人参皂苷Rb1通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α轴调节线粒体裂变融合缓解哮喘气道炎症

哮喘(bronchial asthma)以气道炎症和高反应性为主要特征,严重危害人类健康^([1])。AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)作为氧化还原蛋白,能有效调节细胞内氧化应激,可通过激活高度保守的NAD+依赖性去乙酰化酶Sirtuin 1(SIRT1)/NF-κB通路抑制哮喘^([2])。PPARγcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α)在线粒体生物合成和功能调节中得到广泛应用^([3])。人参皂苷Rb1是人参根茎的重要提取物,具有抗炎,抗凋亡,能够抑制哮喘气道高反应性等作用^([4])。本研究探讨了Rb1可能通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号轴改善小鼠支气管上皮细胞在CRE诱导下发生的氧化应激线粒体动力学障碍,最终有效缓解哮喘气道炎症的发生和发展。

强记汤通过激活AMPKα/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路减轻D-半乳糖诱导的认知损伤和线粒体功能障碍

目的:探讨强记汤对D-半乳糖诱导的线粒体功能障碍的作用及其机制。方法:80只C57BL/6小鼠被随机分配至空白组、模型组、二甲双胍组和强记汤组。对空白组以外的其他3组小鼠背颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖(100 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),连续8周,以建立衰老相关的认知损伤模型。强记汤组给予强记汤水煎液(24.96 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))灌胃,二甲双胍组给予二甲双胍(0.2 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))灌胃,空白组和模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水(20 mL·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),连续灌胃4周,每天1次。Morris水迷宫实验和新物体识别实验评估小鼠的学习记忆力;Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)染色观察海马区受损的神经元;透射电镜观察海马区线粒体的超微结构;试剂盒检测活性氧(ROS)水平;JC-1染色检测海马神经细胞线粒体膜电位水平;试剂盒检测海马组织线粒体ATP及线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含量;Western blot检测海马组织中AMP活化蛋白激酶α(AMPKα)、第172位苏氨酸磷酸化的AMPKα(p-AMPKα-Thr172)、沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅激活因子1α(PGC-1α)、核呼吸因子1(NRF1)、NRF2和线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)水平。结果:Morris水迷宫实验和新物体识别实验结果显示,与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠逃避潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.05或P<0.01),穿越平台次数、目标象限驻留时间及新物体识别指数显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。FJB染色结果显示,与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马CA1和CA3区FJB标记的神经元数量显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01)。透射电镜显示,与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马神经细胞中线粒体损伤减轻,且线粒体的长度和面积显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马神经细胞中ROS水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。JC-1染色结果显示,与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马神经细胞线粒体膜电位显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马组织线粒体ATP及线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Western blot结果显示,与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和强记汤组小鼠海马p-AMPKα-Thr172、SIRT1、PGC-1α、NRF1、NRF2和TFAM水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:强记汤可通过激活AMPKα/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路减轻D-半乳糖诱导的认知障碍、神经元损伤及线粒体功能障碍。

Effect and Mechanism of Dicliptera chinensis Polysaccharide on miR-141/AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway in Rats with NAFLD

[Objectives]Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)rat model was established by feeding high-fat and high-sugar fodder to rats,and the protective effect of Dicliptera chinensis polysaccharide(DCP)on NAFLD rats was studied to explore its potential mechanism.[Methods]45 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control group,model control group and DCP treatment groups(100 and 300 mg/kg).The rats in the normal control group were fed with ordinary fodder,and the rats in other groups were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 14 weeks to establish NAFLD model.From the 9^(th)week,the rats in the DCP treatment groups were given different doses of DCP by intragastric administration(5 mL/kg)for 6 weeks.After the last intragastric administration,the rats fasted for 16 h,and the serum and liver of rats were collected for detection.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was conducted to observe the histopathological changes of rat liver,and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),malondialdehyde(MDA),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were detected by biochemical method.Interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and micrornA-141(micro RNA-141)were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The expression of SIRT1 and adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)in rat liver was detected by western blot.[Results]Compared with the model control group,the inflammatory damage and steatodegeneration of rats in the DCP groups were relieved to varying degrees,and the number of lipid vacuoles significantly reduced.The ALT,AST,TC,TG and LDL-C content in the serum and MDA content in the liver tissue decreased to varying degrees,while the HDL-C,SOD and GSH-Px content increased.The expression of SIRT1 and AMPK increased,while the expression of miR-141,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1βdeclined,and the DCP 300 mg/kg treatment group had better improvement effect.[Conclusions]DCP had a certain protective effect on NAFLD rats,which may be related to the regulation of miR-141/AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.

CHANGES IN NEUROPEPTIDES AFTER MUSIC EXPOSURE 429Cardioprotective effect of ivabradine via the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1αsignaling pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injuryinduced in H9c2 cell

Post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction(PRMD)is the most severe myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI)and is characterized by difficult treatment and poor prognosis.Research has shown the protective effects of the rational use of ivabradine(IVA)against PRMD,however,the molecular mechanisms of IVA remain unknown.In this study,an ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI)model was established using hypoxic chambers.The results demonstrated that pretreatment with IVA reduced IRI-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis.IVA attenuated mitochondrial damage,eliminated excess reactive oxygen species(ROS),suppressed IRI-induced ATP and NAD+,and increased the AMP/ATP ratio.We further found that IVA increased the mRNA levels of sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator 1α(PGC-1α)and upregulated the expression levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase(p-AMPK)/AMPK,SIRT1,and PGC-1αproteins.Interestingly,no change in AMPK mRNA levels was observed.Cardiomyocyte energy metabolism significantly changed after IRI.The aim of this study was to demonstrate the cardioprotective effect of Ivabradine via the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1αsignaling pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced in H9c2 cell.

金雀异黄素通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路缓解免疫抑制大鼠的疲劳作用

目的:探讨金雀异黄素(genistein,GEN)缓解免疫抑制大鼠的疲劳作用及其作用机制。方法:96只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组(每组16只),分别为空白对照组、免疫抑制模型组与金雀异黄素低、中、高剂量组以及阳性对照组。除空白对照组外,其余组腹腔注射环磷酰胺40 mg/kg m_(b),连续3 d,建立免疫抑制大鼠模型。金雀异黄素低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃10、20、40 mg/kg m_(b)金雀异黄素,阳性对照组灌胃贞芪扶正颗粒3.125 g/kg m_(b),空白对照组灌胃等量花生油。实验结束后,记录大鼠力竭游泳时间;采用比色法检测大鼠血清中肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力;酶联免疫吸附测定法检测大鼠血清中免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)质量浓度;采用实时荧光定量技术检测大鼠骨骼肌中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)、过氧化物酶增殖活化受体γ辅激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator 1α,PGC-1α)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)mRNA表达水平;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠骨骼肌中p-AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α和PPARγ的蛋白表达水平。结果:与免疫抑制模型组相比,补充GEN后极显著延长了大鼠力竭游泳时间(P<0.01);与免疫抑制模型相比,高剂量GEN能够显著降低血清中CK活力(P<0.05)和LDH活力(P<0.01),极显著提高大鼠血清中IgG、TNF-α质量浓度(P<0.01),同时显著提高大鼠骨骼肌中p-AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α和PPARγ基因及蛋白表达水平(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论:GEN具有缓解免疫低下大鼠疲劳的作用,其机制可能与激活骨骼肌AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路及改善大鼠运动耐力、能量产生及免疫调节能力有关。

酸枣仁汤通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路改善阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠线粒体功能障碍

目的 以APP/PS1小鼠为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)模型,通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路研究酸枣仁汤(SZRD)对AD线粒体功能障碍的作用和作用机制。方法 将30只APP/PS1小鼠随机分为APP/PS1组、SZRD低剂量组(L-SZRD)、SZRD高剂量组(H-SZRD),10只C57BL/6JNju小鼠设为对照组(WT)。Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力;硫黄素染色观察小鼠海马区老年斑;免疫组化检测小鼠海马区Aβ的表达;透射电镜观察小鼠海马区线粒体形态;试剂盒检测小鼠海马中ATP和ROS的含量;Western blot实验检测小鼠海马中AMPK、p-AMPK-ThrK172、SIRT1、PGC-1α、NRF1、NRF2、TFAM的表达。结果 与APP/PS1组比较,L-SZRD和H-SZRD能有效提高小鼠学习记忆能力,减少海马区老年斑和Aβ沉积,改善线粒体结构损伤,增加海马中ATP含量,减少海马中ROS表达,增加海马中p-AMPK-ThrK172、SIRT1、PGC-1α、NRF1、NRF2、TFAM的表达。结论 SZRD可改善AD小鼠认知损伤、老年斑沉积和线粒体功能障碍,其机制可能与激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路有关。

田蓟苷通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路抑制LPS诱导的肺泡上皮细胞铁死亡

目的探讨田蓟苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肺泡上皮细胞铁死亡的影响及潜在机制。方法将培养的人肺泡上皮细胞BEAS-2B分为对照组(正常培养)、LPS组、田蓟苷低剂量组(20μmol/L)、田蓟苷中剂量组(50μmol/L)、田蓟苷高剂量组(100μmol/L)、Compound C(ComC)抑制剂组[100μmol/L田蓟苷+10μmol/L腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)的抑制剂ComC]。四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测BEAS-2B细胞活力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,分光光度法检测细胞内丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、Fe^(2+)水平;Western blotting法检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)、转铁蛋白(Tf)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)及AMPK/沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC-1α)信号通路蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,LPS组BEAS-2B细胞的A 490值、还原型GSH、GPX4、PCNA、磷酸化AMPK(p-AMPK)/AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05),凋亡率、ROS、MDA、Fe^(2+)水平,以及Tf、Bax、caspase-3蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,田蓟苷低、中、高剂量组BEAS-2B细胞的A 490值、还原型GSH水平、GPX4、PCNA、p-AMPK/AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05),凋亡率、ROS、MDA、Fe^(2+)水平、Tf、Bax、caspase-3表达显著降低(P<0.05);与田蓟苷高剂量组比较,ComC抑制剂组BEAS-2B细胞的A 490值、还原型GSH水平、GPX4、PCNA、p-AMPK/AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05),凋亡率、ROS、MDA、Fe^(2+)水平,以及Tf、Bax、caspase-3蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论田蓟苷通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路抑制LPS诱导的肺泡上皮细胞铁死亡。

Yiqi Yangyin and Huatan Quyu granule can improve skeletal muscle energy metabolism in a type 2 diabetic rat model by promoting the AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signalling pathway

Objective:To investigate how Yiqi Yangyin and Huatan Quyu granule (YYHO) improves skeletal muscle insulin resistance in a type 2 diabetic rat model and to discover whether the molecular mechanism is related to the promotion of the AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signalling pathway.Methods:Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:the normal group,the model group,the YYHQ granule group,and the pioglitazone group.The type 2 diabetic rat model was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 5 weeks along with a single intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ).After modelling successfully,the appropriate drug was intragastrically administered to diabetic rats for 2 weeks,once per day.The YYHQ granule group was given a dose of 4.8 g/kg body weight per day,the pioglitazone group was given a dose of 1.35 mg/kg body weight per day.The doses for both groups were equivalent to the clinical equivalent dose based on a previous study.Other groups were gavaged with the same amount of saline water.Body weight,food intake,water intake,urine volume and grip strength were recorded weekly.The fasting blood glucose(FBG) was determined weekly using blood glucose test strips.The related glucose and lipid metabolism indexes,e.g.,fasting insulin (Fins),glycated haemoglobin (GHb),HOMA-IR,ISI,triglycerides (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and free fatty acid (FFA),were determined using biochemical method.The mRNA expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α),carnitine palmitoyl transterase-1 (CPT-1),Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1),and Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).The protein expression levels of creatine kinase (CK),Ca2+ ATPase,α-Actin,AMPK,PGC-1α and CPT-1 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA).Results:Body weight decreased significantly (P <.01),food intake,water intake and urine volume increased significantly (P <.01),and grip strength decreased significantly (P <.01) in the model group compared with the normal group.The levels of FBG,Fins,GHb and HOMA-IR increased significantly (P <.01),and the ISI decreased significantly (P <.01) in the model group.The levels of TG,TC,LDL-C and FFA increased significantly (P <.05 or P <.01),and the level of HDL-C decreased significantly (P <.05) in the model group.These changes were reversed after treatment with YYHQ granule or pioglitazone.Compared with the model group,the YYHQ granule and pioglitazone groups significantly improve body weight,water intake and urine volume (P <.05 or P <.01),however,both treatments had no significant effect on food intake (P >.05).The levels of FBG,Fins,GHb,HOMA-IR and ISI were improved significantly (P <.01) and the levels of TG,TC and LDL-C were improved significantly (P <.05 or P <.01),however,both treatments had no significant effect on the levels of HDL-C and FFA (P >.05).Further results indicated that YYHQ granule significantly decreased the mRNA expression of AMPK,PGC-1α,CPT-1,SIRT1 and SIRT3 in skeletal muscle (P <.01) and the pioglitazone group showed similar effects;moreover,the protein expression levels of CK,Ca2+ATPase,α-Actin,AMPK,PGC-1α and CPT-1 in skeletal muscle significantly decreased (P <.01),however,pioglitazone had no significant effect on CK and α-Actin (P >.05).Conclusion:The possible molecular mechanism of YYHQ granule improving skeletal muscle insulin resistance in a type 2 diabetic rat model may be related to the stimulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle via the AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signalling pathway.

Fanlian Huazhuo Formula alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating autophagy and lipid synthesis signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Fanlian Huazhuo Formula(FLHZF)has the functions of invigorating spleen and resolving phlegm,clearing heat and purging turbidity.It has been identified to have therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in clinical application.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is frequently diagnosed in patients with T2DM.However,the therapeutic potential of FLHZF on NAFLD and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation.AIM To elucidate the effects of FLHZF on NAFLD and explore the underlying hepatoprotective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with free fatty acid for 24 hours to induce lipid accumulation cell model.Subsequently,experiments were conducted with the different concentrations of freeze-dried powder of FLHZF for 24 hours.C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8-week to establish a mouse model of NAFLD,and then treated with the different concentrations of FLHZF for 10 weeks.RESULTS FLHZF had therapeutic potential against lipid accumulation and abnormal changes in biochemical indicators in vivo and in vitro.Further experiments verified that FLHZF alleviated abnormal lipid metabolism might by reducing oxidative stress,regulating the AMPKα/SREBP-1C signaling pathway,activating autophagy,and inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis.CONCLUSION FLHZF alleviates abnormal lipid metabolism in NAFLD models by regulating reactive oxygen species,autophagy,apoptosis,and lipid synthesis signaling pathways,indicating its potential for clinical application in NAFLD.

Puerarin protects rat brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via the AMPK-mT OR-ULK1 signaling pathway

Puerarin suppresses autophagy to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and accumulating evidence indicates that the AMPKm TOR signaling pathway regulates the activation of the autophagy pathway through the coordinated phosphorylation of ULK1. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of puerarin and its role in modulating autophagy via the AMPK-m TOR-ULK1 signaling pathway in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with puerarin, 50 or 100 mg/kg, daily for 7 days. Then, 30 minutes after the final administration, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes. Then, after 24 hours of reperfusion, the Longa score and infarct volume were evaluated in each group. Autophagosome formation was observed by transmission electron microscopy. LC3, Beclin-1 p62, AMPK, m TOR and ULK1 protein expression levels were examined by immunofluorescence and western blot assay. Puerarin substantially reduced the Longa score and infarct volume, and it lessened autophagosome formation in the hippocampal CA1 area following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with puerarin（50 or 100 mg/kg） reduced Beclin-1 expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, as well as p-AMPK and p S317-ULK1 levels. In comparison, it increased p62 expression. Furthermore, puerarin at 100 mg/kg dramatically increased the levels of p-m TOR and p S757-ULK1 in the hippocampus on the ischemic side. Our findings suggest that puerarin alleviates autophagy by activating the APMK-m TOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. Thus, puerarin might have therapeutic potential for treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Mechanism of Resveratrol on autophagy mediated by Mst1/Sirt3 signaling pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Objective:To observe the effects of resveratrol on myocardial cell injury and Mst1/Sirt3 signaling pathway mediated autophagy in type 2 diabetic mice. Methods:C57 BL/KSJ db/db mice were allocated to the normal control group,the model group,and the resveratrol group;C57 BL/KSJ db/m mice served as the melbine group,with 10 mice each. The resveratrol group and the melbine group were treated with resveratrol and metformin by gavage,respectively. The normal control group and the model group were treated with equal volume of normal saline by gavage,for 8 consecutive weeks. H & E staining,transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to observe the pathological morphology,ultrastructure and apoptosis levels of myocardial tissues,respectively. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis genes Bax and Bcl-2 in myocardial tissues,and Western-blot method was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy proteins(LC3 and p62),Mst1 and Sirt3 proteins in myocardial tissue. Results:Compared with the model group,resveratrol can significantly reduce the body weight,blood glucose level and serum CK and LDH levels of db/db mice,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05;P<0.01). Meanwhile,after resveratrol treatment,myocardial inflammation score,apoptosis rate,Bax mRNA expression level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in myocardial tissue were significantly reduced,and Bcl-2 mRNA expression level was significantly increased,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). In addition,compared with the model group,the expression level of p62 and p-Mst1 protein in the myocardial tissue of the resveratrol group was significantly reduced,and the expression level of Sirt3 protein and the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ were significantly increased,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). Conclusion:Resveratrol promotes the autophagy level of cardiomyocytes by activating the Mst1/Sirt3 signaling pathway and inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis to play a protective role in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Mechanism of hesperidin improving myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rats through SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Objective:To observe the protective effect of hesperidin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its effect on SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Methods:50 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned to the normal control group(NC),model group,ischemia-reperfusion group(IR),hesperidin group,SIRT1 inhibitor group and hesperidin plus SIRT1 inhibitor group.In addition to NC,the rats in the remaining groups were replicated by intraperitoneal of high-fat diet combined with injection of streptozotocin for type 2 diabetic rats.After then,the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(MIRI)rat model was established by LAd for 30 minutes with 2 hours reperfusion.He staining was used to observe the pathological changes of myocardial tissue,and the levels of serum LDH,CK-MB and SOD,GSH and MDA in myocardial tissue were detected by kit methods,and the expression abundance of related proteins in 4-HNE and SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot;Results:Hesperidin could significantly inhibit cardiomyocyte necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduce LDH activity,CK-MB and MDA level,and increase SOD activity,GSH and 4-HNE level,the differences were statistically significant when compared with IR group(P<0.01).In addition,compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group,the expressions of SIRT1,Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in hesperidin group were significantly up-regulated,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01);Conclusion:Hesperidin inhibits oxidative stress by activating SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway,and play a protective effect of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.

萝卜硫素调节腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶/沉默信息调节器1/过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1α信号通路对妊娠高血压大鼠妊娠结局的影响

目的 探究萝卜硫素(SFN)通过调节腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/沉默信息调节器1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC-1α)信号通路对妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)大鼠妊娠结局的影响。方法 2021年3月至2022年6月,70只雌性大鼠受孕后分为对照组、HDP组、SFN-L组(SFN 5 mg/kg)、SFN-M(SFN 15 mg/kg)、SFN-H(SFN 30 mg/kg)、硫酸镁组(硫酸镁注射液100 mg/kg)、Compound C组(SFN 30 mg/kg+AMPK抑制剂Compound C 0.25 mg/kg),各组10只。在妊娠第13天起除对照组,其余各组妊娠大鼠尾静脉注射7 mg/kg L-NAME,连续注射4 d,建立HDP大鼠模型,对照组大鼠尾静脉注射0.9%氯化钠溶液。从造模成功后第1天(妊娠第17天)起,各给药组注射相应剂量的药物,对照组、HDP组注射0.9%氯化钠溶液,连续给药至妊娠第20天。检测妊娠第17天和第20天各组大鼠尾动脉压和24 h尿蛋白定量水平;试剂盒法检测大鼠血肌酐(SCr)和血尿素氮(BUN)水平;观察检测大鼠妊娠结局指标;HE染色观察胎盘组织和肾脏组织病理情况;蛋白质印迹法检测胎盘组织可溶性血管内皮生长因子受体-1(sFLT-1)、胎盘生长因子(PLGF)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOs)、磷酸化eNOs(peNOs)、磷酸化AMPK(p-AMPK)、AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1ɑ蛋白水平。结果 HDP组大鼠血压[(152.52±4.79)mmHg比(101.63±4.15)mmHg]、24 h尿蛋白定量水平[(679.38±64.32)mg/L比(123.17±20.19)mg/L]、胎鼠病死率[(28.57±2.08)%比(0.96±0.11)%]、血清SCr和BUN水平、胎盘组织sFLT-1表达水平高于对照组(P<0.05),而胎鼠质量[(2.32±0.19)g比(4.75±0.43)g]、产仔数[(11.70±0.69)个比(7.10±0.57)个]、胎盘质量[(0.32±0.06)g比(0.58±0.12)g]、胎盘组织PLGF、p-eNOs、p-AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1ɑ蛋白表达低于对照组(P<0.05),另外,HDP大鼠胎盘组织绒毛数量减少,胎盘结构缩小,部分绒毛显示纤维蛋白样坏死,肾脏组织内肾小球数目减少,结构异常;SFN-L组、SFN-M组、SFN-H组和硫酸镁组大鼠血压[(136.91±5.16)mmHg、(129.25±4.54)mmHg、(117.33±4.19)mmHg、(121.72±4.61)mmHg比(152.52±4.79)mmHg]、24 h尿蛋白定量水平[(595.91±53.05)mg/L、(532.23±49.76)mg/L、(461.16±35.15)mg/L、(482.74±39.58)mg/L比(679.38±64.32)mg/L]、胎鼠病死率、血清SCr和BUN水平、胎盘组织sFLT-1表达水平低于HDP组(P<0.05),胎鼠质量、产仔数、胎盘质量、胎盘组织PLGF、p-eNOs、p-AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1ɑ蛋白表达高于HDP组(P<0.05),胎盘组织和肾脏组织结构异常程度减轻;AMPK抑制剂Compound C减弱了SFN对HDP大鼠血压、肾损伤和妊娠结局的保护作用。结论 SFN通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1ɑ信号通路改善HDP大鼠妊娠结局。

游泳运动对2型糖尿病大鼠腓肠肌AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路和自噬的影响

目的:探讨游泳运动干预对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠腓肠肌AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路和自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,分析运动改善T2DM骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的作用机制。方法:63只SD大鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组(NC组,n=9)和高糖高脂饮食组(n=54),8周高糖高脂饮食后小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射诱导T2DM大鼠模型,将成功诱导的T2DM大鼠(n=49)随机分为糖尿病模型组(DM组,n=24)和糖尿病运动干预组(DME组,n=25)。NC组和DM组正常饲养,DME组进行8周不负重游泳运动干预,第1周运动时间15 min,每周递增15 min,直至延长为90 min,每天运动1次,每周5天。定期检测各组大鼠空腹血糖,8周运动干预后检测胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和口服糖耐量,采用Western blot方法检测腓肠肌AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路、自噬、凋亡以及胰岛素信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:(1)与NC组相比,DM组大鼠空腹血糖、HOMA-IR和口服糖耐量水平显著增加(P<0.01),p-IRS-1/IRS-1、GLUT4、pAMPK/AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1α、Atg7、Beclin1、LC-3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Bcl-2及Bcl-2/Bax显著下降(P<0.05),Bax和p62显著增加(P<0.05);(2)运动干预后,与DM组相比,DME组大鼠空腹血糖、HOMA-IR和口服糖耐量水平显著改善(P<0.05),p-IRS-1/IRS-1、GLUT4、p-AMPK/AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α、Atg7、Beclin1、LC-3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Bcl-2及Bcl-2/Bax显著增加(P<0.05),Bax和p62显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:8周游泳运动可改善T2DM大鼠骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与运动激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路上调自噬有关。

激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路调控线粒体能量代谢在肌萎缩性侧索硬化症治疗中的潜力

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)是由上下层运动神经元的选择性丢失所致的神经退行性疾病,且发病机制复杂而不明确。越来越多的证据表明,能量代谢缺陷和体内稳态失衡导致ALS中运动神经元的选择性变性。已知磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)和沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)可在细胞水平感受能量代谢状态,并在调节机体能量稳态和自噬方面起重要作用。AMPK激活SIRT1,使下游的参与能量代谢的基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅活化因子1α(PGC-1α)等去乙酰化激活,从而提高线粒体生物合成水平。因此,AMPK/SIRT1协同参与能量代谢调节的机制极有可能是ALS治疗的潜力靶点。本综述,我们首先回顾了能量代谢缺陷和线粒体异常在ALS发病机制中的重要作用,并简要介绍AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α通路在ALS中作为治疗途径的潜力,以及如何靶向调控该信号通路使之成为ALS的有效治疗策略。

Mulberry leaf flavonoids activate BAT and induce browning of WAT to improve type 2 diabetes via regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf is a well-established traditional Chinese botanical and culinary resource. It has found widespread application in the management of diabetes. The bioactive constituents of mulberry leaf, specifically mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs), exhibit pronounced potential in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This potential is attributed to their ability to safeguard pancreatic β cells, enhance insulin resistance, and inhibit α-glucosidase activity. Our antecedent research findings underscore the substantial therapeutic efficacy of MLFs in treating T2D. However, the precise mechanistic underpinnings of MLF’s anti-T2D effects remain the subject of inquiry. Activation of brown/beige adipocytes is a novel and promising strategy for T2D treatment. In the present study, our primary objective was to elucidate the impact of MLFs on adipose tissue browning in db/db mice and 3T3-L1 cells and elucidate its underlying mechanism. The results manifested that MLFs reduced body weight and food intake, alleviated hepatic steatosis, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased lipolysis and thermogenesis in db/db mice. Moreover, MLFs activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by increasing the expressions of brown adipocyte marker genes and proteins such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and beige adipocyte marker genes such as transmembrane protein 26 (Tmem26), thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistically, MLFs facilitated the activation of BAT and the induction of WAT browning to ameliorate T2D primarily through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. These findings highlight the unique capacity of MLF to counteract T2D by enhancing BAT activation and inducing browning of IWAT, thereby ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. As such, MLFs emerge as a prospective and innovative browning agent for the treatment of T2D.

糖痹康颗粒调控AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3信号通路抑制糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经氧化应激反应

目的:探讨糖痹康颗粒通过调节腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子-1α/线粒体Sirtuins3(AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3)信号通路对糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经氧化应激的影响。方法:采用ZDF大鼠建立自发性肥胖型2型糖尿病模型。成模后随机分为糖痹康颗粒高、中、低剂量组(2.5、1.25、0.625 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))及硫辛酸组(0.0268 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),并设立正常组。成模后持续给药干预12周。分别检测干预前及干预后第4、8、12周大鼠血糖。第12周检测各组大鼠运动神经传导速度(MNCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)、神经血流速度、机械痛阈及热痛阈并取材坐骨神经进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察组织形态;透射电镜观察坐骨神经超微结构变化;酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测坐骨神经中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测大鼠坐骨神经组织AMPKα、AMPKβ、PGC-1α、SIRT3 mRNA表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠各时间点空腹血糖升高(P<0.01),机械痛阈降低(P<0.05),热板潜伏时间延长(P<0.01),MNCV、SNCV、神经血流速度减慢(P<0.05),SOD表达降低(P<0.01),MDA、IL-1β、TNF-α表达升高(P<0.01),AMPKα、AMPKβ、PGC-1α、SIRT3 mRNA表达均降低(P<0.01);模型组大鼠坐骨神经纤维结构松散、排列混乱、脱髓鞘改变明显。与模型组比较,糖痹康颗粒高剂量组大鼠在干预8、12周空腹血糖降低(P<0.01),机械痛阈升高(P<0.05),热板潜伏时间缩短(P<0.01),MNCV、SNCV、神经血流速度(Flux)增快(P<0.05),SOD表达升高(P<0.01),MDA、IL-1β、TNF-α表达降低(P<0.01),AMPKα、AMPKβ、PGC-1α、SIRT3 mRNA表达升高(P<0.01);糖痹康颗粒高剂量组大鼠坐骨神经纤维结构更紧密、排列更整齐,仅有少部分脱髓鞘改变。糖痹康颗粒高、中、低剂量组有明显的量效趋势。结论:糖痹康颗粒可能部分通过调控AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3信号通路发挥抗氧化应激作用,改善糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经功能。

灯盏花乙素调节AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1ɑ信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 探究灯盏花乙素(SCU)调节腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)/沉默调节蛋白1(SIRT1)/过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1α(PGC1α)信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 随机选择6只SD大鼠作为空白对照组(NC组),另取24只腹腔注射3.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)构建UC大鼠模型。将UC大鼠随机平分为UC组、SCU组(100 mg/kg)、Compound C组(AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1ɑ信号通路抑制剂Compound C 250μg/kg体重)以及SCU+Compound C组(SCU100 mg/kg体重+250μg/kg体重Compound C),NC组、UC组给予等量生理盐水。每组均6只大鼠。ELISA法检测血清炎性因子水平;HE染色观察结肠组织病理学变化;对粪便进行短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)测序以及16s测序,并进行序列分析;Western blot检测AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1ɑ信号通路蛋白表达水平。结果 NC组大鼠结肠绒毛形态完整,结肠黏膜上皮结构清晰可见,肠腺内多个细胞整齐排列,无任何病变。与NC组相比,UC组大鼠结肠组织隐窝和杯状细胞消失,炎症细胞浸润增加,乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐含量,Shannon、Simpson、Chao1指数,乳酸杆菌属相对丰度及AMPK、SIRT1、PGC1α水平均显著降低(均P<0.05);IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6水平,大肠埃希菌-志贺菌属及拟杆菌属相对丰度显著升高(均P<0.05)。与UC组相比,SCU组粘膜结构以及炎性细胞浸润现象得到改善,粘膜结构基本完整,杯状细胞数量显著增多;乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐含量,Shannon、Simpson、Chao1指数,乳酸杆菌属相对丰度及AMPK、SIRT1、PGC1α水平均显著增加(均P<0.05);IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6水平,大肠埃希菌-志贺菌属及拟杆菌属相对丰度均显著减少(均P<0.05)。Compound C组上述指标变化趋势与SCU组比较均相反。结论 SCU可通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1ɑ信号轴升高有益菌的丰度,降低致病菌,改善UC大鼠肠道菌群失衡,减轻UC的炎症状态,发挥对UC的治疗作用。

The neuroprotection of electro-acupuncture via the PGC-1α/TFAM pathway in transient focal cerebral ischemia rats

ATP depletion is one of the pathological bases in cerebral ischemia.Electro-acupuncture(EA)is widely used in clinical practice for ischemia.However,the mechanism of EA remains unclear.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether EA could activate the AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathway and,consequently,increase the preservation of ATP in rats with ischemia.In this study,48 rats were randomly divided into four groups as a sham-operation control group(sham group),a middle cerebral artery occlusion group(MCAO group),an EA group,and an EA group blocked by the AMPK inhibitor compound C(EA+CC group)(N=12/group).The rats of the EA group and EA+CC group received the EA treatment for 7 days.The rats that belonged in the two remaining groups were only grasped in the same condition.Then,their brain tissues were collected for further detection.When compared with other groups,EA significantly reduced neurological deficits score and increased motor function.The cerebral infarction volume was significantly reduced in the EA group according to TTC staining.With western blot,we found that EA improved the ratio of p-AMPKα/AMPKα(P<0.05),however,there is no difference between the MCAO group and sham group(P>0.05).In addition,EA also increased the expression of PGC-1αand TFAM(all P<0.05).By Elisa,we observed that EA increased the preservation of ATP(P<0.05)and mitochondrial respiratory enzymes,including Complex I(P<0.05),Complex IV(P<0.05),but not Complex III(P>0.05).In summary,we conclude that EA may protect against ischemic damage in MCAO rats,improve the preservation of ATP and mitochondrial respiratory enzymes.This effect may be positively regulated by the activation of the PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathway.

SIRT1在运动防治糖尿病患者骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗中的作用

沉默交配型信息调节因子2同源蛋白1(SIRT1)是NAD+依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,参与葡萄糖/脂质代谢、线粒体生物合成、炎症、自噬和生理节律等.最近研究表明,SIRT1在糖尿病发病中发挥重要作用,糖尿病发病率升高与饮食结构的改变和久坐的生活方式密切相关,运动可以通过SIRT1介导的调控通路改善糖尿病患者骨骼肌的胰岛素敏感性,降低胰岛素抵抗.概括了近几年腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK),SIRT1,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α(PGC-1α)在运动防治糖尿病中的研究现状及发展趋势,为通过运动改善骨骼肌代谢功能防治糖尿病提供新的思路.