Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applic...Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applications.This paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs,thereby avoiding them when delivering packets.The proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a destination.To achieve this goal,the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in AODV to gather and broadcast reputations to all network nodes to build the network-based reputation system.To minimize the network overhead of the proposed approach,the paper uses reputation aggregator nodes only for forwarding reputation tables.Moreover,to reduce the overhead of updating reputation tables,the paper proposes three mechanisms,which are the prompt broadcast,the regular broadcast,and the light broadcast approaches.The proposed enhanced version has been designed to perform effectively in dynamic environments such as mobile WSNs where nodes,including blackholes,move continuously,which is considered a challenge for other protocols.Using the proposed enhanced protocol,a node evaluates the security of different routes to a destination and can select the most secure routing path.The paper provides an algorithm that explains the proposed protocol in detail and demonstrates a case study that shows the operations of calculating and updating reputation values when nodes move across different zones.Furthermore,the paper discusses the proposed approach’s overhead analysis to prove the proposed enhancement’s correctness and applicability.展开更多
The working of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork(MANET)relies on the supportive cooperation among the network nodes.But due to its intrinsic features,a misbehaving node can easily lead to a routing disorder.This paper presents ...The working of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork(MANET)relies on the supportive cooperation among the network nodes.But due to its intrinsic features,a misbehaving node can easily lead to a routing disorder.This paper presents two trust-based routing schemes,namely Trust-based Self-Detection Routing(TSDR)and Trust-based Cooperative Routing(TCOR)designed with an Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)protocol.The proposed work covers a wide range of security challenges,including malicious node identification and prevention,accurate trust quantification,secure trust data sharing,and trusted route maintenance.This brings a prominent solution for mitigating misbehaving nodes and establishing efficient communication in MANET.It is empirically validated based on a performance comparison with the current Evolutionary Self-Cooperative Trust(ESCT)scheme,Generalized Trust Model(GTM),and the conventional AODV protocol.The extensive simulations are conducted against three different varying network scenarios.The results affirm the improved values of eight popular performance metrics overcoming the existing routing schemes.Among the two proposed works,TCOR is more suitable for highly scalable networks;TSDR suits,however,the MANET application better with its small size.This work thus makes a significant contribution to the research community,in contrast to many previous works focusing solely on specific security aspects,and results in a trade-off in the expected values of evaluation parameters and asserts their efficiency.展开更多
Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad h...Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.展开更多
列车转向架状态监测系统是列车整车健康监测的关键,每个转向架部署有轴温监测、失稳检测、振动冲击监测等几十个传感器,使得转向架整体布线复杂、维护困难。文章采用ZigBee无线通信技术和簇状组网方式为每个转向架系统构成一个无线传感...列车转向架状态监测系统是列车整车健康监测的关键,每个转向架部署有轴温监测、失稳检测、振动冲击监测等几十个传感器,使得转向架整体布线复杂、维护困难。文章采用ZigBee无线通信技术和簇状组网方式为每个转向架系统构成一个无线传感网络,可以大大减少部署的时间与成本,且运维检修更加方便。文章利用网络仿真工具NS2构建了基于IEEE802.15.4标准及自组织按需距离向量(Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector,AODV)路由协议的列车转向架无线传感器网络模型;同时,为了降低丢包率和端到端通信时延,基于路由超时机制、RREQ生存周期和RREQ传播方向对AODV协议进行了改进。仿真结果表明,改进后的AODV协议在通信中断重新建立时间缩短了32%、丢包率和端到端通信时延均下降了50%以上,这证明文章所设计的无线传感器组网方案可以满足列车转向架传感器的数据传输要求。展开更多
Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is decentralized wireless network and can communicate without existing infrastructure in many areas.MANET is vulnerable to various attacks that affect its performance such as blackhole atta...Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is decentralized wireless network and can communicate without existing infrastructure in many areas.MANET is vulnerable to various attacks that affect its performance such as blackhole attack.Blackhole attacker,inject fault routing information to persuade the source node to select the path with malicious node as the shortest path.To eliminate malicious nodes from launching any collaborative attack.A cooperative Trapping Approach(CTA)was proposed based on modifying Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)routing protocol and trapping the malicious nodes by responding to the trap request message.The approach aims to eliminate and rule out both single and collaborative malicious blackhole nodes from any attack.The approach realizes a backward tracking mechanism to perform the elimination process.The proposed algorithm(CTA)was executed using NS-2 network simulator.The performance metrics that has been considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm such as throughput,end to end delay,packet delivery ratio,and consuming energy.The experimental results have shown the performance metrics of the proposed approach outperformed other state of at algorithms.展开更多
在移动自组织网中由于节点的移动性引起网络拓扑变化,成为影响网络性能优劣的关键因素。在反应式路由算法的基础上,提出了一种基于节点位置、速度与方向混合参数的路由协议AODV-PVD(AODV Routing Protocol based on Node Position,Veloc...在移动自组织网中由于节点的移动性引起网络拓扑变化,成为影响网络性能优劣的关键因素。在反应式路由算法的基础上,提出了一种基于节点位置、速度与方向混合参数的路由协议AODV-PVD(AODV Routing Protocol based on Node Position,Velocity and Direction)以衡量链路稳定性并预测链路持续时间。在路由发现阶段,根据节点的混合运动信息,使用节点筛选机制排除相对不稳定的链路,并通过节点相对移动速度预测链路持续时间,为数据传输选取稳定且路径较短的路由。NS2仿真结果显示,相较于按需距离矢量路由AODV(Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector)及现有改进协议,AODV-PVD路由协议可以获得更好的分组投递率、端到端传输时延和吞吐量性能。展开更多
文摘Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)improves the usability of their applications.Therefore,finding solutions to various attacks,such as the blackhole attack,is crucial for the success of WSN applications.This paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs,thereby avoiding them when delivering packets.The proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a destination.To achieve this goal,the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in AODV to gather and broadcast reputations to all network nodes to build the network-based reputation system.To minimize the network overhead of the proposed approach,the paper uses reputation aggregator nodes only for forwarding reputation tables.Moreover,to reduce the overhead of updating reputation tables,the paper proposes three mechanisms,which are the prompt broadcast,the regular broadcast,and the light broadcast approaches.The proposed enhanced version has been designed to perform effectively in dynamic environments such as mobile WSNs where nodes,including blackholes,move continuously,which is considered a challenge for other protocols.Using the proposed enhanced protocol,a node evaluates the security of different routes to a destination and can select the most secure routing path.The paper provides an algorithm that explains the proposed protocol in detail and demonstrates a case study that shows the operations of calculating and updating reputation values when nodes move across different zones.Furthermore,the paper discusses the proposed approach’s overhead analysis to prove the proposed enhancement’s correctness and applicability.
文摘The working of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork(MANET)relies on the supportive cooperation among the network nodes.But due to its intrinsic features,a misbehaving node can easily lead to a routing disorder.This paper presents two trust-based routing schemes,namely Trust-based Self-Detection Routing(TSDR)and Trust-based Cooperative Routing(TCOR)designed with an Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)protocol.The proposed work covers a wide range of security challenges,including malicious node identification and prevention,accurate trust quantification,secure trust data sharing,and trusted route maintenance.This brings a prominent solution for mitigating misbehaving nodes and establishing efficient communication in MANET.It is empirically validated based on a performance comparison with the current Evolutionary Self-Cooperative Trust(ESCT)scheme,Generalized Trust Model(GTM),and the conventional AODV protocol.The extensive simulations are conducted against three different varying network scenarios.The results affirm the improved values of eight popular performance metrics overcoming the existing routing schemes.Among the two proposed works,TCOR is more suitable for highly scalable networks;TSDR suits,however,the MANET application better with its small size.This work thus makes a significant contribution to the research community,in contrast to many previous works focusing solely on specific security aspects,and results in a trade-off in the expected values of evaluation parameters and asserts their efficiency.
文摘Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.
文摘列车转向架状态监测系统是列车整车健康监测的关键,每个转向架部署有轴温监测、失稳检测、振动冲击监测等几十个传感器,使得转向架整体布线复杂、维护困难。文章采用ZigBee无线通信技术和簇状组网方式为每个转向架系统构成一个无线传感网络,可以大大减少部署的时间与成本,且运维检修更加方便。文章利用网络仿真工具NS2构建了基于IEEE802.15.4标准及自组织按需距离向量(Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector,AODV)路由协议的列车转向架无线传感器网络模型;同时,为了降低丢包率和端到端通信时延,基于路由超时机制、RREQ生存周期和RREQ传播方向对AODV协议进行了改进。仿真结果表明,改进后的AODV协议在通信中断重新建立时间缩短了32%、丢包率和端到端通信时延均下降了50%以上,这证明文章所设计的无线传感器组网方案可以满足列车转向架传感器的数据传输要求。
文摘Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is decentralized wireless network and can communicate without existing infrastructure in many areas.MANET is vulnerable to various attacks that affect its performance such as blackhole attack.Blackhole attacker,inject fault routing information to persuade the source node to select the path with malicious node as the shortest path.To eliminate malicious nodes from launching any collaborative attack.A cooperative Trapping Approach(CTA)was proposed based on modifying Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)routing protocol and trapping the malicious nodes by responding to the trap request message.The approach aims to eliminate and rule out both single and collaborative malicious blackhole nodes from any attack.The approach realizes a backward tracking mechanism to perform the elimination process.The proposed algorithm(CTA)was executed using NS-2 network simulator.The performance metrics that has been considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm such as throughput,end to end delay,packet delivery ratio,and consuming energy.The experimental results have shown the performance metrics of the proposed approach outperformed other state of at algorithms.
文摘在移动自组织网中由于节点的移动性引起网络拓扑变化,成为影响网络性能优劣的关键因素。在反应式路由算法的基础上,提出了一种基于节点位置、速度与方向混合参数的路由协议AODV-PVD(AODV Routing Protocol based on Node Position,Velocity and Direction)以衡量链路稳定性并预测链路持续时间。在路由发现阶段,根据节点的混合运动信息,使用节点筛选机制排除相对不稳定的链路,并通过节点相对移动速度预测链路持续时间,为数据传输选取稳定且路径较短的路由。NS2仿真结果显示,相较于按需距离矢量路由AODV(Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector)及现有改进协议,AODV-PVD路由协议可以获得更好的分组投递率、端到端传输时延和吞吐量性能。
