Data Comparison between Elite and Amateur Soccer Players by 20 Hz GPS Data Collection

The athletic component in football is nowadays one of the most important factor to determinate the performance. This consideration is part of our study, which aims to evaluate and quantify the difference between the workload of an amateur footballer and an elite one. All this is allowed by match analysis made by GPS evaluation method for amateur and video tracking for elite. The examined teams were playing in 7th Italian league, and we used 10 GPS to track 6 games, 5 for each team. For every team and every game were analysed a forward, a central midfielder, a wide midfielder, a central defender and a full back （Age 25.3 ＋ 4.2, Weight 74.5 Kg a： 5.3, Height 1.76 cm ＋ 5.2）. In our study, we used a 20 Hz GPS （thanks to Advanced Research Group in Sport, School of Health and Sport Science with K-Sport Universal, Italy） to detect performance data, and then we compared the outcome with matches performance data from elite players gather from scientific literature. Data analysis shows that elite players reach higher values in almost all parameters taken into account. In particular, they obtained higher value in meters per minutes, High Speed Distance （〉 16 Km/h）, High Metabolic Power Distance （〉 20 W/Kg） and in high and very high and acceleration （2 m/s, 3 m/s, 〉 3 m/s） and deceleration （-2 m/s, -3 m/s, 〉 -3 m/s）. This study can be useful to select and catalogue player performance model, in order to better understand the real value of a player, and to help coaches and teams to identify talent, at least in physical values.

Costs resulting from nonprofessional soccer injuries in Switzerland:A detailed analysis

Background:Soccer injuries constitute an important public health problem and cause a high economic burden.Nevertheless,comprehensive data regarding injury costs in nonprofessional soccer are missing.The aim of this study was to determine which groups of nonprofessional soccer athletes,injury types,and injury situations caused high injury costs.Methods:A cross-sectional,retrospective telephone survey was carried out with a random sample of persons who had sustained a soccer injury between July 2013 and June 2014 and who had reported this accident to the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund(Suva).One year after the corresponding accident,every injury was linked to its costs and to the answers obtained in the interview about injury setting,injury characteristics,and injury causes.Finally,the costs of 702 injuries were analyzed.Results:The average cost of an injury in nonprofessional soccer amounted to€4030(bias-corrected and accelerated 95%confidence interval(BCa 95%CI):3427-4719).Persons aged 30 years and older experienced 35%of soccer injuries but accounted for 49%of all costs.A total of58%of all costs were the result of injuries that occurred during amateur games.In particular,game injuries sustained by players in separate leagues for players aged 30+/40+years led to high average costs of€8190(BCa 95%CI:5036-11,645).Knee injuries accounted for 25%of all injuries and were responsible for 53%of all costs.Although contact and foul play did not lead to above-average costs,twisting or turning situations were highly cost relevant,leading to an average sum of€7710(BCa 95%CI:5376-10,466)per injury.Conclusion:Nonprofessional soccer players aged 30 years and older and particularly players in 30+/40+leagues had above-average injury costs.Furthermore,the prevention of knee injuries,noncontact and nonfoul play injuries,and injuries caused by twisting and turning should be of highest priority in decreasing health care costs.

Passive Whole-Body Hyperthermia Increases Aerobic Capacity and Cardio-Respiratory Efficiency in Amateur Athletes

Objective: The research was carried out to test the influence of adaptation to passive whole body hyperthermia (PH) on physical capacity and cardio-respiratory efficiency in men-amateur athletes under the testing load of increasing intensity in laboratory thermal-neutral conditions. Twenty-eight amateur athletes (males, mean age 20.2 ± 2.1 y.o., game-based kinds of sports—football, handball, training experience—4 - 7 years) were randomized into two groups: experimental (14 people), who underwent 24 PH procedures, and control (14 people), who underwent 24 light training sessions in interval regime on elliptical gym apparatus. Results: Adaptation to PH was accompanied by moderate increase of aerobic efficiency and cardio-respiratory endurance in amateur athletes under thermally neutral conditions, while interval training in the control group showed no reliable changes in efficiency. Conclusion: A 10-week course of PH procedures leads to the increase of peak oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at the level of anaerobic threshold, and heart efficiency (enhancement of oxygen pulse values), as well as efficiency of pulmonary ventilation and bronchial conductance, which we consider to be cross effects of adaptation to passive whole-body repetitive hyperthermia.

Training and Recommendations on the Lower Limbs Explosive Force of Juvenile Amateur Men Sprinters

Based on the characteristics of physiological development of China's juvenile men sprinters,combined with the training mechanism of explosive force,and taking the track- and- field team of Jianshan High School in Chongqing as experimental object,this article selects the combination of one leg training methods and the combination of two legs training methods to carry out group control experiment. The result shows: each index score of the two groups of athletes is improved after training,but the characteristics of employing forces and the way of muscle work in one leg jumping exercises such as the one leg jump and step are much closer to sprint techniques. And using this kind of methods can effectively develop the special quality of juvenile sprinter.

Innovation of New Techniques in Freestyle&Greco-Roman Wrestling

The present research is about learning&performing term of new innovated techniques and further effects on selected/experienced wrestlers in age level of adolescents and adults at Tehran city with regard to new rules&regulations in wrestling.Firstly after describing of techniques,all wrestlers reached a suitable body readiness through various physical exercises.Then after complete learning and performing of mental experiences,they could implement the concerned techniques as professional as possible.Since they should be performed in compliance with new rules of wrestling within short terms and with minimum energy consumption,they are really profitable for all wrestlers at professional levels as well.

Analysis of Speed Thresholds in Youth Amateur Football Players Divided by Roles Using GPS Technologies

Ability to accelerate, decelerate, recover and sprint again, is a crucial ability for team sports, athletes are forced in repeatingthis actions several times during matches. The objective parameters that influence resistance to sprints are their duration and recovery.The aim of this study was to analyze performance of young under 18 football players on high intensity running thresholds with the useof GPS 20 Hz （K-Sport Universal, Montelabbate, Italy）. We have analyzed three football matches of Marche Amateur under 18Championship （Italy） during 2017 season, using 10 GPS, one for each players except the goalkeeper. In order to better define a moreaccurate PPM （players performance model）, the players that have been substituted were removed from analysis, using only data fromfull match to build database. Total of detection is 26, with an average of 8.6 players for match divided by role. Our result according withliterature shows that in total distance, the role that obtained higher value was external midfielder and forward traveled more distance insprint.

李健吾文学评论风格的归因探析

李健吾的印象主义批评在中国现代文学评论史中独树一帜。这种风格的成因有三个方面:第一是李健吾的艺术至上论,第二是李健吾有戏剧性的性格以及创作戏剧的经历,第三是李健吾以一种类似于"爱美剧"的创作心态来创作文学评论文章。

Reimagining local worlds:Wen village conservation and regeneration by Amateur Architecture Studio

This article theorises the local world as a conceptual scaffold for future conservation and regeneration.It aims to catalyse a theoretical dialogue across the East and West to understand how ordinary places and lifeworlds are preserved,reproduced,and possibly reimagined.The local worlds discussed herein are conceptualised as the worlds of many,the worlds of relating,the worlds of structuring and the worlds of becoming.These four cardinal points present a source of open-endedness and futurity for contemporary architectural reinterpretation.The current article examines the characterisation of the Wen village conservation and regeneration project,led by the Amateur Architecture Studio in Zhejiang Province of China(2012–2016),as an architectural reimagination of local worlds,with a strong sensitivity to the ordinary places and lifeworlds of rural China and juxtapositions of new local worlds within old worlds.By piecing together the flows and fragments of the architectural process,this article shows how locally situated designs and dynamics have shaped the project in both its formation and afterlife,both ethically and contemporarily.Using close readings of popular and oral accounts from both architect’s and users’perspectives,this article extends the case study by broadening theoretical conversations about contemporary architecture’s capacity to reimagine local worlds.

On the Innovation of Literary Theory in China

China＇s rise has increased concerns about innovation in China＇s indigenous literary theory. How to create theories with a ＂China style＂ and global influence has become a serious challenge for the development of contemporary Chinese literary theory. Three strategies are noteworthy in meeting this challenge. First, ＂amateurism in professionalism＂ can be used to offset the constraints of increasing disciplinization and professionalization in literary theory. Second, critical rationality needs to be cultivated among researchers and in institutional forms in order to alter the present lack of rational and vigorous debate, criticism and dialogue. Third, we need to reconstruct ＂grand narratives,＂ so as to make a unique contribution to the world in terms of universal values, meanings and ethics through transforming and advancing traditional Chinese thought.

Time--Honored Treasures

Xie Cuilian is an amateur performer of Cantonese Opera. Following a lifelong passion for the traditional Chinese art form Which involves acting. music, singing and martial arts, she has finally become a regular actress on the stage of the Guangzhou Cantonese Opera Art Museum.