利用纳米气泡控制农业废水灌溉系统复合污垢的机制

The increasing demand for wastewater treatment has become a notable trend for addressing global water scarcity.However,fouling is a significant challenge for wastewater distribution engineering systems.This study provides an approach using nanobubbles(NBs)to control fouling.The antifouling capacities of three types of NBs,six oxygen concentrations,and two application procedures(prevention and removal)are investigated.The results show that NBs effectively mitigate composite fouling—including biofouling,inorganic scaling,and particulate fouling—in comparison with the non-NBs group.More specifically,hydroxyl radicals generated by the self-collapse of NBs oxidize organics and kill microorganisms in wastewater.The negatively charged surfaces of the NBs transform the crystalline form of CaCO_(3)from calcite to looser aragonite,which reduces the likelihood of ion precipitation.Furthermore,the NBs gas-liquid interfaces act as gas"bridges"between colloidal particles,enhancing the removal of particles from wastewater.Lastly,although the NBs inhibit the growth of fouling,they do not significantly remove the already adhered fouling in non-NBs treated groups.This study anticipates that the application of NBs will address the significant fouling issue for various wastewater distribution engineering systems in order to meet the global challenge of sustainable water supplies.

Marine antifouling behavior of the surfaces modified by dopamine and antibacterial peptide

Marine biofouling causes serious harms to surfaces of marine devices in transportation,aquaculture,and offshore construction.Traditional antifouling methods pollute the environment.A novel and green antifouling strategy was developed to prevent effectively the adhe sion of bacteria and microalgae.An antifouling surface was fabricated via coating Turgencin BMox2(TB)onto dopamine-modified 304stainless steel(304 SS).The surface physical and chemical properties before and after modification were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectrometer(XPS),contact angle measurement(CA),3D optical profilometer,ellipsometer,and atomic force microscope(AFM).Antimicrobial peptide was coated onto the surface of 304 SS successfully,and the surface morphology and wettability of the modified sample were modified.Moreover,cytocompatibility of the peptide was evaluated by co-culture of peptide and cells,indicating promising cell biocompatibility at the modified sample surface.At last,antifouling performance and electrochemical corrosion were tested.Results show that the adhesion rates of Vibrio natriegens and Phaeodactylum tricornutum on the antifouling surface were reduced by 99.85% and 67.93%,respectively from those of untreated samples.Therefore,the modified samples retained superior corrosion resistance.The study provide a simply and green way against biofouling on ship hulls and marine equipment.

Research on the Marine Antifouling Ability and Mechanism of Acrylate Copolymers and Marine Coatings Based on a Synergistic Effect

Marine biofouling is an urgent global problem in the process of ocean exploitation and utilization.In our work,a series of zinc-based acrylate copolymers(ACZn-x)were designed and synthesized using benzoic acid,zinc oxide(ZnO)and a random quaternion copolymer consisting of ethyl acrylate(EA),butyl acrylate(BA),acrylic acid(AA)and methacrylic acid(MAA)by free radical polymerization and dehydration condensation.The ACZn-x with a zinc benzoate side chain is able to hydrolyze in natural seawater under static conditions,resulting in the formation of a smooth surface.We investigated and confirmed the antifouling(AF)behavior of ACZn-x in the laboratory and revealed that they have better antibacterial(86%for S.aureus and 72%for E.coli)and anti-algal(≥60.1%for N.closterium and≥67.5%for P.subcordiformis)activities.We also assessed the marine AF properties of ACZn-x and corresponding coatings in Qingdao,China;the ACZn-x exhibited ideal AF properties with little silt and biological mucosa adhered to the ACZn-x surface after 6 months,and corresponding coatings exhibited little biofouling after 16 months in the ocean.Importantly,possible AF mechanisms were further proposed at the cellular level.These results could be helpful for the development and application of effective AF coatings.

Towards superior permeability and antifouling performance of sulfonated polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes modified with sulfopropyl methacrylate functionalized SBA-15

A non-solvent induced phase separation(NIPS)process was used to fabricate a series of sulfonated polyethersulfone(SPES)membranes blending with different concentrations of SBA-15-g-PSPA with the applications in the ultrafiltration(UF)process.SBA-15 was modified with 3-methacrylate-propyltrime thoxysilane(MPS)to form SBA-15-g-MPS.It was further modified with the charge tailorable polymer chains by reacting with 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt.The nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and finger-like channels were developed within the membrane.The adding of surface modified SBA-15-g-PSPA nanoparticles has significantly improved membrane water permeability,hydrophilicity,and antifouling properties.The pure water fluxes of the composite SPES membranes were significantly higher than the pristine SPES membrane.For the membrane containing 5%(mass)of SBA-15-g-PSPA(MSSPA5),the pure water flux was increased dramatically to 402.15 L
m^(-2)·h^(-1),which is ~1.5 times that of MSSPA0(268.0 L
m^(-2)·h^(-1)).The high flux rate was achieved with 3%(mass)of SBA-15 nanoparticles with retained high rejection ratio 98%for natural organic matter.The results indicate that the fashioned composite membrane comprising SBA-15-g-PSPA nanoparticles have a promising future in ultrafiltration applications.

An antifouling polydopamine-based fluorescent aptasensor for determination of arginine kinase

Simple yet efficient detection methods for food allergens are in urgent need to help people avoid the risks imposed by allergenic food.In this work,a polydopamine(PDA)-based fluorescent aptasensor was developed to detect arginine kinase(AK),one of the major allergens in shellfish.The aptamer towards AK was firstly selected via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method and labeled with fluorescein amidite(FAM)to build a fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)system with PDA particles.Polyethylene glycol(PEG)was employed to construct an antifouling surface for the aptasensor to eliminate food matrix interferences.With the presence of AK,the PDA-based aptasensor exhibited elevated fluorescent signals as the FAM-labeled aptamer bound to AK and detached from the PDA particles.The aptasensor showed great stability and resistance to nonspecific interference of background proteins and had a limit of detection(LOD)of 0.298μg/mL.The proposed aptasensor was further proved to be feasible for quantitative analysis of AK in nine species of shrimps and five commercial processed products,which indicated its high potential in tracing the presence of AK in complex aquatic products.

Bionic Flexible Texture Design Based on Bio-Fouling Suppression Effect for Protection of Marine Structures

Marine equipments such as marine risers and oil pipelines operate in complex underwater environments and are usually attached by animals,plants and microorganisms.The attachment of marine fouling organisms will accelerate the corrosion damage of offshore structure and greatly reduce the service life.Studies have shown that non-smooth bionic surfaces with specific microstructures can inhibit fouling formation.Based on the idea of bionics,this paper proposes a new type of underwater flexible fretting texture,which is a composite material prepared by mixing graphene and silicone rubber,and modified by pulsed laser to construct a hexagonal bionic surface texture.Under the impact of specific water flow,the flexible texture can produce an angular displacement around 8°and a linear displacement in the amplitude range of 165μm,and the inhibition rate of fouling biological diatoms up to 97.5%,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of marine biological fouling.The results provide a new idea for the surface protection of marine structures,which is of great significance for the development of marine industry.

Nontoxic Marine Anti-fouling Coating Containing Capsaicin

This paper summarizes a nontoxic Anti-fouling coating utilizing capsaicin as an anti-fouling agent. The capsaicin constituent used in the coating has a rating from about 100 000 to about 1 500 000 Scoville Heat Units. The capsaicin is mixed with a silicon dioxide and then solubilized into a free-flowing homogeneous liquid oleoresin composition by adding a solvent to increase solubility and facilitate mixing. The oleoresin capsaicin liquid solution is mixed with a suitable corrosion resistant epoxy resin, which is then mixed with a hardening catalyst and applied to the surface to be treated.

Synthesis and characterization of caprolactone based polyurethane with degradable and antifouling performance

In this work,a degradable polyurethane composed of caprolactone(CL)and L-Lactide(LLA)as soft segments,and 4,40-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)(H12 MDI)and polytetramethylene ether glycol(PTMEG)as hard segments,was prepared.Hydrolytic degradation experiment revealed that the degradable polyurethane(PU)could be degraded in artificial seawater.It also showed that caprolactone-copolyurethane(CL-PU)copolymer with higher crystallinity degraded much slower in artificial seawater.However,the introduction of LLA resulted in an increase in the hydrophilicity and reduction in the crystallinity of degradable PU,as demonstrated by the contact angle analysis.The result of the scanning electron microscope showed that the surface of degradable PU renewed under static condition.Moreover,degradable PU was able to be used as a carrier,and it controlled the release rate of 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-isothiazolone(DCOIT).The anti-diatom(Navicula incerta)test demonstrated that the(caprolactone-co-L-lactide)-co-polyurethane 4(CL/LAx-PU4)with DCOIT contents prevented the adhesion of diatom Navicula incerta(88.37%reduction)due to their self-polishing and the release of antifoulants.Therefore,the degradable PU consisted of CL,LLA,and DCOIT could be a durable resin with good antifouling activity for the application in the marine anti-biofouling field.

Synthesis and Bacteriostatic Activity and Antifouling Capability of Benzamide Derivatives Containing Capsaicin

Five benzamide deriatives containing capsaicin were synthesized which have similar structures to capsaicin. Their yield was high. The monomers synthesized were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MS spectroscopy. Cha-racterization data are in agreement with the proposed structures of the products. These five compounds exhibit bacterial inhibition and N-[4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-（methylthio）benzyl]benzamide（HMMBBA）, for instance, shows that the minimal inhibitory concentrations（MIC） of HMMBBA are 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL on Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. A static test site was set up in the eighth harbor to investigate the antifouling effectiveness of the five new antifoulants. Five-month exposure experiments were performed on sets of panels coated with each of antifouling coatings, and the results were compared to that of the test panel without antifouling coating. Test boards with antifouling coating were covered with just a macroscopic fouling organism such as Balanus. The results of the present paper demonstrate that new antifoulants represent an alternative to the biocidal antifouling paint.

Antifouling Activity of Bacterial Symbionts of Seagrasses against Marine Biofilm-Forming Bacteria

Marine biofouling has been regarded as a serious problem in the marine environment. The application of TBT and other heavy metal-based antifoulants has created another environmental problem. The present study explored the possible role of baterial symbionts of seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii, and Enhalus acoroides, which were successfully screened for antifouling activity against marine biofilm-forming bacteria isolated from the surrounding colonies of seagrasses. Bacterial symbionts were isolated and tested against biofilm-forming bacteria resulted in 4 bacterial symbionts capable of inhibiting the growth biofilm-forming isolates. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the active bacterial symbionts belonged to the members of the genera Bacillus and Virgibacillus. Further tests of the crude extracts of the active bacterial symbionts supported the potential of these symbionts as the alternative source of environmentally friendly marine antifoulants.

Design and synthesis of Al-MOF/PPSU mixed matrix membrane with pollution resistance

To enhance the performance of the polyphenylene sulfone(PPSU) membrane,a novel mixed matrix membrane with hydrophilicity and antifouling properties was prepared.Using PPSU as the ba sic membrane material,polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP) as the porogen,N-Methyl pyrrolidone(NMP) as the solvent,and MOF-CAU-1(Al_(4)(OH)_(2)(OCH_(3))_4(H_2 N-BDC)_(3)·xH_(2) O) as the filler,PPSU/CAU-1 mixed matrix membrane(MMM) was prepared by an immersion precipitation and phase transformation technique.By changing the amount of MOF-CAU-1,the properties and performance of the MMM membrane were investigated in terms of hydrophilicity,pore morphology,surface roughness,and dye removal.The results show that the highest pure water flux of the mixed reached 47.9 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1), when the CAU-1 addition amount was 1.0 wt%, which was 23% higher than that of the pure PPSU membrane.Both the rejection rate and the antifouling performance of the MMM membrane also noticeably improved.

Surface Modification of Polypropylene Microporous Membrane by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Immobilization of N,N-dimethylamino Ethyl Methacrylate

Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane （PPMM） was performed by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma immobilization of N,Ndimethylamino ethyl methacrylate （DMAEMA）. Structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR/ATR）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope （XPS） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）. Water contact angles of the membrane surfaces were also measured by the sessile drop method. Results reveal that both the plasma-treating conditions and the adsorbed DMAEMA amount have remarkable effects on the immobilization degree of DMAEMA. Peroxide determination by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrvlhydrazyl （DPPH） method verifies the exsistence of radicals induced by plasma, which activize the immobilization reaction. Pure water contact angle on the membrane surface decreased with the increase of DMAEMA immobilization degree, which indicates an enhanced hydrophilicity for the modified membranes. The effects of immobilization degrees on pure water fluxes were also measured. It is shown that pure water fluxes first increased with immobilization degree and then decreased. Finally, permeation of bovine serum albumin （BSA） and lysozyme solution were measured to evaluate the antifouling property of the DMAEMA-modified membranes, from which it is shown that both hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion are beneficial for membrane antifouling.

Surface Modification of Polypropylene Microporous Membrane by Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Induced N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Graft Polymerization

Membrane surfaces modified with poly（N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone） （PNVP） can be endowed with hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and functionality. In this work, atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone （NVP） onto polypropylene （PP） microporous membrane surface was studied. The experimental results reveal that plasma treatment conditions, such as discharge power, treatment time and adsorbed NVP amount, have remarkable effects on the grafting degree of NVP. Structural and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR/ATR）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope （XPS） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）. Water contact angles of the membrane surfaces were also measured by the sessile drop method. Water contact angles on the membrane surfaces decrease with the increase of NVP grafting degree, which indicates an enhanced hydrophilicity for the modified membranes. The effects of grafting degrees on pure water fluxes were also measured. It is shown that pure water fluxes increase with grafting degree firstly and then decrease adversely. Finally, filtration of bovine serum albumin （BSA） solution and platelets adhesion of the PNVP modified membranes show good protein resistance and potential biocompatibility due to the enhancement of surface hydrophilicity.

Radiation-induced cross-linking:a novel avenue to permanent 3D modification of polymeric membranes

Membrane fouling is always the biggest problem in the practice of membrane separation technologies,which strongly impacts their applicability,separation efficiency,cost effectiveness,and service lifespan.Herein,a simple but effective 3D modification approach was designed for permanently functionalizing polymeric membranes by directly cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)under gamma-ray irradiation at room temperature without any additives.After the modification,a PVA layer was constructed on the membrane surface and the pore inner surface of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes.This endowed them with good hydrophilicity,low adsorption of protein model foulants,and easy recoverability properties.In addition,the pore size and distribution were customized by controlling the PVA concentration,which enhanced the rejection ability of the resultant membranes and converted them from microfiltration to ultrafiltration.The crosslinked PVA layer was equipped with the resultant membranes with good resistance to chemical cleaning by acidic,alkaline,and oxidative reagents,which could greatly prolong the membrane service lifetime.Furthermore,this approach was demonstrated as a universal method to modify PVDF membranes with other hydrophilic macromolecular modifiers,including polyethylene glycol,sodium alginate,and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.This modification of the membranes effectively endowed them with good hydrophilicity and antifouling properties,as expected.

Extraction of Protease Produced by Sea Mud Bacteria and Evaluation of Antifouling Performance

Enzyme-based antifouling coatings are potential alternative to traditional tributyltin-based coatings in the marine biofouling control depended on its environmental friendliness.Proteases are usually the key antifouling active components in enzyme based antifouling coatings.In this work,based on biological antagonism effect,a marine proteolytic bacterial strain of Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the sea mud,and denoted as SM-1.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)revealed that the bacteria are rod-shaped with length 1-1.3μm.The protease-producing conditions of SM-1 were investigated,and it was found that the culture solution displays higher proteolytic activity under the culture conditions of 35℃,10‰-20‰salinity,pH 6-9 and more than 7 d culture time.Moreover,the 25 kDa protein was confirmed to be the main active component in the crude protease,which was revealed via the experiment of SDS-PAGE.The antifouling assay indicated that the protease SM-1 has remarkable effect on the decomposition of barnacle cement and diatom secretion,and also can effectively inhibit the attachment of barnacle cyprids,diatom and mussel byssus.Therefore,this protease potentially can be used as environmental-friendly antifoulant of enzyme-based marine antifouling coatings,and this work also provides a new approach to obtain antifouling protease via isolating proteolytic bacteria from the sea mud surrounding representative fouling organisms.

Chemical Defense of Soft Coral Sinularia polydactyla from the Red Sea Against Marine Biofilm-Forming Bacteria

Soft corals are an important group of organisms that live in reef ecosystems. In this study, the chemical defense of soft coral Sinularia polydactyla against biofilm-forming bacteria was assessed. The soft coral S. polydactyla was collected from the Obhur creek of the Red Sea and the bioactive compounds were extracted under different conditions using methanol and hexane as solvents. Results revealed that the bioactive compounds produced by the soft coral S. polydactyla were active against the growth, hydrophobicity and extracellular polymeric substances production of the biofilm-forming bacteria. However, the damage or injury in soft coral tissue caused a decrease in the activity against biofilm-forming bacteria. GC-MS analysis revealed that sesquiterpenes were abundant in normal coral sample extract while cembranoids were abundant in damaged coral sample extracts. In general, the results indicated that the soft corals either under stress or with damage may not have a strong chemical defense against the colonizing marine organisms and competitors.

Study on Marine Corrosion and Antifouling Behavior of Copper Alloys Exposed to Sea Areas in China

The relationship of corrosion resistance and antifouling behavior of 19 Cu alloys exposed to seawater of Qingdao ,Xiamen,Yulin sea areas in China for 1,2,4,8 year intervals was studied .The experiments were carried on by analyzing the composition of corrosion films formed on the surface of alloy specimens during the immersion time and by using OM,SEM,EDXA and AES experiment methods.The results verify the view point that it is the cuprous oxide film which played an important role in antifouling property of Cu alloys in seawater and throw a light on the view point in details further.The influence of different sea areas on the antifouling property of Cu alloys is also discussed.

Probing the Interfacial Forces and Surface Interaction Mechanisms in Petroleum Production Processes

Despite the advances that have been made in renewable energy over the past decade,crude oil or petroleum remains one of the most important energy resources to the world.Petroleum production presents many challenging issues,such as the destabilization of complex oil-water emulsions,fouling phenomena on pipelines and other facilities,and water treatment.These problems are influenced by the molecular forces at the oil/water/solid/gas interfaces involved in relevant processes.Herein,we present an overview of recent advances on probing the interfacial forces in several petroleum production processes(e.g.,bitumen extraction,emulsion stabilization and destabilization,fouling and antifouling phenomena,and water treatment)by applying nanomechanical measurement technologies such as a surface forces apparatus(SFA)and an atomic force microscope(AFM).The interaction forces between bitumen and mineral solids or air bubbles in the surrounding fluid media determine the bitumen liberation and flotation efficiency in oil sands production.The stability of complex oil/water emulsions is governed by the forces between emulsion drops and particularly between interface-active species(e.g.,asphaltenes).Various oil components(e.g.,asphaltenes)and emulsion drops interact with different substrate surfaces(e.g.,pipelines or membranes),influencing fouling phenomena,oil-water separation,and wastewater treatment.Quantifying these intermolecular and interfacial forces has advanced the mechanistic understanding of these interfacial interactions,facilitating the development of advanced materials and technologies to solve relevant challenging issues and improve petroleum production processes.Remaining challenges and suggestions on future research directions in the field are also presented.

Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Antifouling Paints

This study presents a simple numerical method that can be used to evaluate the hydrodynamic performances of antifouling paints.Steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved through a finite volume technique,whereas roughness was modeled with experimentally determined roughness functions.First,the methodology was validated with previous experimental studies with a flat plate.Second,flow around the Kriso Container Ship was examined.Lastly,full-scale results were predicted using Granville’s similarity law.Results indicated that roughness has a similar effect on the viscous pressure resistance and frictional resistance around a Reynolds number of 10^7.Moreover,the increase in frictional resistance due to roughness was calculated to be approximately 3%-5%at the ship scale depending on the paint.

Antifouling evaluation of extracts from Red Sea soft corals against primary biofilm and biofouling

Objectives: To evaluate antifouling property of extracts from Red Sea soft corals against primary biofilm and biofouling.Methods: Seven species of soft corals Sarcophyton glaucum(a), Sinularia compressa,Sinularia cruciata(a), Heteroxenia fuscescens(a), Sarcophyton glaucum(b), Heteroxenia fuscescens(b) and Sinularia cruciata(b) were chosen to test their extracts as antibacterial and antifouling agents in Eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Mediterranean Sea.Bioactive compounds of soft corals were extracted by using methanol and concentrated under vacuum. The residues of extracts were mixed in formulation of inert paint which consisted of rosin, chlorinated rubber and ferrous oxide against micro and macro fouling organisms. The formulated paints were then applied on PVC panels twice by brush,hanged in a steel frame and immersed in Eastern Harbour of Alexandria Mediterranean Sea followed by visual inspection and photographic recordings.Results: After 185 days of immersion in seawater, the antifouling results agreed with the antibacterial results where extracts of Sinularia compressa and Heteroxenia fuscescens(b) gave the best activity against marine fouling tubeworms and barnacles. The inhibition activity was correlated with the major functional groups(hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl,aliphatic(fatty acids), C]C of alkene or aromatic rings and CeC l of aryl halides) of the extracts.Conclusions: The strong antifouling activity makes them promising candidates for new antifouling additives. After the screening and application of natural organic compounds from soft corals, marine organisms show activity against micro and macro fouling organisms.