Callovian-Oxfordian sedimentary microfacies in the middle of Block B on the right bank of the Amu Darya Basin,Turkmenistan

The right bank of the Amu Darya Basin enjoys abundant natural gas resources,on which the Callovian-Oxfordian strata in the middle of Block B serve as the major horizons for natural gas production.However,the characteristics and distribution patterns of the sedimentary microfacies in these strata are yet to be further explored.Based on the analysis of data on drilling,logging,cores,and thin sections from 29 typical wells,as well as the regional sedimentary background,this study inferred that the middle of Block B evolved from the Callovian ramp platform into the Oxfordian rimmed platform.Moreover,this study determined that the inner-ramp intertidal-subtidal shallow-water subfacies mainly developed during the Callovian and transitioned into the shallow shelf subfacies during the Oxfordian.This study identified eight sedimentary microfacies,namely reef knoll,reef-shoal complex,bioclastic shoal,psammitic shoal,bioherm,lime mud mound,intershoal(intermound),and static-water mud.Based on research into the high-precision sequence-sedimentary microfacies framework,this study built a geological model for the development of sedimentary microfacies in the study area.According to this geological model,the sedimentary microfacies in the study area are characterized by vertical alternation of reef-shoal complex,bioclastic(psammitic)shoal,bioherm,and intershoal microfacies.Moreover,they show the development of reef knoll,reef-shoal complex,bioclastic(psammitic)shoal,and bioherm(or lime mud mound)laterally from west to east,with the physical properties of the reservoirs deteriorating from west to east accordingly.The microfacies of reef-shoal complex and the bioclastic(psammitic)shoal predominate in the study area,and their deposition and development are controlled by sequence boundaries and are also affected by paleo-landforms.The Oxfordian reef-shoal complexes were largely inherited from the Callovian uplifts and show lateral seaward progradation.

Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River

The shrinkage of the Aral Sea,which is closely related to the Amu Darya River,strongly affects the sustainability of the local natural ecosystem,agricultural production,and human well-being.In this study,we used the Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt change,Seasonal change,and Trend(BEAST)model to detect the historical change points in the variation of the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya River and analyse the causes of the Aral Sea shrinkage during the 1950–2016 period.Further,we applied multifractal detrend cross-correlation analysis(MF-DCCA)and quantitative analysis to investigate the responses of the Aral Sea to the runoff in the Amu Darya River,which is the main source of recharge to the Aral Sea.Our results showed that two significant trend change points in the water volume change of the Aral Sea occurred,in 1961 and 1974.Before 1961,the water volume in the Aral Sea was stable,after which it began to shrink,with a shrinkage rate fluctuating around 15.21 km3/a.After 1974,the water volume of the Aral Sea decreased substantially at a rate of up to 48.97 km3/a,which was the highest value recorded in this study.In addition,although the response of the Aral Sea's water volume to its recharge runoff demonstrated a complex non-linear relationship,the replenishment of the Aral Sea by the runoff in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River was identified as the dominant factor affecting the Aral Sea shrinkage.Based on the scenario analyses,we concluded that it is possible to slow down the retreat of the Aral Sea and restore its ecosystem by increasing the efficiency of agricultural water use,decreasing agricultural water use in the middle and lower reaches,reducing ineffective evaporation from reservoirs and wetlands,and increasing the water coming from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River to the 1961–1973 level.These measures would maintain and stabilise the water area and water volume of the Aral Sea in a state of ecological restoration.Therefore,this study focuses on how human consumption of recharge runoff affects the Aral Sea and provides scientific perspective on its ecological conservation and sustainable development.

改良AMU多器官保存液家兔多器官保存效果的形态学评价

目的:研制适合国内自行配制,降低成本,增加保存效果同时方便储存、运输和使用的长效而广谱的多器官保存液。方法:改进的三磷酸腺苷-氯化镁-尿激酶(AMU)保存液组成主要包括:乳糖醛酸(100mmol.L-1)、三磷酸腺苷二钠(5mmol.L-1)、氯化镁(5mmol.L-1)、磷酸二氢钾(25mmol.L-1)、蔗糖(60mmol.L-1)、低分子右旋糖酐-60(50g.L-1)、还原型谷胱苷肽(3mmol.L-1)、尿激酶(2万U.L-1)、地塞米松(20mg·mL-1)、异搏定(20mg·mL-1)、氢氧化钾(100mmol.L-1);威斯康星大学(UW)保存液成分主要包括:乳糖醛酸(100mmol.L-1)、羟乙基淀粉(50g.L-1)、木棉糖(30mmol.L-1)、磷酸二氢钾(25mmol.L-1)、还原型谷胱苷肽(3mmol.L-1)、别嘌呤醇(1mmol.L-1)、腺苷(5mmol.L-1)等。分别以AMU和UW灌注以后,从同一动物(兔)同时获取的心、肝、肾、肺各分别保存48、48、96和12h,观察2种保存液对家兔心脏、肝脏、肾脏和肺脏的低温保存过程中组织形态学的影响,以确定AMU保存液的效果。结果:心脏保存48h,肝脏保存36h,肾脏保存72h,AMU液与UW液比较,光镜下组织结构和电镜下超微结构的变化基本相同;肝脏保存48h,肾脏保存96h,AMU液在光镜及电镜下结构变化重于UW液。结论:AMU液对心脏保存48h、肝脏保存36h、肾脏保存72h、肺脏保存12h与UW的保存效果相同;肝脏保存48h、肾脏保存96hAMU液不如UW液。AMU液对各脏器有效保存时间内与UW液比较无明显差异,AMU液保存效果与UW液基本一致。

AMU故障检测中测试响应压缩方法研究

测试响应压缩是对AMU故障检测过程中产生的大量数据进行处理的有效方法,如何选择一种有效的压缩方法是AMU测试中一个非常关键的问题;针对常用的两种压缩方法:奇偶压缩和特征分析进行了分析比较;通过建立故障检测模型,找出故障特征矩阵,进而确定测试矩阵;在得出响应矩阵之后,采用两种方法分别进行压缩处理;从硬件开销、故障覆盖率、混淆率和压缩率四个方面出发,对两种方法的性能指标进行理论分析与计算;结果表明,不彻底的奇偶压缩适用于要求测试混淆率比较低的情况,特征分析适用于要求硬件开销较少、检测率较高、压缩效率较高的情况。

飞机AMU自动测试系统测试信号失真度检测研究

针对飞机AMU自动测试系统中对音频信号失真度测量的要求,运用PC机和数据采集卡,采用加窗FFT、把整个主瓣的宽度作为基波值来计算基波分量有效值的算法实现了在计算机中对音频信号失真度的直接测量。实验验证,该方法可对组件维护手册(CMM)中所有频率的测试信号进行精确的失真度计算,具有频率范围广、精度高、简便易行等特点。

自制AMU液对低温保存兔肾氧自由基表达的影响

目的观察自制AMU液对低温保存兔肾氧自由基表达的影响。方法分别采用HCA液、AMU液保存兔肾(HCA组和AMU组)。于保存24、48、72 h时切取肾皮质,分别用硫代巴比妥酸法(TBA法)和黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测肾皮质丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果随保存时间延长,两组SOD活力均下降、MDA含量均上升,但保存48、72 h时AMU组SOD活力明显高于HCA组(P均<0.05),保存各时点AMU组MDA含量低于HCA组(P均<0.05)。结论在阻止低温保存兔肾SOD活力下降及MDA含量上升方面,AMU液优于HCA液。

基于cPCI的AMU功能组件测试板卡设计

音频管理组件(AMU,audio management unit)的BITE(built-in test equipment)使用ARINC429总线接口,其接口器件一般为16位数据总线。基于cPCI总线设计的板卡,使用DEI1016A作为ARINC429总线控制器和CPLD作为总线仲裁器,达到能够使用工业控制计算机实现AMU自动测试的目的,并且具有较好的可扩展性。关键词:cPCI;AMU;ARINC429总线;

开关矩阵在音频管理组件(AMU)自动测试系统中的应用

为了实现自动控制测试信号的通道选择与切换,在研发某飞机音频管理组件(AMU)的自动测试系统中,选用MT8816模拟开关阵列芯片,作为被测单元接口和测试资源间的连接与通道的切换。在计算机的控制下,开关系统顺利地实现了通道的转换,切换性能良好,提高了自动测试系统的可靠性。

AMU-ZANG I泵站改造工程施工组织的设计特点

针对AMU-ZANG I泵站改造工程中施工组织设计的特点,找出相应的解决办法,并根据灌溉供水影响系数,将泵站更新改造设备划分为3类,以确定不同的施工组织方法。对当今全面开展的泵站改造工程具有借鉴及指导意义。

语义图模型视角下的汉韩语不定表达对比——以“任何”和“amu”为例

"任何"有三种构式,"amu"有五种构式。"任何+名词/名词短语+也……"主要用于模糊否定词的间接否定句,"amu+N+do/amudo"主要用于否定引上句,"amu"还具有"占位"功能。"任何+名词/名词短语+都……"和"任何+名词/名词短语"凸显"全量"和"存在"的意义,"amu+N+na/amuna"系列则主要凸显"主观上的不区分"和"客观上的不区分"的意义。"任何"和"amu"各自的下位功能在语义图上直接相联。文章结合"任何"和"amu"的语义功能及语义图,对Haspelmath(1997)提出的不定代词的概念空间进行了修正。

Multi-resolution graph-based clustering analysis for lithofacies identifi cation from well log data: Case study of intraplatform bank gas fi elds, Amu Darya Basin

In this study, we used the multi-resolution graph-based clustering （MRGC） method for determining the electrofacies （EF） and lithofacies （LF） from well log data obtained from the intraplatform bank gas fields located in the Amu Darya Basin. The MRGC could automatically determine the optimal number of clusters without prior knowledge about the structure or cluster numbers of the analyzed data set and allowed the users to control the level of detail actually needed to define the EF. Based on the LF identification and successful EF calibration using core data, an MRGC EF partition model including five clusters and a quantitative LF interpretation chart were constructed. The EF clusters 1 to 5 were interpreted as lagoon, anhydrite flat, interbank, low-energy bank, and high-energy bank, and the coincidence rate in the cored interval could reach 85%. We concluded that the MRGC could be accurately applied to predict the LF in non-cored but logged wells. Therefore, continuous EF clusters were partitioned and corresponding LF were characteristics ＆different LF were analyzed interpreted, and the distribution and petrophysical in the framework of sequence stratigraphy.

Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin, Central Asia

High water consumption and inefficient irrigation management in the agriculture sector of the middle and lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin(ADRB)have significantly influenced the gradual shrinking of the Aral Sea and its ecosystem.In this study,we investigated the crop water consumption in the growing seasons and the irrigation water requirement for different crop types in the lower ADRB during 2004–2017.We applied the FAO Penman–Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily climatic data collected from four meteorological stations.Crop evapotranspiration(ETc)of specific crop types was calculated by the crop coefficient.Then,we analyzed the net irrigation requirement(NIR)based on the effective precipitation with crop water requirements.The results indicated that the lowest monthly ET0 values in the lower ADRB were found in December(18.2 mm)and January(16.0 mm),and the highest monthly ET0 values were found in June and July,with similar values of 211.6 mm.The annual ETc reached to 887.2,1002.1,and 492.0 mm for cotton,rice,and wheat,respectively.The average regional NIR ranged from 514.9 to 715.0 mm in the 10 Irrigation System Management Organizations(UISs)in the study area,while the total required irrigation volume for the whole region ranged from 4.2×109 to 11.6×109 m3 during 2004–2017.The percentages of NIR in SIW(surface irrigation water)ranged from 46.4%to 65.2%during the study period,with the exceptions of the drought years of 2008 and 2011,in which there was a significantly less runoff in the Amu Darya River.This study provides an overview for local water authorities to achieve optimal regional water allocation in the study area.

Characteristics of an Upper Jurassic Carbonate Ramp in the Northern Amu-Darya Basin

Overemphasizing the value of reefs in oil and gas exploration, reef-oriented geologists explain all carbonate platform deposits using the Wilson model. In their eyes, rimmed shelves are more valuable than carbonate ramps. However, organic banks are excellent reservoirs generated by carbonate ramps in the study area, as verified beyond doubt through petroleum exploration, such as this thesis, which investigates the genesis, types, and distribution of carbonate deposition in the north zone of the Amu-Darya Basin. Monoclinal palaeogeomorphology and rudists suggest shallow environments. Given that oolite shoals and rudist patch reefs were observed in the study area, the depositional system is interpreted to be a carbonate ramp. The Callovian-Oxfordian stage consists of nine lithofacies: oolitic limestone, skeletal limestone, micritic limestone, bioturbated limestone, and crystalline limestone, which are grouped into three facies associations presenting outer ramp, mid-ramp, and inner ramp facies associations. Five depositional sequences can be distinguished in the Callovian-Oxfordian stage. Each third-order depositional sequence is composed of transgressive systems tracts (TST) and highstand systems tracts (HST). The TST consists of mudstones with a higher response to natural gamma rays, whereas the HST contains various types of grainstone, with subordinate dolostone. The vertical and lateral distributions of sedimentary facies, and their interpreted depositional environments, revealed a ramp exhibiting a gradual southeast-northwestward environmental change from outer ramp, mid ramp, and inner ramp carbonate facies.

Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphic trap analyses of the Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic reservoir in the Kopeh Dagh-Amu Darya Basin

Lower Cretaceous Shurijeh–Shatlyk Formations host some of the main reservoirs in the Kopeh Dagh-Amu Darya Basin.Exploration in this area so far has focused on the development of structural traps, but recognition of stratigraphic traps in this area is of increasing importance. Integration of 3D seismic data with borehole data from thirteen wells and five outcrop sections was used to identify potential reservoir intervals and survey the hydrocarbon trap types in the East Kopeh Dagh Foldbelt(NE Iran). Analyses of horizontal slices indicated that the lower Shurijeh was deposited in a braided fluvial system.Generally, three types of channel were identified in the lower Shurijeh Formation: type 1, which is low-sinuosity channels interpreted to be filled with non-reservoir fine-grained facies;type 2, which is a moderately sinuous sand-filled channel with good prospectively;and type 3, which is narrow, high sinuosity channel filled with fine-grained sediments. Results indicate that upper Shurijeh–Shatlyk Formations were deposited in fluvial to delta and shallow marine environments. The identified delta forms the second reservoir zone in the Khangiran Field. Study of the stratigraphic aspects of the Shurijeh succession indicates that both lower and upper Shurijeh reservoirs are stratigraphic reservoir traps that improved during folding.

阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境研究

阿姆河盆地是中亚地区天然气资源最丰富的盆地。阿姆河右岸区域的主力烃源岩存在于中-下侏罗统的煤系地层中,但烃源岩的地球化学特征、有机质来源及沉积环境还需进一步明确。本文以阿姆河盆地右岸地区侏罗系烃源岩为对象,在利用烃源岩样品开展系统的地球化学测试的基础上,对样品有机碳、镜质体反射率、饱和烃与芳烃气相色谱及有机碳同位素等数据进行了分析。结果表明:1)阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度及生烃潜力较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ_(1)与Ⅱ_(2)型为主,存在少量Ⅲ型干酪根,烃源岩整体处于成熟—高成熟阶段;烃源岩以生油为主,兼生气。2)阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩大部分沉积于高盐度的强还原环境,少数沉积于低盐度氧化环境中。3)阿姆河右岸中-下侏罗统烃源岩中有机质母质的来源主要为低等浮游生物,部分有机质来源于高等植物。

碳酸盐岩构造裂缝特征与形成期次分析:以阿姆河盆地右岸东部为例

碳酸盐岩裂缝对石油和天然气勘探开发具有重要意义,但碳酸盐岩构造裂缝特征描述、形成和影响因素一直是油气储层研究的重点。综合利用岩心、测井解释和分析测试等资料,对阿姆河盆地右岸东部地区侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶碳酸盐岩储层内构造裂缝特征进行研究,划分构造裂缝类型及发育期次,明确影响构造裂缝发育的影响因素,分析多期次裂缝对天然气聚集的影响。结果表明:(1)构造裂缝是阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶储层中发育的主要裂缝类型,按照产状分为水平缝、低角度缝、高角度缝和垂直缝;卡洛夫-牛津阶储层构造裂缝总体上走向以NW-SE向为主,但不同裂缝的走向差异性较大,反映了裂缝具有多期发育的特点,不同类型的构造裂缝在产状、密度和规模存在差异,中下侏罗统的XVa1层中最发育,平均裂缝密度为1.48条/m;构造裂缝的规模普遍较大,在上侏罗统的XVhp层裂缝宽度和裂缝高度最大,平均裂缝宽度约0.08 mm、平均裂缝高度67.1 cm,构造裂缝的倾角多介于40°~70°;(2)阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶储层构造裂缝的发育程度存在较大的差异,这是由于裂缝的发育不仅受到岩性的控制,还受到多期构造运动的影响,亮晶砂屑灰岩和生物礁灰岩为构造裂缝发育的优势岩性;新近纪的挤压作用强烈,在侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶岩心中形成相互交错的网状裂缝,为裂缝期次划分提供有利证据;(3)阿姆河盆地右岸东部侏罗系卡洛夫-牛津阶中构造裂缝形成于燕山晚期到喜山中期,其中晚期裂缝的形成不仅改善了储层物性,也促进天然气聚集和成藏。

阿姆河盆地东北部碳酸盐岩区域性地层超压成因

由于碳酸盐岩沉积成岩作用与碎屑岩不同,碳酸盐岩地层超压具有高度非均质性,然而阿姆河盆地东北部地区碳酸盐岩地层却发育了大面积区域性超压现象。本文运用实测地层压力和钻井液密度计算压力的方法,刻画了研究区碳酸盐岩地层异常超压的空间分布特征及其与上覆膏盐岩地层压力的垂向叠置关系,运用碳酸盐岩物性、压汞分析和烃源岩生烃模拟及构造挤压增压模拟等方法,从纵向与横向对比超压与常压差异分布的角度,探讨了碳酸盐岩超压成因。研究表明:盐下碳酸盐岩发育常压与强超压,强超压区大面积连续发育,与局部构造和断裂无关。盐下致密碳酸盐岩形成封闭体系,虽然构造挤压作用发育了断层与裂缝,但是由于膏盐岩的塑性,未破坏盐下碳酸盐岩封闭体系,是超压区域性连续发育的前提;同时,强烈构造挤压对超压发育有重要贡献。由于膏盐岩的良好封闭性,使膏盐岩层与碳酸盐岩层之间优质烃源岩(TOC最高达6%)生成液态烃类向盐下碳酸盐岩排烃,也促进了超压发育;由于膏盐岩与碳酸盐岩之间发育的泥岩隔层,石膏矿物脱水作用不是碳酸盐岩超压的成因,并且,石膏成岩脱水作用对盐下碳酸盐岩开放体系作用微弱。研究成果对盐下异常超压的预测具有借鉴意义。

Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Oxfordian Carbonate Rocks in Amu Darya Basin

Based on the detailed research on petrologic and geochemical characteristics of deposi- tion and diagenesis of Oxfordian carbonate rocks in Amu Darya Basin, Turkmenistan, carbon and oxygen isotopes were analyzed. The results show that the paleoenvironmental evolution reflected by the samples with well-preserved original carbon isotopes coincides with the carbon-isotope stratigraphic curve and is almost consistent with the global sea-level curve, the Mid-Oxfordian wide transgression, and the positive carbon-isotope excursion event. The Mid-Oxfordian continuing transgression not only laid the foundation for the development of the Oxfordian reef and shoal reservoirs in Amu Darya Basin but also provided an example for the Oxfordian global transgression and the resulting development of reefs and banks and high-speed organic carbon burial events. The response of oxygen isotopes in diagenetic environment showed that micrite limestones and granular limestones underwent weak diagenetic alteration, and the samples largely retained the original seawater features. Dolomitization and the precipitation of hydrothermal calcites filling solution vugs and fractures before hydrocarbon accumulation occurred in a closed diagenetic environment where the main controlling factor is the temperature, and the diagenetic fluids were from the deep hot brine. The chalkification of the lime- stones after hydrocarbon accumulation occurred in the oilfield water systems.

Baseline determination,pollution source and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Amu Darya Basin,Central Asia

Central Asia(CA)is one of the most fragile regions worldwide owing to arid climate and accumulated human activities,and is a global hotspot due to gradually deteriorating ecological environment.The Amu Darya Basin(ADB),as the most economically and demographically important region in CA,is of particular concern.To determine the concentration,source and pollution status of heavy metals(HMs)in surface sediments of the ADB,154samples were collected and analyzed for metals across the basin.Correlation and cluster analysis,and positive matrix factorization model were implemented to understand metals’association and apportion their possible sources.Cumulative frequency distribution and normalization methods were used to determine the geochemical baseline values(GBVs).Then,various pollution indices and ecological risk index were employed to characterize and evaluate the pollution levels and associated risks based on the GBVs.Results indicated that the mean concentrations of HMs showed the following descending order in the surface sediments of ADB:Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Co>Cd.The spatial distribution maps showed that Cr,Ni,and Cu had relatively high enrichment in the irrigated agricultural area;high abundances of Zn,Pb,and Cd were mainly found in the urban areas.Four source factors were identified for these metals,namely natural sources,industrial discharge,agricultural activities,and mixed source of traffic and mining activities,accounting for 33.5%,11.4%,34.2%,and 20.9%of the total contribution,respectively.The GBVs of Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu,Ni,Cr,and Co in the ADB were 0.27,58.9,14.6,20.3,25.8,53.4,and 9.80 mg/kg,respectively,which were similar to the regional background values obtained from lake sediments in the bottom.In general,the assessment results revealed that surface sediments of the ADB were moderately polluted and low ecological risk by HMs.

阿姆河右岸区域构造大剖面解析及成因探讨

阿姆河盆地右岸区块地理位置位于土库曼斯坦的阿姆河流域北侧至土库曼斯坦—乌兹别克斯坦国境线南侧之间,西南紧邻吉萨尔山脉,是中石油重要的海外油气勘探开发基地。开展其构造特征解析和成因机制探讨,对研究含盐盆地分层构造变形特征和促进能源勘探开发均具有重要意义。以构造建模和构造复原理论为指导,精细解释过阿姆河右岸区块的东西向地震大剖面,分析其地质结构特征和形成演化过程。结果表明:阿姆河右岸区块纵向上发育前二叠系基底和二叠系—第四系沉积盖层。以上侏罗统基末利—提塘阶膏盐岩为界,盐上和盐下构造形态具分层变形特征;盐上多发育陡窄的滑脱褶皱,断裂以倾向NW的小断距正断层和走滑断层为主;盐下多发育宽缓的冲断褶皱,断裂以倾向SE的大断距逆断层为主。受基底构造楔楔入影响,研究区自西向东构造抬升和挤压幅度逐渐增大。根据平衡剖面复原并结合区域地质背景,将研究区构造演化划分为前二叠纪基底形成期、二叠—三叠纪弧后裂谷期、侏罗—古近纪稳定沉积期和新近纪以来挤压抬升期共4期构造演化阶段。新生代多方向构造叠加影响、基底构造楔活动和膏盐岩对分层构造变形的调节作用是阿姆河盆地右岸地区纵向分层、横向分带构造特征的主要控制因素。