This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple...This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression(APCSMLR)model and positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The applicability of the models was compared in the assessment of source apportionment.The results showed that the average contents of Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn in the surface soil were 0.46,0.14,9.66,31.2,127,95.6,76.0,and 158 mg/kg,respectively.Combined with the spatial distribution and correlation analyses,the results of source apportionment were consistent for both the APCSMLR and PMF models.Cd,Hg,As,and Pb were mainly affected by the gangue heap accumulation,with respective contributions of 74.6%,79.4%,69.1%,and 67.2%based on the APCS-MLR model and respective contributions of 69.7%,60.7%,57.4%,and 41.9%based on the PMF model.Ni and Zn were mainly affected by industrial and agricultural activities,while Cr and Cu were mainly affected by natural factors.The results of the source apportionment were approximately consistent between the APCS-MLR and PMF models.The combined application of the two receptor models can make the results of source apportionment more comprehensive,accurate,and reliable.展开更多
The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential po...The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F-), ρ(SO42-), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.展开更多
Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment mon...Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).展开更多
Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention a...Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.展开更多
In this paper,using concentration data of PM2. 5in 2013 in China and referring to a lot of literature,we preliminary studied the pollution of fine particulate matter and summarized PM2. 5source apportionment in the ke...In this paper,using concentration data of PM2. 5in 2013 in China and referring to a lot of literature,we preliminary studied the pollution of fine particulate matter and summarized PM2. 5source apportionment in the key cities in China. Our results showed that PM2. 5showed significant spatial and temporal distribution; high surface concentrations of PM2. 5concentrated mainly in the North China Plain,the Sichuan Basin,Yangtze River Delta and other regions; the average annual concentration of PM2. 5was about 80μg / m3 in North China Plain; Seasonal changes in the concentration of PM2. 5was winter > spring > autumn > summer; fired sources,industrial sources,vehicle exhaust were the major sources of PM2. 5; motor vehicle exhaust mostly contributed 10%- 30% to PM2. 5. This review provides a fundamental understanding of PM2. 5source apportionment and serves as an important reference for future source apportionment studies to be widely conducted in China.展开更多
The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and ju...The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and judged first. Based on the preliminary analysis of major sources of soil heavy metal pollution in soil,combined with relevant literatures on heavy metal pollution source of soil or sediment at home and abroad in recent years,application progress of isotope tracer technique,especially lead isotope tracer technique,in the study of heavy metal pollution sources in soils and sediments were reviewed. The key points of future isotope tracer technology in the field of heavy metal pollution source apportionment were prospected.展开更多
In this work, receptor models were used to identify the PM2.5 sources and its contribution to the air quality in residential, comercial and industrial sampling sites in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Principal c...In this work, receptor models were used to identify the PM2.5 sources and its contribution to the air quality in residential, comercial and industrial sampling sites in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA-APCS), UNIMX and positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to analyze the data collected during 1 year of sampling campaign (2010-2011). The PM2.5 samples were characterized through its composition looking for trace elements, inorganic ions and organic and elemental carbon. These three models identified some common sources of PM2.5: marine aerosol, crustal material, traffic, secondary aerosols (secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate resolved by PMF), a mixed source of heavy fuels combustion and biomass burning, and industrial emissions. The three models predicted that the major sources of PM2.5 in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica were related to anthropogenic sources (73%, 65% and 69%, respectively, for PCA-APCS, Unmix and PMF) although natural sources also contributed to PM2.5 (21%, 24% and 26%). On average, PCA and PMF methods resolved 94% and 95% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations, respectively. The results were comparable to the estimate using UNMIX.展开更多
Nuclear power plants are always operated under the guidelines stipulated by the regulatory body. These guidelines basically contain the technical specifications of the specific power plant and provide the knowledge of...Nuclear power plants are always operated under the guidelines stipulated by the regulatory body. These guidelines basically contain the technical specifications of the specific power plant and provide the knowledge of the discharge limit of the radioactive effluent into the environment through atmospheric and aquatic route. However, operational constraints sometimes may violate the technical specification due to which there may be a failure to satisfy the stipulated dose apportioned to that plant. In a site having multi facilities sum total of the dose apportioned to all the facilities should be constrained to 1 mSv/year to the members of the public. Dose apportionment scheme basically stipulates the limit of the gaseous and liquid effluent released into the environment. Existing methodology of dose apportionment is subjective in nature that may result the discharge limit of the effluent in atmospheric and aquatic route in an adhoc manner. Appropriate scientific basis for dose apportionment is always preferable rather than judicial basis from the point of harmonization of establishing the dose apportionment. This paper presents an attempt of establishing the discharge limit of the gaseous and liquid effluent first on the basis of the existing value of the release of the same. Existing release data for a few years (for example 10 years) for any nuclear power station have taken into consideration. Bootstrap, a resampling technique, has been adopted on the existing release data sets to generate the corresponding population distribution of the effluent release. Cumulative distribution of the population distribution obtained is constructed and using this cumulative distribution, 95th percentile (upper bound) of the discharge limit of the radioactive effluents is computed. Dose apportioned for a facility is evaluated using this estimated upper bound of the release limit. Paper de- scribes the detail of the bootstrap method in evaluating the release limit and also presents the comparative study of the dose apportionment using this new method and the existing adhoc method.展开更多
Source apportionment studies are useful in understanding sources of pollution and can be used in health risk assessments to evaluate the human health impacts from air pollutants. This study reviewed and analysed avail...Source apportionment studies are useful in understanding sources of pollution and can be used in health risk assessments to evaluate the human health impacts from air pollutants. This study reviewed and analysed available source apportionment studies of air particulate in South Africa in October 2016. Searches were performed using different databases for peer reviewed articles including Google scholar, Scopus, EbscoHost, Science Direct and National Research Foundation database. Source categories were identified and these varied depending on the sites where the research was conducted (rural, urban or remote) but biomass burning dominated. A total of 35 source apportionment records were found with the majority of studies in urban areas (60%) while industrial sites had the least number of records (17.1%). The period 2011-2016 had the highest number of records while 1990-1995 had only three publicly available studies. There is limited research on source apportionment studies of air particulate in South Africa, calling for more research in this area.展开更多
Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,...Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,online bulk and single-particle measurements were combined to investigate the contributions of FW and BB to the overall mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)and specific chemical species by positive matrix factorization(PMF)during the Chinese New Year in Hong Kong in February 2013.With combined information,fresh/aged FW(abundant ^(140)K_(2)NO_(3)^(+)and ^(213)K_(3)SO_(4)^(+)formed from ^(113)K_(2)Cl^(+)discharged by fresh FW)can be extracted from the fresh/aged BB sources,in addition to the Second Aerosol,Vehicles+Road Dust,and Sea Salt factors.The contributions of FW and BB were investigated during three high particle matter episodes influenced by the pollution transported from the Pearl River Delta region.The fresh BB/FW contributed 39.2%and 19.6%to PM_(2.5)during the Lunar Chinese New Year case.However,the contributions of aged FW/BB enhanced in the last two episodes due to the aging process,evidenced by high contributions from secondary aerosols.Generally,the fresh BB/FW showed more significant contributions to nitrate(35.1%and15.0%,respectively)compared with sulfate(25.1%and 5.9%,respectively)and OC(14.8%and11.1%,respectively)on average.In comparison,the aged FW contributed more to sulfate(13.4%).Overall,combining online bulk and single-particle measurement data can combine both instruments’advantages and provide a new perspective for applying source apportionment of aerosols using PMF.展开更多
Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding envir...Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding environment.Average concentrations of total VOCs(TVOCs)in the surrounding residential activity areas(R1 and R2),the coking facility(CF)and the control area(CA)were determined to be 138.5,47.8,550.0,and 15.0μg/m^(3),respectively.The cold drum process and coking and quenching areas within the coking facility were identified as the main polluting processes.The spatial variation in VOCs composition was analyzed,showing that VOCs in the coking facility and surrounding areas were mainly dominated by aromatic compounds such as BTX(benzene,toluene,and xylenes)and naphthalene,with concentrations being negatively correlated with the distance from the coking facility(p<0.01).The sources of VOCs in different functional areas across the monitoring area were analyzed,finding that coking emissions accounted for 73.5%,33.3% and 27.7% of TVOCs in CF,R1 and R2,respectively.These results demonstrated that coking emissions had a significant impact on VOC concentrations in the areas surrounding coking facility.This study evaluates the spatial variation in exposure to VOCs,providing important information for the influence of VOCs concentration posed by coking facility to surrounding residents and the development of strategies for VOC abatement.展开更多
Metal smelting have brought severe metal(loid)s contamination to the soil.Spatial distribution and pollution source analysis for soil metal(loid)s in an abandoned lead/zinc smelter were studied.The results showed that...Metal smelting have brought severe metal(loid)s contamination to the soil.Spatial distribution and pollution source analysis for soil metal(loid)s in an abandoned lead/zinc smelter were studied.The results showed that soil was contaminated heavily withmetal(loid)s.The mean of lead(Pb),arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),mercury(Hg)and antimony(Sb)content in topsoil is 9.7,8.2,5.0,2.3,and 1.2 times higher than the risk screening value for soil contamination of development land of China(GB36600-2018),respectively.Cd ismainly enriched in the 0–6mdepth of site soil while As and Pbmainly deposited in the 0–4mlayer.The spatial distribution of soil metal(loid)s is significantly correlated with the pollution source in the different functional areas of smelter.As,Hg,Sb,Pb and copper(Cu)were mainly distributed in pyrometallurgical area,while Cd,thallium(Tl)and zinc(Zn)was mainly existed in both hydrometallurgical area and raw material storage area.Soil metal(loid)s pollution sources in the abandoned smelter are mainly contributed to the anthropogenic sources,accounting for 84.5%.Specifically,Pb,Tl,As,Hg,Sb and Cumainly from atmospheric deposition(55.9%),Cd and Zn mainly from surface runoff(28.6%),While nickel(Ni)mainly comes from parent material(15.5%).The results clarified the spatial distribution and their sources in different functional areas of the smelter,providing a new thought for the risk prevention and control of metal(loid)s in polluted site soil.展开更多
Based on the online and membrane sampling data of Yuncheng from January 1st to February 12th,2020,the formation mechanism of haze under the dual influence of Spring Festival and COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) was ana...Based on the online and membrane sampling data of Yuncheng from January 1st to February 12th,2020,the formation mechanism of haze under the dual influence of Spring Festival and COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) was analyzed.Atmospheric capacity,chemical composition,secondary transformation,source apportionment,backward trajectory,pollution space and enterprise distribution were studied.Low wind speed,high humidity and small atmospheric capacity inhibited the diffusion of air pollutants.Four severe pollution processes occurred during the period,and the pollution degree was the highest around the Spring Festival.In light,medium and heavy pollution periods,the proportion of SNA (SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)-and NH_(4)^(+)) was 59.6%,56.0%and 54.9%,respectively,which was the largest components of PM_(2.5);the[NO_(3)-]/[SO_(4)^(2-)]ratio was 2.1,1.5 and 1.7,respectively,indicating that coal source had a great influence;the changes of NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio,0.44,0.45,0.61)and SOR (sulphur oxidation ratio,0.40,0.49,0.65) indicated the accumulation of secondary aerosols with increasing pollution.The coal combustion,motor vehicle,secondary inorganic sources and industrial sources contributed 36.8%,26.59%,11.84%and 8.02%to PM_(2.5)masses,respectively.Backward trajectory showed that the influence from the east was greater during the Spring Festival,and the pollutants from the eastern air mass were higher,which would aggravate the pollution.Meteorological and Spring Festival had a great impact on heavy pollution weather.Although some work could not operate due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic,the emission of pollutants did not reduce much.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important precursors of secondary organic compounds and ozone,which raise major environmental concerns.To investigate the VOC emission characteristics,measurements of VOCs based on ...Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important precursors of secondary organic compounds and ozone,which raise major environmental concerns.To investigate the VOC emission characteristics,measurements of VOCs based on proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry during 2017 were conducted in a coastal industrial area in Ningbo,Zhejiang Province,China.Based on seasonal variation in species concentration,the positive matrix factorization(PMF)receptor model was applied to apportion the sources of VOCs in each season.The PMF results revealed that unknown acetonitrile source,paint solvent,electronics industry,biomass burning,secondary formation and biogenic emission were mainly attributed to VOC pollution.Biomass burning and secondary formation were the major sources of VOCs and contributed more than 70%of VOC emissions in spring and autumn.Industry-related sources contributed 8.65%–31.2%of the VOCs throughout the year.The unknown acetonitrile source occurred in winter and spring,and contributed 7.6%–43.73%of the VOC emissions in the two seasons.Conditional probability function(CPF)analysis illustrated that the industry sources came from local emission,while biomass burning and biogenic emission mainly came from the northwest direction.The potential source contribution function(PSCF)model showed that secondary formation-related source was mainly from Jiangsu Province,northeastern China and the surrounding ocean.The potential source areas of unknown acetonitrile source were northern Zhejiang Province,southern Jiangsu Province and the northeastern coastal marine environments.展开更多
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs)and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organi...Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs)and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA).In recent years,there have been intensive studies covering MAHs emission from various sources and their behavior under stimulated photochemical conditions.Yet in-situ measurements of PAHs presence and variations in ambient air are sparse.Herein we conducted large geometrical scale mobile measurements for 16 aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs,including 7 MAHs and 9 PAHs)in eastern China between October 27 and November 8,2019.This unique dataset has allowed for some insights in terms of AHs concentration variations,accompanying chemical composition,source contributions and spatial distributions in eastern China.In general,AHs showed a clear concentration variability between the south and the north of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD).The concentrations of PAHs were approximately 9%of AHs,but contributed 23%of SOA formation potential.Source apportionment via positive matrix factorization(PMF)model revealed that industrial processes as the largest source(44%)of observed AHs,followed by solvent usage(21%),vehicle exhaust(19%),coal combustion(11%)and coking processes(6%).In the perspective of PAHs sources,coal combustion emissions were identified as the dominating factor of a share of 41%–52%in eastern China.Our findings complemented the simultaneously monitoring information of PAHs and MAHs in eastern China,revealed the importance of PAHs to SOA formation and highlighted the necessity of formulating strategies to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources and reduce risks to human health.展开更多
The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were e...The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.展开更多
The source apportionment of PM2.5 is essential for pollution prevention.In view of the weaknesses of individual models,we proposed an integrated chemical mass balancesource emission inventory(CMB-SEI)model to acquire ...The source apportionment of PM2.5 is essential for pollution prevention.In view of the weaknesses of individual models,we proposed an integrated chemical mass balancesource emission inventory(CMB-SEI)model to acquire more accurate results.First,the SEI of secondary component precursors(SO2,NOx,NH3,and VOCs)was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors.Then,a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components(SO4^2-,NO3^-3,NH4^+,and SOC).Afterwards,the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios.The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI.This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities(Zhoushan,Taizhou,and Wenzhou;abbreviated WZ,TZ,and ZS)in Zhejiang Province,China.The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources.The SEI results indicated that electricity,industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM2.5 gaseous precursors.The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources,electricity production sources and industrial production sources.Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone,the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.展开更多
Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A com...Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.展开更多
Atmospheric extinction is impacted by the chemical composition of particles.To better understand the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)(particles with diameters of less than 2.5μm)and its relationship with extinction,o...Atmospheric extinction is impacted by the chemical composition of particles.To better understand the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)(particles with diameters of less than 2.5μm)and its relationship with extinction,one-month sampling campaigns were carried out in four different seasons from 2013 to 2014 in Jinan,China.The seasonal average concentrations of PM_(2.5)were 120.9(autumn),156.6(winter),102.5(spring),and 111.8μg/m^(3)(summer).The reconstructed PM_(2.5)chemical composition showed that sulfate,nitrate,chlorine salt,organic matter(OM),mineral dust,elemental carbon(EC)and others accounted for 25%,14%,2%,24%,22%,3%and 10%,respectively.The relationship between the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)and visibility was reconstructed by the IMPROVE method,and ammonium sulfate,ammonium nitrate,OM and EC dominated the visibility.Seven main sources were resolved for PM_(2.5),including secondary particles,coal combustion,biomass burning,industry,motor vehicle exhaust,soil dust and cooking,which accounted for 37%,21%,13%,13%,12%,3%and 1%,respectively.The contributions of different sources to visibility were similar to those to PM_(2.5).With increasing severity of air pollution,the contributions of secondary particles and coal combustion increased,while the contribution of motor vehicle exhaust decreased.The results showed that coal combustion and biomass burning were still the main sources of air pollution in Jinan.展开更多
We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at a receptor site(Wan Qing Sha,WQS)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region from September to November of 2017.The average mixing ratios of total...We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at a receptor site(Wan Qing Sha,WQS)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region from September to November of 2017.The average mixing ratios of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 36.3±27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes(55.5%),followed by aromatics(33.3%).The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone(O_(3)).Five VOC sources were resolved by the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model,including solvent usage(28.6%),liquid petroleum gas(LPG)usage(24.4%),vehicle exhaust(21.0%),industrial emissions(13.2%)and gasoline evaporation(12.9%).The regional transport air masses from the upwind cities of south China can result in the elevated concentrations of TVOCs.Low ratios of TVOCs/NO_(x)(1.53±0.88)suggested that the O_(3) formation regime at WQS site was VOC-limited,which also confirmed by a photochemical box model with the master chemical mechanism(PBM-MCM).Furthermore,the observation on high-O_(3) episode days revealed that frequent O_(3) outbreaks at WQS were mainly caused by the regional transport of anthropogenic VOCs especially for aromatics and the subsequent photochemical reactions.This study provides valuable information for policymakers to propose the effective control strategies on photochemical pollution in a regional perspective.展开更多
基金supported by Project of Chongqing Ecology and Environment Bureau(2021111)Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(cstc2022jxjl0005)。
文摘This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression(APCSMLR)model and positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The applicability of the models was compared in the assessment of source apportionment.The results showed that the average contents of Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn in the surface soil were 0.46,0.14,9.66,31.2,127,95.6,76.0,and 158 mg/kg,respectively.Combined with the spatial distribution and correlation analyses,the results of source apportionment were consistent for both the APCSMLR and PMF models.Cd,Hg,As,and Pb were mainly affected by the gangue heap accumulation,with respective contributions of 74.6%,79.4%,69.1%,and 67.2%based on the APCS-MLR model and respective contributions of 69.7%,60.7%,57.4%,and 41.9%based on the PMF model.Ni and Zn were mainly affected by industrial and agricultural activities,while Cr and Cu were mainly affected by natural factors.The results of the source apportionment were approximately consistent between the APCS-MLR and PMF models.The combined application of the two receptor models can make the results of source apportionment more comprehensive,accurate,and reliable.
基金supported by the 2021 Graduate Science Research Project of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.YJS20210375)the Natural Science Research Project of Universities in Anhui Province(Grant No.KJ2020ZD64)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(Grant No.2008085MD122)the Outstanding Young Talents in Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province(Grant No.ZD2021134)the Research Development Foundation of Suzhou University(Grant No.2021fzjj28).
文摘The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F-), ρ(SO42-), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.
基金This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41907188)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2019JQ-386)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M653658).
文摘Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).
基金supposed by Shandong Natural Science Foundation[Grant number:ZR2016GM03]Ministry of Education[Grant number:17YJA790054]
文摘Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.
文摘In this paper,using concentration data of PM2. 5in 2013 in China and referring to a lot of literature,we preliminary studied the pollution of fine particulate matter and summarized PM2. 5source apportionment in the key cities in China. Our results showed that PM2. 5showed significant spatial and temporal distribution; high surface concentrations of PM2. 5concentrated mainly in the North China Plain,the Sichuan Basin,Yangtze River Delta and other regions; the average annual concentration of PM2. 5was about 80μg / m3 in North China Plain; Seasonal changes in the concentration of PM2. 5was winter > spring > autumn > summer; fired sources,industrial sources,vehicle exhaust were the major sources of PM2. 5; motor vehicle exhaust mostly contributed 10%- 30% to PM2. 5. This review provides a fundamental understanding of PM2. 5source apportionment and serves as an important reference for future source apportionment studies to be widely conducted in China.
基金Supported by Research Project of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Fujian Province(JAT170817)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of College Students(201712709011)
文摘The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and judged first. Based on the preliminary analysis of major sources of soil heavy metal pollution in soil,combined with relevant literatures on heavy metal pollution source of soil or sediment at home and abroad in recent years,application progress of isotope tracer technique,especially lead isotope tracer technique,in the study of heavy metal pollution sources in soils and sediments were reviewed. The key points of future isotope tracer technology in the field of heavy metal pollution source apportionment were prospected.
文摘In this work, receptor models were used to identify the PM2.5 sources and its contribution to the air quality in residential, comercial and industrial sampling sites in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA-APCS), UNIMX and positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to analyze the data collected during 1 year of sampling campaign (2010-2011). The PM2.5 samples were characterized through its composition looking for trace elements, inorganic ions and organic and elemental carbon. These three models identified some common sources of PM2.5: marine aerosol, crustal material, traffic, secondary aerosols (secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate resolved by PMF), a mixed source of heavy fuels combustion and biomass burning, and industrial emissions. The three models predicted that the major sources of PM2.5 in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica were related to anthropogenic sources (73%, 65% and 69%, respectively, for PCA-APCS, Unmix and PMF) although natural sources also contributed to PM2.5 (21%, 24% and 26%). On average, PCA and PMF methods resolved 94% and 95% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations, respectively. The results were comparable to the estimate using UNMIX.
文摘Nuclear power plants are always operated under the guidelines stipulated by the regulatory body. These guidelines basically contain the technical specifications of the specific power plant and provide the knowledge of the discharge limit of the radioactive effluent into the environment through atmospheric and aquatic route. However, operational constraints sometimes may violate the technical specification due to which there may be a failure to satisfy the stipulated dose apportioned to that plant. In a site having multi facilities sum total of the dose apportioned to all the facilities should be constrained to 1 mSv/year to the members of the public. Dose apportionment scheme basically stipulates the limit of the gaseous and liquid effluent released into the environment. Existing methodology of dose apportionment is subjective in nature that may result the discharge limit of the effluent in atmospheric and aquatic route in an adhoc manner. Appropriate scientific basis for dose apportionment is always preferable rather than judicial basis from the point of harmonization of establishing the dose apportionment. This paper presents an attempt of establishing the discharge limit of the gaseous and liquid effluent first on the basis of the existing value of the release of the same. Existing release data for a few years (for example 10 years) for any nuclear power station have taken into consideration. Bootstrap, a resampling technique, has been adopted on the existing release data sets to generate the corresponding population distribution of the effluent release. Cumulative distribution of the population distribution obtained is constructed and using this cumulative distribution, 95th percentile (upper bound) of the discharge limit of the radioactive effluents is computed. Dose apportioned for a facility is evaluated using this estimated upper bound of the release limit. Paper de- scribes the detail of the bootstrap method in evaluating the release limit and also presents the comparative study of the dose apportionment using this new method and the existing adhoc method.
文摘Source apportionment studies are useful in understanding sources of pollution and can be used in health risk assessments to evaluate the human health impacts from air pollutants. This study reviewed and analysed available source apportionment studies of air particulate in South Africa in October 2016. Searches were performed using different databases for peer reviewed articles including Google scholar, Scopus, EbscoHost, Science Direct and National Research Foundation database. Source categories were identified and these varied depending on the sites where the research was conducted (rural, urban or remote) but biomass burning dominated. A total of 35 source apportionment records were found with the majority of studies in urban areas (60%) while industrial sites had the least number of records (17.1%). The period 2011-2016 had the highest number of records while 1990-1995 had only three publicly available studies. There is limited research on source apportionment studies of air particulate in South Africa, calling for more research in this area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41875155)Natural Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFA0607004)+1 种基金Environment and Conservation Fund/Woo Wheelock Green Fund (No.ECWW09EG04)Strategic Priority Research Program (B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDB05040502)。
文摘Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,online bulk and single-particle measurements were combined to investigate the contributions of FW and BB to the overall mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)and specific chemical species by positive matrix factorization(PMF)during the Chinese New Year in Hong Kong in February 2013.With combined information,fresh/aged FW(abundant ^(140)K_(2)NO_(3)^(+)and ^(213)K_(3)SO_(4)^(+)formed from ^(113)K_(2)Cl^(+)discharged by fresh FW)can be extracted from the fresh/aged BB sources,in addition to the Second Aerosol,Vehicles+Road Dust,and Sea Salt factors.The contributions of FW and BB were investigated during three high particle matter episodes influenced by the pollution transported from the Pearl River Delta region.The fresh BB/FW contributed 39.2%and 19.6%to PM_(2.5)during the Lunar Chinese New Year case.However,the contributions of aged FW/BB enhanced in the last two episodes due to the aging process,evidenced by high contributions from secondary aerosols.Generally,the fresh BB/FW showed more significant contributions to nitrate(35.1%and15.0%,respectively)compared with sulfate(25.1%and 5.9%,respectively)and OC(14.8%and11.1%,respectively)on average.In comparison,the aged FW contributed more to sulfate(13.4%).Overall,combining online bulk and single-particle measurement data can combine both instruments’advantages and provide a new perspective for applying source apportionment of aerosols using PMF.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFC1804502 and 2019YFC1804503)the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2022B1515020051)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077332)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202201010149)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01Z032)。
文摘Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding environment.Average concentrations of total VOCs(TVOCs)in the surrounding residential activity areas(R1 and R2),the coking facility(CF)and the control area(CA)were determined to be 138.5,47.8,550.0,and 15.0μg/m^(3),respectively.The cold drum process and coking and quenching areas within the coking facility were identified as the main polluting processes.The spatial variation in VOCs composition was analyzed,showing that VOCs in the coking facility and surrounding areas were mainly dominated by aromatic compounds such as BTX(benzene,toluene,and xylenes)and naphthalene,with concentrations being negatively correlated with the distance from the coking facility(p<0.01).The sources of VOCs in different functional areas across the monitoring area were analyzed,finding that coking emissions accounted for 73.5%,33.3% and 27.7% of TVOCs in CF,R1 and R2,respectively.These results demonstrated that coking emissions had a significant impact on VOC concentrations in the areas surrounding coking facility.This study evaluates the spatial variation in exposure to VOCs,providing important information for the influence of VOCs concentration posed by coking facility to surrounding residents and the development of strategies for VOC abatement.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(No.2018YFC1800400).
文摘Metal smelting have brought severe metal(loid)s contamination to the soil.Spatial distribution and pollution source analysis for soil metal(loid)s in an abandoned lead/zinc smelter were studied.The results showed that soil was contaminated heavily withmetal(loid)s.The mean of lead(Pb),arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),mercury(Hg)and antimony(Sb)content in topsoil is 9.7,8.2,5.0,2.3,and 1.2 times higher than the risk screening value for soil contamination of development land of China(GB36600-2018),respectively.Cd ismainly enriched in the 0–6mdepth of site soil while As and Pbmainly deposited in the 0–4mlayer.The spatial distribution of soil metal(loid)s is significantly correlated with the pollution source in the different functional areas of smelter.As,Hg,Sb,Pb and copper(Cu)were mainly distributed in pyrometallurgical area,while Cd,thallium(Tl)and zinc(Zn)was mainly existed in both hydrometallurgical area and raw material storage area.Soil metal(loid)s pollution sources in the abandoned smelter are mainly contributed to the anthropogenic sources,accounting for 84.5%.Specifically,Pb,Tl,As,Hg,Sb and Cumainly from atmospheric deposition(55.9%),Cd and Zn mainly from surface runoff(28.6%),While nickel(Ni)mainly comes from parent material(15.5%).The results clarified the spatial distribution and their sources in different functional areas of the smelter,providing a new thought for the risk prevention and control of metal(loid)s in polluted site soil.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos. 2016YFC0202000, 2019YFC0214203)。
文摘Based on the online and membrane sampling data of Yuncheng from January 1st to February 12th,2020,the formation mechanism of haze under the dual influence of Spring Festival and COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) was analyzed.Atmospheric capacity,chemical composition,secondary transformation,source apportionment,backward trajectory,pollution space and enterprise distribution were studied.Low wind speed,high humidity and small atmospheric capacity inhibited the diffusion of air pollutants.Four severe pollution processes occurred during the period,and the pollution degree was the highest around the Spring Festival.In light,medium and heavy pollution periods,the proportion of SNA (SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)-and NH_(4)^(+)) was 59.6%,56.0%and 54.9%,respectively,which was the largest components of PM_(2.5);the[NO_(3)-]/[SO_(4)^(2-)]ratio was 2.1,1.5 and 1.7,respectively,indicating that coal source had a great influence;the changes of NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio,0.44,0.45,0.61)and SOR (sulphur oxidation ratio,0.40,0.49,0.65) indicated the accumulation of secondary aerosols with increasing pollution.The coal combustion,motor vehicle,secondary inorganic sources and industrial sources contributed 36.8%,26.59%,11.84%and 8.02%to PM_(2.5)masses,respectively.Backward trajectory showed that the influence from the east was greater during the Spring Festival,and the pollutants from the eastern air mass were higher,which would aggravate the pollution.Meteorological and Spring Festival had a great impact on heavy pollution weather.Although some work could not operate due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic,the emission of pollutants did not reduce much.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Nos.41605094,41905115).
文摘Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important precursors of secondary organic compounds and ozone,which raise major environmental concerns.To investigate the VOC emission characteristics,measurements of VOCs based on proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry during 2017 were conducted in a coastal industrial area in Ningbo,Zhejiang Province,China.Based on seasonal variation in species concentration,the positive matrix factorization(PMF)receptor model was applied to apportion the sources of VOCs in each season.The PMF results revealed that unknown acetonitrile source,paint solvent,electronics industry,biomass burning,secondary formation and biogenic emission were mainly attributed to VOC pollution.Biomass burning and secondary formation were the major sources of VOCs and contributed more than 70%of VOC emissions in spring and autumn.Industry-related sources contributed 8.65%–31.2%of the VOCs throughout the year.The unknown acetonitrile source occurred in winter and spring,and contributed 7.6%–43.73%of the VOC emissions in the two seasons.Conditional probability function(CPF)analysis illustrated that the industry sources came from local emission,while biomass burning and biogenic emission mainly came from the northwest direction.The potential source contribution function(PSCF)model showed that secondary formation-related source was mainly from Jiangsu Province,northeastern China and the surrounding ocean.The potential source areas of unknown acetonitrile source were northern Zhejiang Province,southern Jiangsu Province and the northeastern coastal marine environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42175135)the Science and Technology Commission of the Shanghai Municipality(No.20ZR1447800).
文摘Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs)and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone(O3)and secondary organic aerosols(SOA).In recent years,there have been intensive studies covering MAHs emission from various sources and their behavior under stimulated photochemical conditions.Yet in-situ measurements of PAHs presence and variations in ambient air are sparse.Herein we conducted large geometrical scale mobile measurements for 16 aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs,including 7 MAHs and 9 PAHs)in eastern China between October 27 and November 8,2019.This unique dataset has allowed for some insights in terms of AHs concentration variations,accompanying chemical composition,source contributions and spatial distributions in eastern China.In general,AHs showed a clear concentration variability between the south and the north of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD).The concentrations of PAHs were approximately 9%of AHs,but contributed 23%of SOA formation potential.Source apportionment via positive matrix factorization(PMF)model revealed that industrial processes as the largest source(44%)of observed AHs,followed by solvent usage(21%),vehicle exhaust(19%),coal combustion(11%)and coking processes(6%).In the perspective of PAHs sources,coal combustion emissions were identified as the dominating factor of a share of 41%–52%in eastern China.Our findings complemented the simultaneously monitoring information of PAHs and MAHs in eastern China,revealed the importance of PAHs to SOA formation and highlighted the necessity of formulating strategies to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources and reduce risks to human health.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0210100)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.41425020)+1 种基金the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Nos.41705123,41401569)the Guangdong Provincial Scientific Planning Project(No.2016B050502005)
文摘The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0214102)。
文摘The source apportionment of PM2.5 is essential for pollution prevention.In view of the weaknesses of individual models,we proposed an integrated chemical mass balancesource emission inventory(CMB-SEI)model to acquire more accurate results.First,the SEI of secondary component precursors(SO2,NOx,NH3,and VOCs)was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors.Then,a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components(SO4^2-,NO3^-3,NH4^+,and SOC).Afterwards,the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios.The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI.This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities(Zhoushan,Taizhou,and Wenzhou;abbreviated WZ,TZ,and ZS)in Zhejiang Province,China.The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources.The SEI results indicated that electricity,industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM2.5 gaseous precursors.The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources,electricity production sources and industrial production sources.Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone,the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41675127, 41475116)。
文摘Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0210000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41705113 and 41877312)+1 种基金the Young Talent Project of the Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment CAS(CERAE201802)the Beijing Major Science and Technology Project(No.Z181100005418014)。
文摘Atmospheric extinction is impacted by the chemical composition of particles.To better understand the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)(particles with diameters of less than 2.5μm)and its relationship with extinction,one-month sampling campaigns were carried out in four different seasons from 2013 to 2014 in Jinan,China.The seasonal average concentrations of PM_(2.5)were 120.9(autumn),156.6(winter),102.5(spring),and 111.8μg/m^(3)(summer).The reconstructed PM_(2.5)chemical composition showed that sulfate,nitrate,chlorine salt,organic matter(OM),mineral dust,elemental carbon(EC)and others accounted for 25%,14%,2%,24%,22%,3%and 10%,respectively.The relationship between the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)and visibility was reconstructed by the IMPROVE method,and ammonium sulfate,ammonium nitrate,OM and EC dominated the visibility.Seven main sources were resolved for PM_(2.5),including secondary particles,coal combustion,biomass burning,industry,motor vehicle exhaust,soil dust and cooking,which accounted for 37%,21%,13%,13%,12%,3%and 1%,respectively.The contributions of different sources to visibility were similar to those to PM_(2.5).With increasing severity of air pollution,the contributions of secondary particles and coal combustion increased,while the contribution of motor vehicle exhaust decreased.The results showed that coal combustion and biomass burning were still the main sources of air pollution in Jinan.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2017YFC0212802 and 2017YFC0212004)the support of MOST project(No.2017YFC0212001)for the collaboration。
文摘We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at a receptor site(Wan Qing Sha,WQS)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region from September to November of 2017.The average mixing ratios of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 36.3±27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes(55.5%),followed by aromatics(33.3%).The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone(O_(3)).Five VOC sources were resolved by the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model,including solvent usage(28.6%),liquid petroleum gas(LPG)usage(24.4%),vehicle exhaust(21.0%),industrial emissions(13.2%)and gasoline evaporation(12.9%).The regional transport air masses from the upwind cities of south China can result in the elevated concentrations of TVOCs.Low ratios of TVOCs/NO_(x)(1.53±0.88)suggested that the O_(3) formation regime at WQS site was VOC-limited,which also confirmed by a photochemical box model with the master chemical mechanism(PBM-MCM).Furthermore,the observation on high-O_(3) episode days revealed that frequent O_(3) outbreaks at WQS were mainly caused by the regional transport of anthropogenic VOCs especially for aromatics and the subsequent photochemical reactions.This study provides valuable information for policymakers to propose the effective control strategies on photochemical pollution in a regional perspective.