Enrichment culture of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) bacteria

The present study investigates the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)bacteria in the marine environment using sediment samples obtained from the East China Sea and discusses the nitrogen removal efficiency of marine anammox bioreactor.Enrichment of anammox bacteria with simultaneous removal of nitrite and ammonium ions was observed in the Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor under a total nitrogen loading rate of 0.37kg-N m-3day-1.In this study,The nitrogen removal efficiency was up to 80%and the molar-reaction ratio of ammonium,nitrite and nitrate was 1.0:1.22:0.22 which was a little different from a previously reported ratio of 1.0:1.32:0.26 in a freshwater system.

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic wast...

Influence of Chemical Oxygen Demand Concentrations on Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation by Granular Sludge From EGSB Reactor

Objective To investigate the effect of chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentrations on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation （ANAMMOX）. Methods An Expanded Granular Sludge Bed （EGSB） reactor was used to cultivate the granular sludge and to perform the ANAMMOX reaction in the bench scale experiment. NH4^＋-N and NO2^--N were measured by using colorimetric method. NO3^＋-N was analyzed by using the UV spectrophotometric method. COD measurement was based on digestion with potassium dichromate in concentrated sulphuric acid. Results When the COD concentrations in the reactors were 0 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 350 mg/L, and 550 mg/L, respectively, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was 12.5%, 14.2%, 14.3%, and 23.7%; the removal amount of NO2-N was almost the same; the nitrate removal efficiency was 16.8%, 94.5%, 86.6%, and 84.2% and TN removal efficiency was 16.3%, 50.7%, 46.9%, and 50.4%, moreover, the COD removal efficiency was 85%, 65.7%, and 60%; the COD removal rate was 27.42, 61.88, and 97.8 mg COD/（h·L）. Conclusion COD concentrations have a significant influence on anaerobic ammonium oxidation by granular sludge.

Correlation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification

The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.

Review:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile,the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) have been developed,and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will ac-celerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process.

Quantification of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by quantitative competitive PCR

The anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing （ANAMMOX） bacteria were enriched from a sequencing batch biofilm reactor （SBBR）. A quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction （QC-PCR） system was successfully developed to detect and quantify ANAMMOX bacteria in environmental samples. For QC-PCR system, PCR primer sets targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes of ANAMMOX bacteria were designed and used. The quantification range of this system was 4 orders of magnitude, from 10^3 to 10^6 copies per PCR, corresponding to the detection limit of 300 target copies per mL. A 312-bp internal standard was constructed, which showed very similar amplification efficiency with the target amxC fragment （349 bp） over 4 orders of magnitude （10^3-10^6）. The linear regressions were obtained with R^2 of 0.9824 for 10^3 copies, 0.9882 for 10^4 copies, 0.9857 for 10^5 copies and 0.9899 for 10^6 copies, respectively. Using this method, ANAMMOX bacteria were quantified in a shortcut nitrification/denitrification-anammox system which was set for piggery wastewater treatment.

新型连续流系统中Anammox颗粒粒径控制策略研究

以具有自主专利的新型大/小双室自回流连续流反应器为平台,探究基于粒径回流的Anammox颗粒污泥粒径调控策略及调控机制.粒径回流策略通过改变内循环的位置,将不同粒径的污泥引入高基质浓度和高机械剪切区域进行粒径调控.结果表明,粒径回流策略能够提高Anammox颗粒粒径,并将其控制在合适的范围内.这一策略还增强了系统的污泥浓度、颗粒沉降性能和脱氮性能.其中大颗粒回流策略综合提升效果最佳,维持颗粒粒径在0.5~1.6mm范围内,中值粒径为948μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)为35.6mL/g,总无机氮(TIN)去除率为88.59%.胞外聚合物(EPS)分析和分层实验表明,紧密结合EPS(TB-EPS)中的蛋白质(PN)在粒径调控中起着关键作用,高浓度的外层污泥PN主导了颗粒的沉降性能,而内层紧实污泥的TB-EPS中的PN则增强了颗粒的结构强度.高通量测序结果表明,粒径循环策略能够大幅提高系统内厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)Candidatus Kuenenia的丰度,在大颗粒回流时达到60.24%的峰值,并且AnAOB主要分布在颗粒污泥内层.

Inhibitive effects of chlortetracycline on performance of the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)process and strategies for recovery

The short-and long-term effects of chlortetracycline（CTC） on the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation（anammox） process were evaluated. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of CTC in the batch tests of the nitritation-anammox process was 278.91 mg/L at an exposure time of 12 hr. The long-term effects of CTC on the process were examined in a continuous-flow nitritation-anammox reactor. Within 14 days, the nitrogen removal rate significantly decreased from 0.61 to 0.25 kg N/m^3/day with 60 mg/L CTC in the influent.The performance suppressed by CTC barely recovered, even after CTC was removed from the influent. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTC also reduced the relative abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria（AOB） and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria（An AOB）in the reactor, resulting in both a decreased amount of and an imbalance between AOB and An AOB. When fresh anammox sludge was reseeded into the nitritation-anammox reactor,the nitrogen removal rate recovered to 0.09 ± 0.03 kg N/m3/day.

新型膜组件MBR启动运行Anammox工艺及膜污染控制

膜生物反应器(MBR)作为一种高效的厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonia oxidation,Anammox)反应器受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,膜污染问题制约了MBR在Anammox领域的工程应用。为了减缓膜污染的形成,设计了一种新型伞式膜组件,再在这种膜组件的基础上构建MBR用于启动运行Anammox工艺,通过形成特定的流场结构强化膜附近水流剪切力和水流速度,从而实现膜组件的自清洗,进而延长膜组件的使用周期。该反应器经55 d运行成功启动Anammox工艺,直到运行81 d才达到更换膜组件的条件(跨膜压力达到0.045 MPa)。结果表明,新型膜组件MBR不仅可以缩短Anammox工艺的启动周期,还可以有效缓解膜污染。扫描电镜结果表明,运行81 d的膜组件表面形成了明显的滤饼层,其主要污染物为具有花椰菜结构的厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)及生长代谢产物。同时利用Ansys Fluent模拟工艺运行过程中伞式膜组件周围的流场结构,从流体动力学角度解释了伞式膜组件缓解膜污染的机理。研究表明,膜组件附近强化的水流剪切力和水流速度作用于展开的膜丝,显著减缓滤饼层的形成。

进水COD对Anammox-UASB反应性能的影响

为研究进水COD对厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)反应性能的影响,搭建上流式厌氧污泥床(upflow anaerobic sludge bed,UASB),以葡萄糖为碳源,结合荧光光谱表征反应器出水组分的改变。结果表明,进水COD≤60 mg/L时,Anammox反应没有受到影响;COD=80 mg/L时,Anammox和反硝化共同作用,有利于去除TN;COD≥100 mg/L时,TN去除率开始下降,异养反硝化菌为优势菌,Anammox反应受到抑制;进水COD继续提高,将导致Anammox反应失败。三维荧光光谱联合平行因子、荧光区域积分分析表明,Anammox正常运行时,出水类蛋白物质相对稳定;Anammox反应受到进水高浓度COD影响时,出水类蛋白物质增加。

Performance of sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation

The performance of sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation was studied.The results showed that both SO42-and NH4+ were chemically stable under anaerobic conditions.They did not react with each other in the absence of biological catalyst(sludge).The anaerobic digested sludge cultivated in an anaerobic reactor for three years took on the ability of oxidizing ammonium with sulfate anaero-bically.The average reduction of sulfate and ammonium was 71.67 mg.L-1 and 56.82 mg.L-1 at high concentrations.The reaction between SO42-and NH4+ was difficult,though feasible,due to its low standard Gibbs free energy change.The experiment demonstrated that high substrate concentrations and low oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) may be favourable for the biological reaction.

芬顿氧化深度处理厌氧氨氧化出水影响因素的最优组合

利用正交试验对影响芬顿氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化出水的起始pH、nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)、mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(cr)、反应温度4种主要因素的最优组合开展研究。结果表明:4种因素均对芬顿氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化出水产生显著影响,影响顺序为起始pH>反应温度>mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)>nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2),起始pH对COD_(Cr)去除率影响极显著,mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)和nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)影响程度较为接近;4种影响因素最优组合为起始pH=4.0、nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)=1:3、mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)=4:1、反应温度=20℃,该条件下COD_(Cr)和色度去除率高达92.4%和99.1%,出水可生化性好,处理效果达到工程应用要求,可为该联用系统的芬顿处理段提供一定的技术支撑。

Influence of influent on anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter integrated system

Shortcut nitrification-denitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX),and methanogenesis have been successfully coupled in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter(EGSB-BAF)integrated system.As fed different synthetic wastewater with chemical oxygen demand(COD)of 300-1200 mg·L^(-1)and NH_(4)^(+)-N of 30-120 mg·L^(-1)at the outer recycle ratio of 200%,the influence of influent on ANAMMOX in the integrated system was investigated in this paper.The experimental results showed that higher COD concentration caused an increase in denitrification and methanogenesis but a decrease in ANAMMOX;however,when an influent with the low concentration of COD was used,the opposite changes could be observed.Higher influent NH_(4)^(+)-N concentration favored ANAMMOX when the COD concentration of influent was fixed.Therefore,low COD=NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio would decrease competition for nitrite between ANAMMOX and denitrification,which was favorable for reducing the negative effect of organic COD on ANAMMOX.The good performance of the integrated system indicated that the bacterial community of denitrification,ANAMMOX,and methanogenesis could be dynamically maintained in the sludge of EGSB reactor for a certain range of influent.

缺氧生物膜转型厌氧氨氧化生物膜培养与富集特性

接种西安市某污水处理厂缺氧池生物膜构建升流式厌氧固定床生物膜(UAFB)反应器从而富集培养厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)生物膜,通过测定生物膜Anammox活性和酶活性并进行高通量测序分析,探讨城市污水处理厂现有填料转型培养Anammox生物膜的可行性及生物膜内菌群演替规律.结果表明,经29d培养后的UAFB-Anammox反应器TN去除率高达76.22%,快速启动成功;负荷提升阶段,表面氮负荷(SNLR)由0.23g/(m^(2)·d)提升至2.59g/(m^(2)·d),最大Anammox活性维持2.15g/(m^(2)·d),TN去除率高达83.68%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果发现,富集后的生物膜中优势菌属为Ca.Brocadia,相对丰度为33.38%,富集效果明显.同时缺氧生物膜上反硝化菌Denitratisoma以Anammox的产物NO_(3)^(-)-N为基质,逐渐与AnAOB形成共生存关系.这说明利用城市污水处理厂现有缺氧生物膜可以快速培养Anammox生物膜,对Anammox工艺在城市污水处理厂升级改造中的应用提供一定参考.

污水处理系统中厌氧氨氧化细菌的富集策略

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺有利于实现可持续的污水生物处理,自发现以来就引起了人们的极大兴趣,与传统的生物脱氮技术相比,其优势在于节约充氧电耗与外加碳源所需的运行费用,以及较低的剩余污泥产量。然而,厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)的生长速率极其缓慢,限制了Anammox工艺的大规模应用。综述了以往富集AnAOB的研究,主要介绍了以下3个方面:接种污泥选择、载体与反应器设计以及外加化学物质。该文将有助于研究人员规划和设计一个合适的AnAOB富集策略,有利于拓宽Anammox工艺在污水生物处理中的应用。

基质质量浓度对不同载体UAFB-Anammox反应器脱氮性能的影响

为了研究厌氧氨氧化膜生物反应器运行的稳定性,利用3个分别以组合填料、聚氨酯泡绵和立体弹性纤维作为填料的上流式固定床(up-flow anaerobic fixed bed,UAFB)生物膜反应器,以人工配水为研究对象,考察了进水基质(NH_4^+-N、NO_2^--N)质量浓度对不同生物载体反应器脱氮效能及挂膜效果的影响.结果表明:与聚氨酯泡绵和立体弹性纤维相比,添加组合填料的反应器耐基质质量浓度冲击能力最强.随着基质质量浓度的增加,其对NH_4^+-N及NO_2^--N的去除率呈先降低后上升的趋势.当基质质量浓度均达226 mg/L时,两者的去除率分别为76.37%和77.53%,氮去除负荷为1.32kg·N/(m^3·d).含聚氨酯泡绵填料的反应器在最大基质质量浓度下NH_4^+-N和NO_2^--N去除率仅为44.90%和41.41%.添加立体弹性纤维填料的反应器的脱氮稳定性介于前两者之间.组合填料具有较高的比表面积和较好的亲水性,易于微生物附着生长且不易脱落;而聚氨酯泡绵填料比表面积及表面粗糙度均低于组合填料,且微生物截留能力较低,导致其受到冲击后生物膜易脱落,故其耐基质质量浓度冲击能力最差;立体弹性纤维表面粗糙度高利于微生物附着,但亲水性差且对微生物亲和性低,易发生膜损失.

纳米铁改性生物炭载体强化厌氧氨氧化菌富集与脱氮效果研究

为实现厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)在载体生物膜中快速富集,本文采用液相还原方法制备了纳米铁改性生物炭(nZVI@BC)载体,并设置两组相同的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)富集装置(R_(1)、R_(2)),通过对R_(1)、R_(2)装置添加不同载体(分别为BC和nZVI@BC),考察在富集过程中ANAMMOX装置的脱氮性能、载体表面特征和微生物群落结构差异.结果表明:①BC表面成功负载nZVI,nZVI@BC载体比BC载体具有更高的比表面积,改性后载体的比表面积从47.17 m^(2)/g增至210.82 m^(2)/g,可为微生物提供更多的附着位点.②R_(2)装置NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(2)^(−)-N去除率稳定达到90%所需时间均比R_(1)装置短,且稳定运行后,R_(1)、R_(2)装置的TN去除率最高分别为86.99%、89.65%.③nZVI@BC载体表面颜色由黑色变为红褐色,表明红色的ANAMMOX生物膜初步形成,且其表面生物量比BC载体表面生物量高23倍.④第20天,R_(1)、R_(2)装置中AnAOB的相对丰度分别为10.47%和29.15%;R_(1)、R_(2)装置载体表面主要的AnAOB属均为Candidatus Kuenenia,其相对丰度分别为7.49%和23.76%.研究显示,改性的nZVI@BC载体显著促进了ANAMMOX生物膜的快速形成和AnAOB的高效富集,提升了ANAMMOX过程的脱氮性能.

ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器启动及有机负荷对其运行性能的影响

控制已稳定运行的UASB-ANAMMOX反应器进水TN容积负荷为0.26 kg.m-3.d-1,通过连续添加有机物(葡萄糖),在进水有机负荷与TN负荷比值为1的情况下,仅用35 d就成功启动了ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器,稳定阶段反应器对氨氮、亚硝氮、TN和COD的去除率分别高达95.3%、99.1%、94.0%和93.2%,三氮比即去除的氨氮∶去除的亚硝氮∶生成的硝氮为1∶1.34∶0.03。研究了有机负荷冲击对ANAM-MOX与反硝化协同脱氮反应器运行性能的影响。结果表明,进水有机负荷的突降对反应器的运行性能影响不大;有机负荷的突增会显著影响反应器脱除氨氮的能力,经驯化后仍能实现协同脱氮作用,但会恶化反应器的出水水质,大幅降低进水有机负荷可显著改善出水水质。协同脱氮反应器对有机负荷冲击有较强的抵抗力。

基于SBR反应器的ANAMMOX工艺的启动运行

采用SBR反应器,接种好氧硝化污泥,在142 d内于较高负荷下成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器。反应器总氮容积负荷(以N计)为0.43 kg/m3.d,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率为81.2%和85.7%。在稳定运行阶段,氨氮去除量、亚硝酸盐氮去除量、硝酸盐氮生成量三者之间的比值为1∶1.38∶0.18。反应器启动过程中,出水、进水pH差值的变化趋势由负到正,然后稳定在一定范围内;且污泥性状有较大变化,污泥中微生物所占比率有所提高,整个反应器中适应厌氧氨氧化运行方式的菌种增殖较快。

ANAMMOX微生物高负荷培养方法研究

针对低浓度低负荷启动ANAMMOX反应器在实际工程应用中的局限,采用高负荷法启动ANAMMOX反应器,运行至第112天总氮去除负荷可达0.9 kgTN/(m^3·d),实现了ANAMMOX反应器的高负荷快速启动。并测算得高负荷ANAMMOX反应器内的微生物最大比增长速率为0.0774,倍增时间为 9 d。