Deformation Behavior and Formability of Gradient Nano-grained AISI 304 Stainless Steel Processed by Ultrasonic Impact Treatment

The deformation behavior and formability of gradient nano-grained（GNG） AISI 304 stainless steel in uniaxial and biaxial states were investigated by means of tensile test and small punch test（SPT）. The GNG top layer was fabricated on coarse grains（CG） AISI 304 by ultrasonic impact treatment. The results showed that the CG substrate could effectively suppress the strain localization of NC in GNG layer, and an approximate linear relationship existed between the thickness of substrate（h） and uniform true strain before necking（ε_（unif））. Grain growth of NC was observed at the stress state with high Stress triaxiality T, which led to better ductility of GNG/CG 304 in SPT, as well as similar true strain after the onset of necking（ε_（neck）） compared with coarse 304 in tensile test. Ei-values of GNG/CG 304 with different structures were nearly the same at different punch speeds, and good formability of GNG/CG 304 was demonstrated. However, punch speed and microstructure needed to be optimized to avoid much lost of membrane strain region in biaxial stress state.

1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic Acid (HEDP) as a Corrosion Inhibitor of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in a Medium Containing Chloride and Sulfide Ions in the Presence of Different Metallic Cations

The novelty of this paper is the analysis in a medium containing sulfide ion due to the generation of this ion in petroleum industries, in the refining stage (the sulfide ion is also present on the produced water). The performance of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid inhibitor (HEDP) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements in a dissolution of AISI 304 stainless steel immersed in a solution containing chloride and sulfide ions. The protection of the stainless was increased with the addition of divalent cations (Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+). Potentiodynamic polarization studies have shown that the inhibitor alone has anodic protection, but the addition of Ca2+ (10 mg·L-1) favors the cathodic protection, and the addition of Zn2+ (20 mg·L-1) and Mg2+ (10 mg·L-1) mixed-type is observed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed at three distinct potentials: -0.3 [V vs. SCE], Ecorr [V vs. SCE], and 0.1 [V vs. SCE]. This revealed that calcium is responsible for favoring the formation of the film and the other elements (zinc and magnesium) favor the stabilization of the protective film. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the addition of cations provided the adsorption of HEDP on the metal surface. Weight loss results showed that the presence of zinc in a solution containing HEDP favored greater inhibitor efficiency (Zn2+ ηm = 85.2% and for Mg2+ ηm = 70.4%).

Characterization of Dissimilar Welding between 304 Stainless Steel and Gray Iron Using Nickel Coated Electrode

This paper presents the study carried out to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 304 stainless steel and gray iron, in order to recognize the effect of welding parameters on the joint. The shielded metal arc welding technique was applied with a 3.2 mm diameter nickel coated electrode under preheating and post heat conditions at 350°C. Vickers hardness test and metallographic analysis were carried out at the heat affected zone and at the interface to determine the effect on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics. Vickers hardness differences among joint areas were directly related to microstructural changes. There are no significant differences in AISI 304 hardness, but the hardness increased at the heat affected zone and decreased at the filler metal. Grey iron hardness at the heat affected zone was even lower and more slightly superior than grey iron hardness.

AISI304不锈钢在冷加工过程中的微观组织变化

在不同温度下对AISI30 4不锈钢进行不同方式、不同程度冷加工 ,用铁素体测量仪测定马氏体相变量 ,研究了冷加工与马氏体相变的关系 ;将AISI30 4不锈钢在低温 (液氮 ,- 70℃ )条件下进行不同程度拉伸 ,采用透射电镜观测位错分布 ,研究了冷加工与位错密度的关系。结果表明 :冷加工在一定条件下可以产生形变诱发马氏体 ,其含量随冷加工变形量的增大而增加 ;同时 ,冷加工导致AISI30 4不锈钢中金属晶粒拉长 ,其位错密度随冷加工变形量的增加而增大。

离子能流密度对AISI304不锈钢氮化层摩擦性能的影响

采用低温等离子体氮化技术,对AISI304不锈钢进行表面氮化处理。考察了离子能流密度对不锈钢氮化层性能的影响。运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和显微硬度计等分析手段对氮化层的物相组成及表面硬度进行分析及测量;利用球-盘摩擦实验在干摩擦条件下对氮化层的摩擦磨损性能进行测试。结果表明:AISI304不锈钢经低温等离子体氮化处理后,形成单一高氮面心立方相γN。在氮化处理过程中,离子能流密度受工作压力及基片负偏压影响较大。离子能流密度变化能显著影响不锈钢氮化层的摩擦性能,随着离子能流密度的增加,氮化层显微硬度增大,摩擦系数减小,耐磨损性能上升。

AISI304不锈钢熔化过程中夹杂物在固-液糊状区漂移与聚集行为的原位观察术

利用Confocal激光扫描显微镜原位观察了AISI304不锈钢熔化过程中夹杂物在固-液(S-L)糊状区内的漂移与聚集行为．结果显示,夹杂(SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO复合氧化物)在未熔高温铁素体(δ)相间的液相通道中漂移,未熔δ相体积分数为70％时,夹杂的平均漂移速率为80μm／s;近完全熔化时,远离S-L界面的夹杂漂移速率高达1500μm／s,而 S-L界面附近的夹杂速率在50-200μm／s之间;随着熔化的进行,未熔δ相表面逐渐凹凸不平,出现“类亚晶界”．δ相对其附近漂移的夹杂表现出较强的吸附作用;夹杂多在δ-L界面处聚集、自球化; δ相吸附提供了夹杂去除的潜在途径．分析了夹杂运动的动力学机制．

AISI304不锈钢管穿孔针挤压动态再结晶规律(英文)

在AISI304不锈钢管穿孔针挤压成形过程中,揭示挤压坯料的动态再结晶规律,是实现动态再结晶行为的有效控制,从而获得具有细晶及合格微观组织的管材的基础和关键。基于DEFORM-2D软件平台,以d29mm×4.5mmAISI304不锈钢管的穿孔针挤压过程为研究对象,首先建立了该过程适用、可靠的多尺度有限元分析模型;通过大量的数值模拟分析,阐明了关键挤压成形参数(即坯料初始温度和挤压速度)对挤压坯料的动态再结晶体积分数、平均晶粒尺寸及其分布的影响规律,所得结论为根据挤压管材的微观组织对AISI304不锈钢管穿孔针挤压成形过程进行优化设计与稳健控制提供了重要理论依据和指南。

爆炸加载下AISI304不锈钢板表面硬化和数值模拟

目的提高AISI304不锈钢板表面硬度。方法利用爆炸加载表面硬化方法对3 mm厚的AISI304不锈钢板进行了表面硬化处理,通过HXD-1000YM型显微硬度计和JEM-2010型透射电子显微镜对爆炸加载处理后试样的不同部位横截面进行了硬度测量和微观组织表征。采用大型有限元数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对爆炸加载表面硬化过程进行了数值模拟,计算了撞击面平均压力和速度。通过对比数值模拟结果与理论计算结果,分析了特征点碰撞压力和速度对爆炸加载处理后表面硬度的影响。结果数值模拟结果表明,撞击面压力平均值为5.5 GPa,撞击面平均速度达到了178 m/s,撞击面压力和速度的理论计算值与数值模拟值误差不超过5%。试验结果与数值模拟结果具有一致性。爆炸加载后,试样近起爆端和爆轰末端的撞击压力和撞击速度小于稳定爆轰阶段,导致前者表面硬度小于后者。横截面硬度分布表明撞击表面硬度大于炸药接触面硬度,撞击表面硬度值从210HV提高至450HV,炸药接触面硬度值从210HV提高至390HV。结论爆炸表面硬化过程中存在边界效应。爆炸表面硬化方法能够显著提高板材表面硬度,同时可以提高板材整体硬度,且硬度提高与变形带和位错阵列形成有关。

爆炸冲击诱发AISI304不锈钢马氏体微观形貌研究

利用爆炸冲击装置对AISI304不锈钢板进行了爆炸冲击试验。通过XRD、TEM、EBSD等表征方法,研究了爆炸冲击后AISI304不锈钢板的微观组织演变、马氏体相变特征和晶体学位向关系,探讨了爆炸冲击下马氏体的相变过程。结果表明:爆炸冲击下,奥氏体晶内产生了α马氏体,伴随少量ε马氏体相变;α马氏体位于变形带内部和变形带交叉处,其形核位置限制在变形带内部,α马氏体与母相奥氏体具有K-S位向关系和西山位向关系;ε马氏体形核于大量层错处,其晶界形貌平直,ε马氏体与母相奥氏体保持[110]γ∥[1120]ε和(0001)ε∥(111)γ位向关系;ε马氏体相变与层错的形成有关,而α马氏体相变与变形带、孪晶等微观缺陷的形成和交叉密切相关。

基于响应曲面法的高速内冷铣削AISI304不锈钢铣削力

针对硬质合金刀具高速内冷铣削AISI304不锈钢时,切削力大、切削温度高及加工表面质量低的问题。基于响应曲面中心复合设计方法进行高速内冷铣削实验,建立了铣削力分量二阶回归预测模型,并进行了实验验证。对比了干式与内冷铣削后的加工表面质量,分析了铣削参数对铣削力分量的影响规律,以铣削力分量最小为目标优化了铣削参数。结果表明:进给力和径向力的预测值与实验值的误差分别为4.77%和6.16%;内冷铣削的Ra为0.193~0.327μm;对铣削力分量的影响是铣削深度>转速>进给量,随着铣削深度和转速的增加,进给力先升高后降低,径向力逐步增加,铣削深度与转速的交互作用对进给力和径向力的影响显著;转速11643.63 r/min、铣削深度1 mm、进给量0.08 mm/r为最优铣削参数组合。

不锈钢冷加工形变诱发马氏体相变及其腐蚀行为

在实验室和现场对经过不同温度、不同方式、不同程度冷加工的奥氏体 30 4不锈钢进行马氏体相变量的检测 ,研究了冷加工与马氏体相变的关系 ;通过浸泡试验和金相显微镜研究了 30 4不锈钢在腐蚀过程中马氏体含量的变化。结果表明 ,冷加工能产生不同程度的马氏体相变 ;在腐蚀过程中 。

钨酸根抑制不锈钢局部腐蚀的机理

用Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）研究了ＡＩＳＩ３０４不锈钢在含ＷＯ２－４＋Ｃｌ－的模拟闭塞电池中形成钝化膜的组成与结构及ＷＯ２－４抑制其局部腐蚀的机理。研究表明，闭塞区内ＡＩＳＩ３０４不锈钢表面的钝化膜的外层主要为ＷＯ２－４、ＣｒＯ３、ＣｒＣｌ３、ＦｅＣｌ２和ＦｅＣｌ３，此外，还有少量的Ｎｉ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣｒＯ２－４、γ－ＦｅＯＯＨ以及Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３；溅射５ ｍｉｎ时膜内层主要为Ｃｒ２Ｏ３、ＣｒＯＯＨ、Ｃｒ（ＯＨ）３、ＦｅＣｌ２、ＦｅＣｌ３和ＷＯ３，还有少量的ＷＯ２和ＷＯ２－４。ＷＯ２－４对钝化膜的影响在于ＷＯ２－４迁入闭塞区后吸附在金属表面，可全部或部分取代吸附在钢表面的Ｃｌ－，并与腐蚀产物Ｆｅ２＋发生氧化还原反应生成Ｆｅ３＋和ＷＯ２，ＷＯ２－４与Ｆｅ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋反应生成难溶化合物ＦｅＷＯ４和Ｆｅ２（ＷＯ４）３覆盖在阳极上，形成较耐蚀的保护膜，降低闭塞区内自催化效应速度，从而抑制局部腐蚀的进一步发展。

AISI 304不锈钢中δ→γ相变的原位观察

利用共焦激光扫描显微镜原位观察了AISI304不锈钢冷却过程中高温铁素体(δ)→奥氏体(→)相变的过程及其特征．结果表明,γ相优先在δ晶界处形成；冷却速率影响γ相的生长形态,典型形态分为块状、圆形、树枝状等；“游离”γ枝晶发生粗化,并和周围的γ枝晶聚合；相同冷却条件下,δ晶界处的γ枝晶聚合程度明显高于δ晶粒内部；二次枝晶在冷却过程中粗化,并竞争生长．利用ThermoCalc计算C元素在δ→γ相变过程中的偏析系数,以此求解δ→γ相变数学模型．

Antibacterial Property of Cu Modified Stainless Steel by Plasma Surface Alloying

Stainless steel（SS） is not recommended to be used in hospital environments for work surfaces and door furniture due to the lack of antibacterial properties.To this end,a novel SS surface modified layer with both a quick bacterial killing rate and relatively thick has been obtained by plasma surface alloying with Cu.The microstructure,elements distribution and phase identification were analyzed by SEM,GDS,XRD and XPS.A spread plate method was adopted for evaluation of antibacterial property of specimens against Escherichia coli（E.coli） and Staphylococcus aureus（S.aureus）.The experimental results demonstrate that the surface modified layer with the thickness of about 26 μm is uniform and dense.The layer is mainly composed of a mixture of pure Cu,expanded austenite phase and a few Fe3O4 phase.The Cu modified layer exhibits excellent antibacterial effects against E.coli and S.aureus within 1 h.No viable E.coli and S.aureus was found after 3 h（100% killed）.The modified layer is relatively thick,hence it is expected that the Cu modified SS will have a durable antibacterial function

On the microstructural evolution pattern toward nano-scale of an AISI 304 stainless steel during high strain rate surface deformation

In the present investigation,an austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel was subjected to high strain rate surface deformation by Pipe Inner-Surface Grinding(PISG)technique.The depth-dependent deformation parameters(strain,strain rate and strain gradient)were evaluated and the microstructures were systematically characterized.Microstructural evolution from millimeter-to nano-scale was explored,with special attention paid to the localized deformation.Microstructural evolution begins with the formation of planar dislocation arrays and the twin-matrix lamellae,which is followed by the localized deformation characterized by the initiation and the development of shear bands.A twinning-dominated process that was supplemented with dislocation slip-dominated one governed the microstructural evolution inside shear bands.The twin-matrix lamellae transform into extended/lamellar structure and finally the nanosized grains.Austenitic grains were substantially refined and martensitic transformation was effectively suppressed,of which the underlying mechanisms were analyzed.

激光冲击对AISI304不锈钢拉伸性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用高能纳秒激光对AISI304不锈钢表面进行冲击强化,测定激光冲击前后AISI304不锈钢的抗拉强度和应力-应变曲线,系统研究了激光冲击增大不锈钢抗拉强度的机理;测量冲击前后的摩擦系数和磨损性能,研究了激光冲击对AISI304不锈钢摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。结果表明:激光冲击纳米晶化AISI304不锈钢表层,从而提高不锈钢的抗拉强度;激光冲击强化提高AISI304不锈钢的磨损性能,略微增大AISI304不锈钢的摩擦系数。

AISI304不锈钢表面渗Cu层对其摩擦学行为的影响

利用等离子表面合金化技术,在304不锈钢表面制备渗Cu改性层。借助球-盘磨损试验机对改性层常规大气环境下与不同偶件(GCr15球,Al2O3球)对摩时的摩擦学性能进行了测试。结果表明:不锈钢表面渗Cu改性层均匀致密、与基体结合良好,厚度大约26μm,主要由纯Cu和膨胀的奥氏体等相组成。渗Cu改性层的摩擦学性能与摩擦偶件相关。渗Cu不锈钢与GCr15球对摩时Cu改性层阻止了不锈钢与配副直接接触,并在摩擦过程中起到固体润滑作用,明显改善了不锈钢的摩擦学性能;渗Cu不锈钢与Al2O3球对摩时,由于陶瓷球的稳定化学性能及Cu改性层相对较低的剪切强度,导致摩擦过程中磨粒磨损加剧。

不锈钢/碳钢热静压复合中表面形貌对界面变形及复合质量的影响

双金属受压变形复合过程中表面形貌是影响其界面变形行为及结合质量的重要因素。针对AISI304不锈钢与Q235A碳钢,通过车削加工制备3种具有不同表面微观形貌的圆柱型试样组,在真空条件下实现该两种金属的热静压复合后,利用无损检测技术测定界面复合率、单轴拉伸破坏试验测定复合材料的强度,并在其复合区域取样,利用扫描电镜观察接触界面轮廓的几何特征,分析复合过程中界面变形规律及对复合质量的影响;基于商业有限元软件模拟分析复合过程接触表面粗糙峰变形,研究表面微观形貌对复合过程的影响机制。结果表明,表面微观形貌对热静压复合过程中界面的变形和复合质量影响显著;在复合过程中,较硬的不锈钢粗糙峰几乎无变形地嵌入进碳钢基体内,而较软的碳钢粗糙峰则明显被压扁变平;此外,不锈钢和碳钢试样在复合前通过表面预处理获得的不同粗糙度对于复合质量具有相反的影响作用,不锈钢表面越粗糙越有利于复合,碳钢表面越光滑越有利于复合;不锈钢侧界面粗糙度增大和碳钢侧界面粗糙度减小,都可以使得界面两侧金属相对滑动减小、界面间接触应力增大,从而提高了界面复合质量。

基于有限元模拟的冲裁毛刺控制方法

基于板料冲裁过程的分析,提出一种控制冲裁毛刺的方法,即预切冲裁法。利用Deform-2D软件对1.2 mm厚的不锈钢板料AISI304的预切冲裁过程进行有限元模拟,分析了预切冲裁的断面质量及应力分布状况,研究了工艺参数（预切角度、预切深度、冲裁速度、冲裁间隙）与光亮带长度之间的变化关系。模拟结果表明：冲裁件断面的光亮带长度随着预切角度、预切深度及冲裁速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而随着冲裁间隙的增加则不断减小。预切冲裁法在合理的预切深度范围内（0.2-0.4 mm）实现了冲裁毛刺的控制。此外,利用模具验证了预切冲裁法的实用性,试验值与模拟值的误差为17.78%,该方法有助于提高产品质量。

304不锈钢低温离子渗氮和氮碳共渗工艺

在430℃对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢分别进行离子渗氮(PN)、离子氮碳共渗(PNC)和离子氮碳共渗加离子渗氮(PNC+PN)处理。利用金相显微镜、辉光放电光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试了试样渗层的横断面形貌、渗层成分、相组成和力学性能。结果表明,AISI304奥氏体不锈钢在430℃进行硬化处理时,相对于PN处理,经PNC和PNC+PN处理可以获得更高硬度、更厚渗层,但表面耐腐蚀性下降,3种处理得到的渗层中C和N的最大含量分别出现在不同深度。