Experimental research on coal seam similar material proportion and its application

In this paper, the optimization design of the low strength mechanical test and orthogonal test have been analyzed in order to simulate the mechanical properties of thick and extra-thick coal seam accurately in a similar material simulation test. The results show that the specimen can reach a wider range of strength when cement has been used compared to that of gypsum, suggesting that cement is more suitable for making coal seam in similar material simulation tests. The uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive to cement than coal or sand. The proportion of coal and sand do not play a decisive role in uniaxial compressive strength. The uniaxial compressive strength and specimen density decrease as the mass percent of coal and aggregate–binder ratio rise. There is a positive correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and density. The No. 5 proportion(cement: sand: water: activated carbon: coal = 6:6:7:1.1:79.9)was chosen to be used in the similar material simulation test of steeply dipping and extra-thick coal seam with a density of 0.913 g/cm^3 and an uniaxial compressive strength of 0.076 MPa which are in accordance with the similarity theory. The phenomenon of overburden stratum movement, fracture development and floor pressure relief were obtained during the similar material simulation test by using the proportion.

Damage and failure characteristics of rock similar materials with pre-existing cracks

In order to further study the damage and failure mechanism for rock similar materials,this study investigated the mechanical properties and failure characteristics,law of damage space development,and damage evolution characteristics for rock similar materials with pre-existing cracks of varying length under uniaxial compression load.The equipment used in this study is the self-developed YYW-Ⅱ strain controlled unconfined compression apparatus and the PCIE-8 acoustic emission monitoring system.Results show that,as the length of pre-existing crack increases:(1) the peak and residual strength reduces,and the peak axial strain and the strain during the initial compression phase increases;(2) the major failure mode is changed from shear failure to tensile failure along a vertical plane that passes the middle of the pre-existing crack;(3) The damage increases during the stable and accelerated development stage,and the effect of the pre-existing cracks is more during the accelerated development stage than the stable development stage.

Application of ultrasonic in strength measurement of similar materials of limestone

Similar materials such as cement, gypsum and sand are options for simulating limestone characteristic.A series of reasonable proportions are chosen to do similar experiments of Karst roof based on the proportions testing of small samples indoors. Applying on ultrasonic, the velocities of transverse wave and vertical wave of similar samples have been inspected with the sound wave instrument. Dynamic modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of the samples have been educed. According to the testing data, the relationship between the transverse wave and vertical wave velocity, compressive strength and anti-bend strength are analyzed. It has been proved that the vertical wave velocity is better for reflecting compressive strength and anti-bend strength of similar materials than the transverse wave velocity. The vertical wave velocity increases with the strengthand dynamic modulus of elasticity.

Similar material simulation of time series system for induced caving of roof in continuous mining under backfill

With the help of similar material simulation test,time series system for induced caving of roof in continuous mining under complex backfill in ore body No.92 of Tongkeng Tin Mine was studied. According to the similarity theory,a two-dimensional similar simulation test-bed was constructed. The stress and displacement that change along with the advance of mining were acquired and analyzed automatically by data system. The processes of continuous mining of ore-block in 5 intervals and artificial induced caving of roof were simulated. The results of the test show that ore body remained as safety roof in thickness of 15 m guarantees the safe advance of stoping work face. Caving of safety roof puts in practice at the first two mining intervals when the third interval of continuous mining is finished,and one interval as the safety distance should be kept all the time between stopping and caving. While mining in the last interval,pre-slotting should be implemented first of all,and the roof of the last two mining intervals is caved simultaneously. Only this kind of time series system can be an efficient and safe way for induced caving of roof in continuous mining.

Generalized Parameters of Porous Materials as Similarity Numbers

In the multifactorial preparation of porous materials, the simultaneous/se- quential influence of a number of technological variables changes the individual parameters of the texture of the material (surface area, volume, pore size, etc.) to different values and with increase or decrease. Generalized parameters (GPs) combine these changes;new dependencies arise. GPs behave like the dimensionless similarity numbers known in science and technology (Reynolds, etc.). They split the data (phenomena) into series with similar properties, reveal special patterns and structural nuances. New GPs proposed. The average pore size is presented as the product of two GPs: the dimentionless shape factor F and pore width of unknown shape (reciprocal of the volumetric surface). Using F, for example, the SBA-15 dataset (D. Zhao, Science 1998) was split into 3 series of samples differing in synthesis temperatures, unit cell parameters, intra-wall pore volumes, pore lengths, and the ratios of wall thickness to pore size. A surprising phenomenon was discovered one of the copolymers acts in a similar way to high temperatures. The standard deviation (STD, %) of the texture parameter in the series is its serial GP. The surface topography (micropore volume per m2) is proposed;it eliminates fluctuation in material density and has a lower STD than cm3/g. Examples of the use of GPs for silica, carbon, alumina and catalysts are given. A correlation has been shown between the efficiency of some catalytic reactions (adsorption) and GPs. GPs provide new information about materials and open up new research challenges.

Study on relation between tectonic stress and coal-mining subsidence with similar material simulation

Using a minitype and stress-type test device for similar material simulation of coal-mining subsidence, the relation between tectonic stress and coal-mining subsidence was successfully simulated, furthermore, the test period of similar material simulation was obviously shortened and the test process was more dexterous and convenient. To do simi-lar material simulation with the minitype and stress-type test device was feasible and high-efficient. Bringing two models with the same geological and mining conditions to bear lateral compressive stress and tensile stress respectively and simulating the process of underground mining, the test results indicate that: under the compressive stress, the col-lapse of the coal roof occurs belatedly and the damaged range in cover of coal seam is smaller, therefore the movement and deformation of the cover and its damage to the ground geological environment are not evident; whereas under tensile stress, the situation is contrary to which mentioned above. A conclusion was obtained from the test that the ground environment hazards in coal mining areas were controlled by the regional geo-logical tectonic stress field.

藏东南冰碛体剪切特性受冻融循环的影响及改良

藏东南地区广泛分布着冰碛体堆积体,此土体严重影响工程安全。为了研究冰碛体的剪切性能并对其进行改良,运用相似原理配制出级配良好的冰碛体相似材料,分别在不同冻融循环次数和不同含水率的条件下,对冰碛体相似材料开展了直剪试验,同时掺入机油和粉煤灰外加剂进行三轴试验,研究其对冰碛体相似材料抗剪强度参数的影响。结果表明:(1)直剪试验过程中,随着垂直压力的增大,冰碛体的位移-剪应力曲线由弱应变软化型转变为弱应变硬化型。(2)含水率变化对冰碛体抗剪强度的升降受到冻融循环次数的影响。(3)冻融循环为5次是冰碛体材料抗剪强度的分界线。(4)机油和粉煤灰对冰碛体抗剪强度指标(咬合力和内摩擦角)的影响相反。

隧道突涌水灾害缩尺物理模型试验研究综述

随着我国经济的快速发展,隧道工程建设越来越多地面临着大埋深、高地应力、高地温、高渗透压力等复杂地质环境,运用物理模型试验开展复杂环境下隧道突涌水灾变机理与安全防控研究已成为岩石力学的热点问题。结合近年来国内外针对隧道突涌水灾变缩尺物理模型试验开展的研究工作,重点对该类物理模型的流固耦合相似理论、相似材料研制、渗透压加载方法等内容进行了系统梳理,并对下一步的可能发展方向进行展望。参考部分文献和突水典型案例后,总结了流固耦合相似准则和高地应力下的相似准则、相似材料选用方案及材料配比、试验中的水压加载方案,认为未来关注的重点包括考虑温度场的物理模型试验相似准则的研究和涌水涌泥与突水突泥间渐变过程的研究2个方面。

基于正交试验的煤岩相似材料最优配比研究

目的为了探寻煤岩相似材料最优配比,方法以赵固一矿煤样的自然视密度、单轴抗压强度、弹性模量为模拟指标,采用正交设计法开展相似材料配比试验。选用碳酸钙、水泥、细河砂、煤粉、蒸馏水为原料,以骨料与胶结剂质量比、胶结剂成分间质量比、骨料成分间质量比和掺水率为控制因素,按照4因素3水平正交配比方案制备了9组相似材料。结果试验结果表明:不同配比下相似材料物理力学参数变化较大,各因素对模拟指标影响规律性强,且骨胶比对相似材料各模拟指标起控制作用,自然视密度、单轴抗压强度、弹性模量均随骨胶比增加而显著下降。通过多元线性回归分析得到相似材料最优配比为碳酸钙∶水泥∶河砂∶煤粉∶水=1∶4∶0.9∶5.8∶3.3,经验证,使用该配比制作的试样在物理力学参数、单轴压缩曲线和破坏形态上能够很好地模拟原煤。结论该研究采用理论与试验相结合的方法寻找最优配比有效可行,可为煤岩相似材料领域研究提供一定借鉴。

煤层采动底板突水物理模拟试验研究进展与展望

【目的】底板突水受特定地质构造、水-岩-应力及采掘扰动等因素叠加作用影响,具有复杂性、隐蔽性、突发性等特点。【方法】物理模拟试验能较好地还原底板岩层与承压水赋存环境、直观展现采动底板裂隙扩展及突水路径演化全过程、实时获取灾变各阶段多源数据信息,因而在底板突水研究方面具有独特优势。【结果和结论】对底板突水经典理论、标准规范、模拟试验及工程实践等方面的研究成果进行了回顾,重点梳理了试验加载装置及水压模拟方式、相似材料研制及其特性指标、监测技术及其观测系统设计3个方面的研究进展,其中在模拟水-岩-应力耦合环境下的三维模型底板突水全过程信息捕捉方面有较大突破。面对数智化研究大背景,分析当前底板突水物理模拟试验领域存在的不足,并据此指出未来应重点关注大型三维底板突水综合试验平台研制、基于标准化的多特性相似材料配比数据库建立、多相多场多维耦合监测预警系统构建、人工智能等数智化技术融合应用研究等发展方向。提出的思考有助于从装置、材料、技术等方面提升未来物理模拟试验水平,从而更好支撑煤矿底板水害数智化防治基础研究工作高质量发展。

深埋煤层开采对河流安全性的影响评价

以文家坡煤矿4105工作面深埋覆水煤层开采为例,采用相似材料模拟和数值模拟方法,研究覆岩破坏和裂隙带发育规律,探究深埋煤层开采对红岩河安全的影响。研究表明:当工作面不断推进,采空区面积随之增加,覆岩在重力作用下发生弯曲变形,形成离层;当重力超过岩石变形极限时,覆岩会破坏变形,部分离层垮落消失,在垮落体上部发育新离层,两侧形成裂隙;4105工作面垮落带高度稳定在164 m;随着工作面的不断推进,导水裂隙带高度逐步上升,最终稳定在244 m;地裂缝自地表向下延伸32 m;导水裂隙带上方存在414 m的岩层做保护层,未导通地表,未与地裂缝沟通,因此红岩河不会发生渗漏,煤层的开采不会对红岩河产生影响。

软土地层基坑群模型试验相似材料研制及应用

针对基坑群连续开挖存在的耦合效应问题,首先确定相似材料配比方案,通过正交试验得出合理的配比材料,进而设计基坑群模型试验来研究两侧基坑叠加作用影响下车站基坑的围护结构和土体表层变形.研究结果表明:满足该软土地层相似常数的土层材料配比为(石英砂∶滑石粉∶双飞粉∶膨润土∶水=0.27∶0.27∶0.232∶0.058∶0.17);基坑群开挖时由于相邻墙体引起的墙后土拱效应叠加导致坑间土体水平应力降低,围护结构受力和变形量减小,坑间土体沉降量增大;基坑间距是支护结构变形的主要影响因素,两侧基坑间距位于1H~2H之间(H为基坑深度),接近1倍开挖深度一侧的叠加影响大于接近2倍开挖深度一侧.

隧道模型试验中泥岩相似材料试验研究

隧道模型试验中选取合理的泥岩相似材料模拟围岩是试验成败的关键。为解决泥岩取样和试验中存在较大离散性和不确定性的困难,依据泥岩独特的工程地质性质,通过开展室内配合比试验,研制出可用于隧道模型试验的泥岩相似材料。结果表明:用于模拟泥岩隧道围岩的相似材料包括骨料、调节材料与胶结材料3部分;骨料是泥岩相似材料中的核心成分,包括河砂与膨润土;调节材料是模拟泥岩相似材料特征参数的关键要素,主要有铁粉和重晶石;胶结材料为石灰和石膏,胶结材料与骨料的合理配比是满足相似材料强度的主要参数;通过改变材料配比,得到了满足泥岩相似材料力学指标的配合比,试验结果可为制备模拟隧道围岩的泥岩相似材料提供一定参考。

浅埋薄基岩顶板采动突水溃砂固流耦合相似模拟试验研究

突水溃砂作为一种新型的矿井地质灾害,具有隐蔽、突发、难监测、破坏强等特点,因此,探究覆岩采动劣化特征及突水溃砂致灾机理对松散层水害防控具有指导意义。首先,通过相似材料配比与测试试验,研究了不同材料配比对材料强度、渗透特性的影响机制,并研制出一种适宜于模拟松软岩层的新型固流耦合相似材料;然后,借助采动煤层顶板涌水溃砂灾害模拟系统,进行了浅埋薄基岩、中厚基岩的单一含水结构盖层以及薄基岩含隔双层结构盖层条件下开采的相似模拟试验,分析了不同地层结构的采动裂缝空间劣化-贯通及水砂起动、运移、涌溃灾变特征,揭示了浅埋薄基岩采动突水溃砂致灾机理。试验结果表明:新型固流耦合相似材料兼具耐水、抗崩解、抗软化、低渗透、低强度、低塑性的特性,且渗透系数随碳酸钙含量的增加呈负指数衰减,单轴抗压强度呈现二次多项式增长的特点;初次来压和第一次周期来压阶段是浅埋薄基岩采动覆岩劣化诱发突水溃砂的高发期,采动裂缝平面呈“OX”分布,随基岩与松散层底部黏土层的厚度增加,覆岩由拉剪破坏逐渐转变为拉张破坏,裂缝形态由“垂向直通形”转变为“倒楔形多层交错叠加组合”,裂缝开度减小,通畅度变差,可降低诱发突水溃砂风险几率与危害程度;通道开度(宽度)与砂体粒径的相对关系(简称“裂粒比”)以及通道通畅度是决定突水溃砂发生与否及致灾程度的关键。

基于相似材料的垮落破碎岩石再变形规律试验研究

【目的】为了研究采空区充水后破碎岩石的压实变形特征。【方法】采用模型试样的方法,对垮落带破碎岩石进行缩尺,利用自制的压实装置对不同环境(干燥、饱水、分级浸水)影响下老采空区垮落破碎岩石压实变形特征进行研究。【结果】主要研究成果如下:饱水与干燥状态下相似材料破碎试样压缩量(z)和蠕变阶段压缩量(Δz)存在“饱水>干燥”的关系。【结论】对于老采空区而言,在水尚未充满整个采空区时,垮落带破碎岩石就已经产生了较大的变形,后续充水对垮落破碎岩石的影响减弱,产生的变形低于整个蠕变阶段变形的30%。

采空区充水活化及覆岩变形规律试验研究

为了研究充水情况下老采空区“活化”机理及覆岩运动规律,基于相似理论制作了采空区相似材料模型,通过人工注水的方式模拟采空区垮落带浸水状态,进行了煤层开采及充水条件下覆岩沉降变形观测,对采空区充水后上覆岩层变形规律、覆岩破坏形式进行研究。结果表明,煤层被开采后,自下而上会产生垮落带、断裂带和弯曲下沉带,采动破坏岩石会支撑上覆岩体,使得采空区边界存在空洞区域;煤层开采后的老采空区存在大量空洞、空隙,充水后采空区覆岩会发生“活化”,垮落带破碎岩石进一步压实,离层裂隙中间区域的压密程度高于两侧,随着充水时间延长,覆岩裂隙逐渐拓展,且采空区充水第一次观测时沉降量较大,之后岩层沉降量变化有减小趋势;采空区充水后垮落带上方岩层沉降量最大,覆岩越靠近地表,采空区充水对覆岩影响程度越小。

煤体相似材料孔隙率调控方法及正交试验研究

孔隙是煤层瓦斯赋存和运移的重要影响因素,但目前煤与瓦斯突出相似试验材料较少考虑孔隙率相似性。优选樟脑颗粒作为煤体孔隙率调控材料,考虑不同樟脑颗粒级配、质量分数、成型压力及水泥质量分数因素影响,基于正交设计制备16个相似材料试件,通过测试各试件的孔隙率、坚固性系数、瓦斯放散初速度和渗透率参数,建立诸影响因素与试件参数间的量化关系式,进而获得了林盛煤矿突出煤层煤样相似材料的配比,并进行了验证。结果显示:樟脑颗粒比干冰颗粒更适合作为孔隙率调控材料,樟脑颗粒质量分数对材料孔隙率影响较大,级配影响较小;通过樟脑颗粒孔隙率调控所制备的试件与原煤样坚固性系数、放散初速度和渗透率均具有良好的相似性。

超远距离下组煤层超前开采覆岩应力及裂隙演化规律研究

为探究平煤股份八矿超远距离下组煤层超前开采对上覆煤岩层的影响,采用相似材料模拟实验分析超远距离下组煤层超前开采上覆煤岩层裂隙及应力演化规律,并进行现场验证。研究结果表明:超远距离下组煤层超前开采条件下,随工作面推进,上覆煤岩层裂隙率呈先上升后平稳的趋势,当工作面从187 m推进至272 m,裂隙发育最快;超远距离下组煤层超前开采对上覆煤岩层有卸压效果,但与常规情况下相比卸压滞后距离较大;上覆岩层卸压比戊组煤层大;通过现场验证发现,随工作面推进,矿压呈先上升再下降后稳定的趋势,并将工作面区域分为未干扰区、应力集中区、卸压区和稳定区。研究结论可为平煤矿区远距离下组煤层超前开采、上组煤层工作面瓦斯防治和采区工作面采掘部署提供参考。