Clinical application of reserved gastric tube in neuroendoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumor

BACKGROUND The neuroendoscopic approach has the advantages of a clear operative field,convenient tumor removal,and less damage,and is the development direction of modern neurosurgery.At present,transnasal surgery for sphenoidal pituitary tumor is widely used.But it has been found in clinical practice that some patients with this type of surgery may experience post-operative nausea and vomiting and other discomforts.AIM To explore the effect of reserved gastric tube application in the neuroendoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors.METHODS A total of 60 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection via the endoscopic endonasal approach were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups,with 30 in each group.Experimental group:After anesthesia,a gastric tube was placed through the mouth under direct vision using a visual laryngoscope,and the fluid accumulated in the oropharynx was suctioned intermittently with low negative pressure throughout the whole process after nasal disinfection,during the operation,and when the patient recovered from anesthesia.Control group:Given the routine intraoperative care,no gastric tube was left.The number of cases of nausea/vomiting/aspiration within 24 h post-operation was counted and compared between the two groups;the scores of pharyngalgia after waking up,6 h post-operation,and 24 h postoperation.The frequency of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection were compared.The hospitalization days of the two groups were statistically compared.RESULTS The times of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the experimental group were lower than that in the control group,and the difference in the incidence of nausea was statistically significant(P<0.05).After the patient woke up,the scores of sore throat 6 h after the operation and 24 h after operation were lower than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The number of cases of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection was higher than that of the control group,but there was no statistically significant difference from the control group(P>0.05).The hospitalization days of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Reserving a gastric tube in the endoscopic endonasal resection of pituitary tumors,combined with intraoperative and postoperative gastrointestinal decompression,can effectively reduce the incidence of nausea,reduce the number of vomiting and aspiration in patients,and reduce the complications of sore throat The incidence rate shortened the hospitalization days of the patients.

Advances in the mechanism of action of metformin in pituitary tumors

Pituitary tumors are common intracranial tumors,but when faced with drugresistant or aggressive tumors,existing medical measures may not provide good control,leading to progression and deterioration.Metformin,a traditional hypoglycemic drug,has recently been discovered to have multiple functions including antitumor effects.There have been studies on the mechanism of metformin for the treatment of pituitary tumors,but it is uncertain whether it will provide new adjuvant or alternative therapies for the treatment of these tumors.We analyzed the potential mechanisms of action of metformin with respect to the inhibition of pituitary tumor growth and hormone secretion by reviewing the available literature.

Pituitary metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Pituitary gland metastasis is an unusual event,and pituitary metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma is extremely rare and associated with poor prognosis.To date,approximately 15 cases have been reported.CASE SUMMARY Here,we present the case of a 64-year-old woman with pituitary metastasis derived from lung adenocarcinoma,which was difficult to distinguish from other sellar tumors.The patient presented to the neurosurgery clinic with blurred vision and intermittent headache.During hospitalization,brain computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pituitary macroadenoma.Chest CT revealed irregular nodules in the basal segment of the lower lobe of the left lung,which were likely lung cancer.Positron emission tomography-CT revealed a carbohydrate metabolism tumor in the lungs and sellar region,which was considered malignant.Postoperative pathological examination of the sellar tumor revealed lung adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Excision of pituitary metastases combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be a priority treatment for patients with pituitary metastasis.

Surgical Management of a Collision Tumor: The Association of Intracranial Meningioma and Macroadenoma

Background: The simultaneous presence of a pituitary adenoma and a meningioma is a rare and underreported condition. The randomly encountered cases need to be reported to further allow our understanding of this collision tumors that are still not understood nor fully described. Patients and Method: We report a case of coexisting nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and a left temporal lobe meningioma revealed by a 1-year history of progressive vision loss and occasional headaches in a 56-year-old woman. Her clinical condition worsened in the last 5 months with ptosis, cavernous sinus syndrome, and ophthalmoplegia of the right eye without papilledema. There was an improvement in the visual symptoms after subtotal resection of both lesions through a right frontotemporal craniotomy. Histology confirmed a collision tumor. The patient was referred for adjuvant treatment with gamma knife radiosurgery. He was doing well and back to his usual duties 6 months later. Conclusion: A gross total or subtotal resection with adjuvant therapy is the gold standard for the surgical management of collision tumors for a favorable patient outcome.

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Pituitary Adenomas/Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors:Clinical Practices,Controversies,and Perspectives

The latest edition of the WHO classification of the central nervous system was published in 2021.This review summarizes the major revisions to the classification of anterior pituitary tumors.The most important revision involves preferring the terminology of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor(PitNET),even though the terminology of pituitary adenoma(PA)still can be used according to this WHO classification compared to the previous one.Moreover,immunohistochemistry(IHC)examination of pituitary-specific transcription factors(TFs),including PIT1,TPIT,SF-1,GATA2/3,and ERα,is endorsed to determine the tumor cell lineage and to facilitate the classification of PitNET/PA subgroups.However,TF-negative IHC staining indicates PitNET/PA with no distinct cell lineages,which includes unclassified plurihormonal(PH)tumors and null cell(NC)tumors in this edition.The new WHO classification of PitNET/PA has incorporated tremendous advances in the understanding of the cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary tumors.However,due to the shortcomings of the technology used in the diagnosis of PitNET/PA and the limited understanding of the tumorigenesis of PitNET/PA,the application of this new classification system in practice should be further evaluated and validated.Besides providing information for deciding the follow-up plans and adjunctive treatment after surgery,this classification system offers no additional help for neurosurgeons in clinical practice,especially in determining the treatment strategies.Therefore,it is necessary for neurosurgeons to establish a comprehensive pituitary classification system for PitNET/PA that incorporates neuroimaging grading data or direct observation of invasiveness during operation or the predictor of prognosis,as well as pathological diagnosis,thereby distinguishing the invasiveness of the tumor and facilitating neurosurgeons to decide on the treatment strategies and follow-up plans as well as adjunctive treatment after surgery.

Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors

To investigate the difference of biochemical characteristics on gsp positive and gsp negative growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary tumors, 18 GH secreting pituitary tumors were examined for their clinical characteristics and gsp oncogenes. All patients received the pituitary function combinative stimulating test. It was found that there were no difference in the sex, age, tumor size, course of disease and plasma basal GH levels with gsp positive and gsp negative patients. The plasma levels of PRL were increased in most patients (11/18), and the plasma levels of TSH in gsp positive patients were higher than those in gsp negative patients ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the responses to pituitary combinative stimulating test in gsp positive and gsp negative patients. It was concluded that there was little difference in the clinical biochemical characteristics of gsp positive with gsp negative GH secreting pituitary tumors.

Epigenetic changes of pituitary tumor-derived transforming gene 1 in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with abnormal genetic changes. The pituitary tumor-derived transforming gene (PTTG) is considered to be implicated in the tumorigenesis of cancers when the gene is epigenetically transformed. In this study, we investigated the relationships between aberrant expression and epigenetic changes of the PTTG1 gene in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We chose 4 cell lines (PANC-1, Colo357, T3M-4 and PancTu I) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues. After using restriction isoschizomer endonucleases (Msp I /Hpa II) to digest the DNA sequence (5'-CCGG-3'), we performed PCR reaction to amplify the product. And RT-PCR was applied to determine the gene expression. RESULTS: The mRNA expression of the PTTG1 gene was higher in pancreatic tumor than in normal tissue. The gene was also expressed in the 4 PDAC cell lines. The methylation states of the upstream regions of the PTTG1 gene were almost identical in normal, tumor pancreatic tissues and the 4 PDAC cell lines. Some (5'-CCGG-3') areas in the upstream region of PTTG1 were methylated, while some others were unmethylated. CONCLUSIONS: The oncogene PTTG1 was overexpressed in pancreatic tumor tissues and verified by RT-PCR detection. The methylation status of DNA in promoter areas was involved in the gene expression with the help of other factors in pancreatic cancer.

EXPRESSION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR, TRANSFORMINGGROWTH FACTOR-α AND THEIR RECEPTOR IN HUMAN PITUITARY TUMORS

Objective: To explore the role of growth factor autocrine stimulation in the pathogenesis of human pituitary tumors. Methods: The expression of EGF, TGF-( and EGFR were studied by immunohisto-chemical method on paraffin-embedded sections of 30 cases pituitary tumor. Results: EGFR and its ligands EGF, TGF-( expressed in majority of pituitary tumors. The expression of EGFR and its ligands varied with cells' intensity, density and type. Conclusion: The EGF autocrine stimulating exerted in the pituitary tumor development process, that tyrosine kinases inhibitors may be useful for pituitary tumors treatment.

Application and Care of Two Kinds of Sphenoid Sinus Packing Materials after Pituitary Tumor Resection with the Transnasal Endoscopic Approach

Background: Neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal approach for resection of pituitary adenomas has the advantages of less damage, fewer complications, and a faster recovery than the traditional approach and has beening favored by neurosurgeons. However, there has no standard method of selecting suitable packing materials after the operation to relieve pain in patients and achieve the ideal hemostatic effect. We compared the postoperative complications and treatment effects of two different packing materials in patients with pituitary adenomas. Objective: To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using a catheter balloon and iodoform gauze for hemostasis in patients undergoing pituitary tumor resection by neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed these data of 48 cases treated with pituitary adenoma resection by the single nasal approach from January 2018 to October 2019 in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. According to the type of sphenoid sinus packing material used, these patients were divided into balloon tamponade oppression group (24 cases) and tela iodoformum oppression group (24 cases), respectively. The balloon tamponade oppression group received catheter balloon tamponade oppression hemostasis, and the tela iodoformum oppression group underwent tela iodoformum oppression hemostasis. The outcomes and complications were compared between the two groups in which two kinds of sphenoid sinus packing materials were used for hemostasis after tumor resection by transnasal endoscopic approach. For the catheter balloon compression hemostasis method, on account of the plasticity of the balloon, the volume of water in the balloon can be adjusted according to the size of the patient’s own sphenoid cavity. The amount of bleeding and several complications in terms of discomfort during placement and removal of the packing material, rebleeding after removal of the packing, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and electrolyte disturbance are compared between the two groups. Results: 48 patients were enrolled. The two groups’ data of patients were similar in age structure, sex ratio, tumor size at baseline and so on. No complications, such as abscess formation, were found in both groups. The success rate in the compression with catheter balloon group was 100% (24 of 24 patients);and in the iodoform gauze group 83.33% (20 of 24 patients). A catheter balloon was more successful in stopping bleeding at early stage than iodoform gauze. There were no statistically significant differences in the hospitalization stay time, operating day to discharge day and tampon indwelling time (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in pairwise comparison between the catheter balloon group and iodoform gauze groups in the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea or electrolyte disturbance between the two groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of headache in the catheter balloon group was statistically significantly lower than that in the iodoform gauze group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients undergoing endoscopic pituitary tumor resection, compression and hemostasis by means of catheterization expansion lead to lower rates of injury and complications and have a good effect, so this method is worthy of being recommended for clinical practice.

Correlation of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 with proliferation and invasion genes in prostate cancer

Objective:To study the change of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) expression in prostate cancer and its correlation with proliferation and invasion genes.Methods: Patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical operation in our hospital between March 2015 and January 2018 were selected as the malignant group of the research, and the prostate cancer lesions were collected;patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in our hospital during the same period were selected as the benign group of the research, and the benign prostate lesions were collected. The mRNA expression levels of PTTG1, proliferation genes and invasion genes in the lesions were determined. Results:PTTG1, Survivin, Bcl-2, CyclinD1, GPRC6A, ZEB1, CatB, CatD and PAR-1 mRNA expression in prostate cancer lesions of malignant group were significantly higher than those of benign group whereas CDKN2, p21 and TFPI2 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those of benign group;Survivin, Bcl-2, CyclinD1, GPRC6A, ZEB1, CatB, CatD and PAR-1 mRNA expression in prostate cancer lesions with high PTTG1 were significantly higher than those in prostate cancer lesions with low PTTG1 whereas CDKN2, p21 and TFPI2 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those in prostate cancer lesions with low PTTG1.Conclusion:The PTTG1 gene is highly expressed in prostate cancer lesions and it is closely related to the changes of proliferation and invasion gene expression.

Correlation of LRIG1 and Gadd45g expression in pituitary tumor with the autophagy, apoptosis and invasion of tumor cells

Objective: To study the correlation of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) and growth arrest and dna damage 45g (Gadd45g) expression in pituitary tumor with the autophagy, apoptosis and invasion of tumor cells. Methods: Patients with pituitary tumor who underwent surgical resection in our hospital between June 2014 and December 2017 were selected, and the invasive pituitary tumor tissues and noninvasive pituitary tumor tissues were collected;patients who underwent surgery for craniocerebral trauma in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group, and normal brain tissues were collected;the mRNA expression levels of LRIG1, Gadd45g as well as autophagy, apoptosis and invasion genes in tissue samples were measured. Results: LRIG1, Gadd45g, Beclin1, LC3-II, Bax, NKG2D and E-cadherin mRNA expression in invasive pituitary tumor and noninvasive pituitary tumor tissues were significantly lower than those in normal brain tissues whereas PTTG1, c-Myc, Gal-3, Bcl-2, EphA2, HSP27, MMP14 and VEGF mRNA expression were significantly higher than those in normal brain tissues, and LRIG1, Gadd45g, Beclin1, LC3-II, Bax, NKG2D and E-cadherin mRNA expression in invasive pituitary tumor tissues were significantly lower than those in noninvasive pituitary tumor tissues whereas PTTG1, c-Myc, Gal-3, Bcl-2, EphA2, HSP27, MMP14 and VEGF mRNA expression were significantly higher than those in noninvasive pituitary tumor tissues;LRIG1 and Gadd45g mRNA expression were positively correlated with Beclin1, LC3-II, Bax, NKG2D and E-cadherin mRNA expression, and negatively correlated with PTTG1, c-Myc, Gal-3, Bcl-2, EphA2, HSP27, MMP14 and VEGF mRNA expression. Conclusion: The low expression of LRIG1 and Gadd45g in pituitary tumor can inhibit the autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells and promote the invasion of tumor cells.

Submental tracheal intubation for resection of recurrent giant pituitary tumor:a case report

在为巨大的垂体肿瘤的切除术收到 transmaxillary 途径的病人的航线管理介绍临床的挑战给麻醉学者。为气管的 intubation 的口头或鼻的线路能防碍外科的过程。这份报告描述 submental 为在经由 transmaxillary 经历了周期性的巨大的垂体肿瘤的切除术的一个病人的航线管理的气管的 intubation 途径。Submental 气管的 intubation 在操作期间是为航线管理的一种能适应、安全的其他的技术。

The Clinical Effect Two Approaches of Microsurgery the Treatment for Pituitary Tumor

Objective:To analyze the effect of two approaches of microsurgery in the treatment of pituitary tumor.Methods:The main body of this study was 69 patients with pituitary tumor who came to the hospital between December 2016 and December 2019.Taking the coin method as the standard,group A underwent nasal-sphenoid sinus approach with 36 cases;group B underwent transcranial approach with 33 cases.The treatment effects were compared.Results:The total effective rate of group A was 94.44%,and that of group B was 72.73%;the therapeutic index of group A was better than that of group B;the complication rate of group A was 8.33%,and that of group B was 30.30%(P<0.05).After treatment,the tumor volume of both groups decreased,and group A was smaller than group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:Nasal-sphenoid sinus approach for patients with pituitary tumors can improve the treatment index,enhance the curative effect,reduce the size of the tumor,and have better safety.

Clinical case discussions-Hypopituitarism and pituitary apoplexy caused by pituitary Adenomas

A case of“Hypopituitarism and pituitary apoplex induced by pituitary Adenomas”was collected in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia medical University Geriatric Department.A rare and atypical disease as it is,delayed diagnosis and treatment is easily seen among those cases.Therefore,the paper aims to investigate the difference of clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of pituitary adenomas in elder patient through the case analysis.Clinically,patients with pituitary dysfunction may have life-threatening crisis so that timely diagnosis and aggressive treatment can be effective in reducing the pituitary crisis and reducing the misdiagnosis rate.

硬性支撑联合带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣技术在垂体瘤术后鞍底重建中的应用

目的探讨硬性支撑联合带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣技术在垂体瘤术后鞍底重建中的应用。方法采用回顾性和观察性的研究方法收集2019年8月至2023年5月西安交通大学第一附属医院神经外科完成的54例经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除患者的临床资料,依据鞍底重建方式分为硬性支撑组和软性重建组,比较两组手术时间、脑脊液漏发生及住院时间等情况。结果两组手术时间及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。硬性支撑组的术后脑脊液漏发生率及腰大池置管率低于软性重建组,住院时间短于软性重建组(P<0.05)。结论硬性支撑联合带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣技术能有效减少经鼻蝶垂体瘤术后脑脊液漏的发生。

易误诊为巨人症的马凡综合征合并垂体瘤一例

马凡综合征(MFS)是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病,易伴有纤维发育不良、晶状体脱位和身高增长过快,需与巨人症鉴别。本文报道一例14岁以身高增长过快和视力受损为临床表现的MFS患者,其双眼存在典型的双眼晶状体半脱位。垂体增强MRI提示垂体微腺瘤,但生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1正常,排除巨人症或肢端肥大症,考虑无功能性垂体腺瘤。MFS患者需要长期的随访和多学科协作,注意心血管系统的监测和基因检查等,有助于患者的疾病诊疗与风险防控。

miR-21低表达对垂体瘤细胞系RC-4BC增殖、凋亡的影响及与PTEN靶向关系

目的观察微小RNA-21(miR-21)低表达对垂体瘤细胞系RC-4BC增殖、凋亡的影响,并分析其与第10号染色体丢失的张力蛋白同源磷酸酶基因(PTEN)的靶向关系。方法取对数生长期的RC-4BC细胞分为两组,沉默组转染miR-21抑制物miR-21 inhibitor,阴性对照组转染抑制物阴性对照NC-inhibitor,采用RT-PCR法检测miR-21、第10号染色体丢失的张力蛋白同源磷酸酶基因(PTEN)mRNA,采用CCK8实验观察两组细胞增殖能力(以OD值表示),采用平板克隆实验观察两组细胞集落形成能力(以集落形成数表示),采用流式细胞术观察两组细胞凋亡率并观察细胞周期分布情况。收集RC-4BC细胞制备单细胞悬液,分别将miR-21 mimics或NC-mimics与PTEN-WT或PTEN-MUT共转染至RC-4BC细胞,转染后细胞标记为miR-21 mimics+PTEN-WT组、NC-mimics+PTEN-WT组、miR-21 mimics+PTEN-MUT组、NC-mimics+PTEN-MUT组,采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-21与PTEN的靶向关系。结果沉默组RC-4BC细胞中miR-21、PTEN mRNA相对表达量分别为0.30±0.08、2.89±0.14,阴性对照组RC-4BC细胞中miR-21、PTEN mRNA相对表达量分别为1.01±0.02、0.99±0.03,两组相比,P均<0.05。沉默组RC-4BC细胞24 h、48 h、72 h时OD值均低于阴性对照组(P均<0.05)。沉默组RC-4BC细胞集落形成数低于阴性对照组(P<0.05)。沉默组RC-4BC细胞凋亡率高于阴性对照组(P<0.05)。沉默组RC-4BC细胞G0/G1期占比65.65%±7.82%、S期占比19.25%±3.70%,阴性对照组RC-4BC细胞G0/G1期占比45.62%±5.03%、S期占比35.72%±4.67%,两组相比,P均<0.05。miR-21 mimics+PTEN-WT组、NC-mimics+PTEN-WT组、miR-21 mimics+PTEN-MUT组、NC-mimics+PTEN-MUT组细胞的相对荧光素酶活性分别为0.39±0.07、1.02±0.03、1.01±0.04、1.00±0.03,其中miR-21 mimics+PTEN-WT组相对荧光素酶活性与其他各组相比,P均<0.05。结论沉默miR-21能够移至垂体瘤细胞系RC-4BC的增殖、促进其凋亡,其机制可能与靶向调控PTEN基因有关。

髓源性抑制细胞相关抗原在垂体瘤中的表达

目的:探讨髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)相关抗原在垂体瘤中的表达。方法:选取2012—2022年在汕头大学医学院第二附属医院就诊的垂体瘤患者26例(垂体瘤组),其中侵袭性垂体瘤16例,非侵袭性垂体瘤10例。另外收集同期10例需行内减压术的颅脑外伤或脑出血患者为对照组。垂体瘤组男性19例,女性7例,平均年龄(52±18)岁。对照组男性7例,女性3例,平均年龄(51±19)岁。采用免疫荧光染色的方法,分别检测垂体瘤患者肿瘤组织和对照组患者脑组织中MDSCs相关抗原CD11b、CD15和IL-4Rα的表达情况。结果:垂体瘤中CD11b^(+)、CD15^(+)、CD11b^(+)CD15^(+)髓源性粒细胞的荧光强度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在侵袭性垂体瘤组织中CD11b^(+)、CD15^(+)、CD11b^(+)CD15^(+)髓源性粒细胞的荧光强度均高于非侵袭性组(均P<0.05)。IL-4Rα在垂体瘤和脑组织中均未见表达。结论:MDSCs相关抗原CD11b、CD15及CD11b^(+)CD15^(+)髓源性粒细胞在垂体瘤(特别是侵袭性垂体瘤)中的表达水平升高。

同时性多发性垂体神经内分泌肿瘤13例临床病理学分析

目的探讨同时性多发性垂体神经内分泌肿瘤/腺瘤(multiple synchronous PitNET/adenomas of distinct lineages,MSPs)的不同谱系肿瘤细胞组成部分,并进行准确的组织学分型为确定手术后的随访计划和辅助治疗提供重要依据。方法收集855例垂体神经内分泌肿瘤临床资料,按照新版WHO标准重新分类,对13例被明确诊断为MSPs的临床病理特征进行回顾性分析,运用免疫组化EnVision两步法分析PIT-1、SF-1、T-PIT、GH、PRL、TSH、LH、FSH、ACTH等表达,并复习相关文献。结果(1)患者年龄39~68岁,中位年龄55岁,女性患者7例;男性患者6例;(2)影像学表现:肿瘤最大径1.2~3.8 cm(平均2.5 cm)。13例均为大腺瘤,影像学均无法评估MSPs与单一谱系垂体神经内分泌肿瘤(pituitary neuroendocrine tumors,PitNETs);(3)临床表现:3例出现高泌乳素血症,均包含分泌PRL的PitNETs成分,1例为未成熟PIT-1多激素细胞瘤、1例为致密颗粒型泌乳素细胞瘤及1例嗜酸性干细胞瘤。1例患者为库欣病,包含Crooke细胞瘤成分;2例检测到ACTH升高,其中1例包含促肾上腺皮质细胞瘤成分。在无激素过量证据的2例患者中,均含有促性腺激素细胞瘤成分;(4)组合形式:两种细胞谱系组合11例(SF-1谱系与PIT-1谱系组合5例;T-PIT谱系与PIT-1谱系组合4例;零细胞瘤与PIT-1谱系1例;未明确谱系多激素细胞瘤与SF-1谱系1例);三种细胞组合2例(零细胞瘤、PIT-1谱系与T-PIT谱系);其中13例病例均为PIT-1谱系肿瘤,46.2%(6/13)为促性腺激素细胞瘤,38.5%(5/13)为泌乳素细胞瘤;(5)10例患者组合中存在高风险谱系肿瘤:3例未成熟PIT-1多激素PitNETs、1例Crooke细胞PitNETs、1例嗜酸性干细胞PitNETs、3例零细胞PitNETs及4例静默型稀疏颗粒型促肾上腺皮质激素PitNETs;其中2例为两种高风险亚型肿瘤组合。结论本中心MSPs均为大腺瘤,其发生率虽仅为PitNETs的1.5%,但2/3病例存在高风险谱系肿瘤成分,垂体细胞谱系转录因子与腺垂体激素的使用对于区分和明确MSPs不同成分具有重要作用。

磁共振成像人工智能技术在垂体神经内分泌肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

垂体神经内分泌肿瘤异质性大,不同治疗方式的预后不尽相同。因此,术前预测治疗相关风险、并发症等对实现个体化治疗意义重大。人工智能技术已广泛应用于肿瘤影像学研究,并已取得突破性进展,在垂体神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后预测方面也发挥着重要作用。本文回顾了人工智能在垂体神经内分泌肿瘤手术、药物、放射治疗中的相关进展,阐述了肿瘤免疫微环境在垂体神经内分泌肿瘤治疗中的关键作用,探讨了人工智能在垂体神经内分泌肿瘤治疗中的应用价值及局限性,为实现垂体神经内分泌肿瘤的精准诊疗提供依据。