method to calculate the energy loss of wind power generation, considering the fluctuations of wind power generation. First, data are collected to obtain the curve of the typical daily expected output of wind farms for one month. Second, the curve of the typical daily expected output are corrected by the average electricity and the shape factor to obtain the curve of the typical daily equivalent output of wind farms for one month. Finally, the power flow is calculated by using typical daily equivalent output curve to describe the energy loss for one month. The results in the 110 kV main network show that the method is feasible.

Convexification of Hybrid AC-DC Optimal Power Flow with Line-Commutated Converters

Line-commutated converter (LCC)-based high-voltage DC (HVDC) systems have been integrated with bulk AC power grids for interregional transmission of renewable power. The nonlinear LCC model brings additional nonconvexity to optimal power flow (OPF) of hybrid AC-DC power grids. A convexification method for the LCC station model could address such nonconvexity but has rarely been discussed. We devise an equivalent reformulation for classical LCC station models that facilitates second-order cone convex relaxation for the OPF of LCC-based AC-DC power grids. We also propose sufficient conditions for exactness of convex relaxation with its proof. Equivalence of the proposed LCC station models and properties, exactness, and effectiveness of convex relaxation are verified using four numerical simulations. Simulation results demonstrate a globally optimal solution of the original OPF can be efficiently obtained from relaxed model.

主动配电网潮流的全纯嵌入计算方法

配电网潮流计算是进行配电网规划和运行的重要基础。目前,配电网潮流求解方法主要有牛拉(Newton Raphson,NR)法和前推回代(forward backward substitution,FBS)法两大类,但NR法和FBS法在潮流收敛性和计算效率等方面均存在一定的不足。全纯嵌入法(holomorphic embedding method,HEM)是一种求解非线性潮流方程的新方法,它可以有效避免NR法和FBS法在配电网潮流求解过程中出现的上述问题,但现有HEM未充分考虑配电网中各类型分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)和智能软开关(soft open point,SOP)控制方式的多样性,且未构建计及负荷电压特性和频率特性的潮流模型,难以适用于不同运行模式下配电网潮流计算。针对上述问题,提出一种可求解含多类型DG和SOP且可运行在并网/孤岛模式的主动配电网统一全纯嵌入潮流计算方法。首先,根据负荷静态电压和频率特性,构建计及配电网频率和节点电压影响的负荷节点全纯嵌入潮流模型;其次,根据DG不同的控制方式以及配电网不同的运行模式,将DG所连节点等效为不同节点类型,构建各类DG的全纯嵌入潮流模型;再次,考虑SOP不同控制方式,构建SOP全纯嵌入潮流模型;从次,依据全纯嵌入潮流模型等式左右两侧同次幂级数系数相等原则,推导配电网各全纯函数幂级数系数的求解递推关系式,进而计算各全纯函数的各项幂级数系数,借助解析延拓理论求取电压和频率逼近值,实现配电网潮流的准确求解;最后,通过修改的IEEE-33节点测试系统和IEEE-123节点测试系统验证所提方法准确性和有效性。

基于改进仿射算法的主动配电网区间调度

针对高渗透率分布式可再生能源的不确定性和仿射算法结果的保守性影响调度计划的问题,提出基于改进仿射算法的主动配电网区间优化调度模型及其求解方法。以区间变量表征分布式可再生能源中风机和光伏出力的不确定性,利用带有误差修正机制的灰色马尔可夫模型得到风机和光伏出力的区间预测值。建立综合考虑主动配电网运行约束和灵活性指标,以综合运行费用最低和净负荷波动最小为目标的主动配电网多目标区间优化调度数学模型。在仿射算法的非线性运算中引入区间泰勒公式,提出一种改进仿射算法并将其应用于主动配电网潮流计算,并通过CPLEX和INTLAB对调度模型进行联合求解。修改的IEEE 33节点系统的仿真结果表明,区间优化调度可为调度人员提供更直观的主动配电网状态量上、下界信息,而且所提方法的计算效率更高,所得区间结果的保守性、可靠性和有效性更优。

电力系统全纯嵌入潮流的并行计算

潮流计算是电力系统规划和运行的基础,全纯嵌入潮流计算方法(HELM)因无需初值且具有全局收敛性,因而在电力系统潮流计算中受到极大关注。然而,采用HELM求解大规模电力系统潮流时,高维幂级数系数线性方程组求解和节点电压的幂级数有理的逼近计算量大、耗时久,是制约HELM计算效率提升的关键。为此,该文提出一种基于稳定双正交共轭梯度(BICGSTAB)和Aitken差分的电力系统全纯嵌入潮流并行计算方法,该方法首先采用近似逆预处理的BICGSTAB法并行迭代求解HELM的高维幂级数系数线性方程组,以快速计算节点电压的各阶幂级数系数;其次,借助Aitken差分法实现所有节点电压幂级数有理逼近值的并行计算;然后,基于CPU-GPU异构平台设计所提算法的并行流程,以实现大规模电力系统潮流的快速求解;最后,通过节点在1 354~13 802的不同规模测试系统对所提方法进行分析、验证。结果表明,所提电力系统潮流全纯嵌入并行计算方法可实现电力系统潮流的准确、快速求解。

基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的柔性直流系统潮流新算法

目的 为了解决当前柔性直流输电系统潮流算法求解效率低的问题,方法 首先提出基于七阶NR法的潮流算法,该算法相较于传统的潮流算法具有更高的收敛阶数,可以有效减少迭代次数,提高算法效率;其次,针对七阶NR法单步迭代计算量大的问题,提出基于七阶NR法与Broyden方法的改进算法,利用七阶NR法突出的收敛特性,减少迭代次数,同时保留Broyden方法单步迭代计算成本较低的优势,避免浪费计算能力,使计算效率得到较大提升;最后提出一种经验法则,以确定改进算法中高阶NR法的迭代次数。结果 使用经典和改进算法对修改后的IEEE标准算例进行仿真测试,结果表明:与经典NR法相比,交流和直流的改进算法潮流计算结果最大误差分别为1×10^(-8)和2×10^(-8);平均计算时间方面,在IEEE-14、IEEE-30、IEEE-57、IEEE-118共4种算例系统下,改进算法的平均计算时间比经典NR法的减少了约61%;当算例系统由双端变为三端和双馈入后,改进算法的迭代次数保持不变,计算时间分别增加0.352 ms和0.636 ms;在重负荷情况下,改进算法的计算效率最高,且预设迭代次数较简单,当负荷值达到2.992时,其计算时间仅为经典NR法的60%。结论 本文的改进算法具有与经典NR法相同的精确性,但在计算速度方面更有优势,且更有利于在重负荷等极端情况下使用。

分布式电源对配电网潮流计算的影响研究

配电中接入的分布式电源的增多,潮流计算时,传统的前推回代法无法满足精度要求。对系统研究发现,分布式电源的出力和接入位置对配电网的网损有不同的影响,阐述了分布式电源潮流计算模型,并引入了一种带有PV节点无功修正的分布式电源配电网潮流计算方法。通过对IEEE14节点系统进行仿真验证,证明了所提算法的有效性和收敛性。研究结果显示:新提出的方案和技术能够更加高效地解决带有分布式电源的配电网潮流问题。

应用图论建模输电网的电力现货市场出清模型

电力现货市场优化出清模型的难点是考虑安全约束的机组组合(security constrained unit commitment,SCUC)模型。构建一个好的SCUC模型以提升求解速度是长期以来的研究热点。随着省电力系统规模的不断发展,以及国内省间电力现货市场的运行,现货市场对于出清模型的求解效率需求更为突出。该文对机组组合模型的研究历程进行详细综述,总结提出机组运行出力约束、出力上限约束、爬坡约束强化建模的机组运行模型;基于图论在线性最优潮流计算中的应用,构建输电网的环流潮流计算模型并引入SCUC模型,最终构建了一套可进一步提升求解效率的电力现货市场出清模型。最后通过多个大规模算例的计算分析表明,所提模型在保证不损失求解精度的同时,可有效提升求解效率,且对于阻塞频发的电力系统,优越性更为明显。

面向交直流混联系统的潮流计算数据生成策略

随着电力系统中多类型直流线路占比的逐步提升,调度系统与异构平台间的潮流数据交换需求明显增大,亟需研究新形态下交直流混联系统的潮流计算数据生成问题。该文从拓扑转换、网络拓扑分析、设备建模以及数据生成策略4个主要步骤,实现含交直流系统的基于可扩展标记语言的通用信息模型(common information model/extensible markup language,CIM/XML)数据到潮流计算输入数据的转换。首先,该文从设备间开关拓扑的角度,进行深度优先算法(depth first search,DFS)搜索和设备拓扑拼接,实现开关/节点模型到母线/支路模型的转换;其次,在筛选出活拓扑岛、剔除不带电设备后,着重分析了CIM/XML中换流器建模对交直流节点选取的影响,进而提出了直流节点选取规则和具备普适性的直流数据生成策略。最后,以某地调度500kV及以上交直流网络导出的CIM/XML数据为算例,潮流计算结果与数据采集与监视控制系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)量测数据比对验证所提策略的有效性。

基于白箱树突网络的电压灵敏度实时计算方法

由于传统电压灵敏度计算需要以知晓精确网络参数为前提,近年来各类基于数据驱动的电压灵敏度拟合方法被相继提出。但现有方法针对新运行场景需要重复所有回归操作才能获得精确的灵敏度值,因此无法真正应用于灵敏度的实时计算。该文提出一种基于树突网络(dendrite net,DN)的电压灵敏度实时计算方法,基于DN拟合等价于泰勒展开的白箱性质,建立适用于任意运行场景的系统状态参数至节点电压的端到端映射。通过对基于DN的节点电压显性表达式进行提取和求导,最终形成只包含极少计算量的电压灵敏度显性表达式,将灵敏度计算速度提升至微秒级。其次,在基于DN的节点电压显性表达式中,各输入的一阶分量系数在任意运行场景下均保持恒定,可直接作为评判节点电压与状态参数相关性的评价指标。基于IEEE 118节点系统等3个不同规模算例的仿真计算结果证明该文方法的正确性和优越性。

MATpower在潮流计算教学中的应用

为加强学生对潮流计算的理解和掌握,研究了MATpower在潮流计算实验教学中的应用。设计了一个5机12节点的简单电力系统,介绍了其结构参数特点,详细说明了该系统基于MATpower的潮流计算程序的具体实现方法,分析了仿真后的数据结果;实验结果表明,该电力系统设计正确,潮流计算程序编写无误,真实反映了电力系统各变量的属性和内部规律。通过这一过程,强化了学生在潮流计算学习中需要注意的问题,加深了学生对潮流计算理论知识的理解,这对潮流计算的理论和实验教学具有重要意义。

贯通同相供电系统建模及运行特性分析

贯通同相供电系统可以取消全线电分相,实现牵引网不间断供电,对贯通同相供电系统进行建模和运行特性分析能够为系统的设计和优化提供理论依据。构建同相牵引变电所模型;建立能够灵活模拟不同拓扑结构和不同运行状态的贯通同相供电系统的链式电路模型;针对模型高效求解和导线载流量校验需求,提出一种改进的导体电流间接求解方法;基于构建的模型对贯通同相供电系统在空载和负载工况下的运行特性进行分析。研究结果表明,三相电压不平衡度的计算值与理论值相等,验证了模型的正确性;与既有导体电流计算方法相比,改进的导体电流间接求解方法的计算精度无差异,计算时间缩短为原来的1/3;潮流计算能够充分反映贯通同相供电系统的穿越功率以及牵引网电压、电流等特性。

含多类型直流的交直流混联电网潮流计算方法适用性分析

作为电网发展的新阶段,交直流混联电网呈现多类型直流参与、大规模交直流互联的特点,而关于统一迭代和交替迭代2种潮流计算方法的适用性尚未得到深入分析。为此基于含多类型直流的交直流混联电网对2种潮流计算方法的运算性能进行对比研究。推导了含常规直流、柔性直流、混合直流的交直流混联电网潮流模型,进而提出了相应的统一迭代法和交替迭代法。通过3个交直流混联电网测试系统和南方电网实际系统数据验证了潮流模型的有效性和潮流算法的准确性,结合系统负荷水平、系统强度、直流嵌入规模等因素对2种潮流计算方法的收敛性能和计算速度进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在含多类型直流的交直流混联电网中进行潮流计算时,统一迭代法的计算效率比交替迭代法高。