Effects of areca nut consumption on cell differentiation of osteoblasts, myoblasts, and fibroblasts

Areca nut is used worldwide as a hallucinogenic addicting drug along the tropical belt.Arecoline,a toxic compound,is the most important alkaloid in areca nuts.The adverse effects of oral uptake and chewing of areca nut are well known.For example,the possibility of cancer caused by chewing areca nuts is widely discussed.Chewing areca nut has other adverse effects on other organs,including abnormal cell differentiation,oral cancer,and several other diseases.The use of areca nut is also associated with low birthweight.Skeletal musculature is the largest organ in the body and is attached to the bones.During embryo development,the differentiation of bone and muscle cells is critical.In this article,we reviewed the effects of areca nut and arecoline on embryonic cell differentiation,particularly osteoblasts,myoblasts,and fibroblasts.

利用巢式PCR对海南槟榔(Areca catechu L.)黄化病的初步检测

通过对海南槟榔黄化病病原的研究,初步确定其病原物,对开展后续研究及防治策略提供依据。利用巢式PCR方法,对在海南3个市县采集的28个黄化病植株的不同组织进行了植原体检测,结果表明:在2个市县9个槟榔黄化病病株叶片中检测到了植原体,而在根和茎中没有发现植原体。将扩增片段克隆后测序得到1249bp的完整植原体序列。利用MEGA3软件构建了系统发育进化树,同源性聚类发现其属于翠菊黄花组B亚组。初步判断发生在海南的槟榔黄化病是由于植原体引起。

槟榔（ArecacatechuL．）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变，分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性，但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害，必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议，对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。

Influence of Boric Acid and Sucrose on the Germination and Growth of Areca Pollen

This study investigates the effect of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of Areca catechu L (areca palm). Using areca pollen from Hainan, China, this study determines the influence of culture media with different concentrations of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of areca pollen. Results show that the germination and growth of the pollen tube growth are highest under a boric acid concentration of 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L. The germination rate of areca pollen is highest in solid medium with a sucrose concentration of 40 g/L. The optimum culture medium for developing areca pollen comprises 5 g/L agar, 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L boric acid, 40 g/L sucrose, and water. Furthermore, areca pollen grows most rapidly approximately 1.5 h after in vitro cultivation at normal temperature, and growth stabilizes at approximately 3 h. The principle that governs the development of areca pollen is also discussed.

Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon with Semi-synthetic Azo Dye by Chemical Modification of Natural Source Areca Nut

Various azo compounds(Modified dyes)have been synthesised by chemical modification of areca nut extract(epicate-chin),a plant-based Polyphenolic compound to get semi-synthetic dyes.Three different primary amines namely p-nitro aniline,p-anisidine and aniline,were diazotized to form their corresponding diazonium salts which were further coupled with an areca nut extract.Preliminary characterization of the areca nut extract and the resultant azo compounds(Modified dyes)was carried out in terms of melting point,solubility tests,thin layer chromatography,UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy.These modified dyes were further applied on polyester and nylon fabrics and%dye exhaustion was evaluated.Dyed fabrics were further tested for their fastness properties such as wash fastness,rubbing fastness,light fastness and sublimation fastness.The results of the fastness tests indicate that,all the three modified dyes have good dyeability for polyester and nylon fabrics.The dyed fabrics were also tested for ultraviolet protection factor which showed very good ultraviolet protection.

First Report of Phomopsis Leaf Spot on Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin( Blanco) Benth. ]Caused by Diaporthe arecae in China

A severe leaf spot disease on patchouli,was observed in Guangdong,China.Early symptom appeared as circular or irregularly shaped and dark brown spots along the leaf margins and tips.As the disease progressed,the spots enlarged and with masses black,sessile conidiomata were observed in lesions.The results of morphology,molecular biology and pathogenicity test indicate that the causal agent of leaf disease of patchouli is Diaporthe arecae.

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Distribution of Nutrient Content in Soil and Leaves of Adult Areca catechu Trees

The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.

Analysis of the Adsorption of Toxic Chromium (VI) by Untreated and Chitosan Treated Banana and Areca Fiber

This paper work involves bunch experiments to investigate the effect of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose on the extent of adsorption by bio-composites. Adsorption capacity of Chromium (VI) onto chitosan coated with banana and areca fiber was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH and adsorbent dose. The chitosan and fibers (banana and areca) were then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to remove chromium [Cr (VI)] from water via static adsorption. It was found that optimum chromium absorption capacity of chitosan was assessed at pH of 2.5 to 4.5 and contact time of 30 to 180 minutes for raw banana and areca fiber and for chitosan treated banana & areca fiber. Though optimum adsorption of chromium of chitosan was measured 34.17 ppm (85.42%) from a 100 ml solution containing 40 parts per million (ppm) of Cr (VI) at 120 minutes, pH of 3.0 and 120 milligram (mg) adsorbent dose size, use of composite will be more favorable in the point of environmental concern as well as low cost because chitosan preparation is comparatively costly then banana and areca fiber. On the other hand, untreated banana and areca fiber optimum adsorption of chromium measured 3.65 ppm (9.1%) at 180 min and, pH of 4.5 and 140 mg adsorbent dose size and 3.76 ppm (9.4%) at 180 min, pH of 4.5 and 160 mg adsorbent dose size respectively. In case of chitosan treated banana fiber, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 17.664 to 30.057 (75.14%). On the other hand, for areca fiber with chitosan, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 21.664 to 30.156 (75.39%) ppm. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption of chromium ion onto composites and it was found that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was more fitted models which mean that a monolayer adsorption surface was created. After analyzing from IBM SPSS 25 software, we got the standard deviation value of adsorbed Cr by raw chitosan, untreated banana and areca of pH test results were 9.399, 1.072, 0.728 ppm, time test results were 2.163, 0.859, 0.896 ppm and adsorbent dose test results were 6.588, 0.966, 1.211 ppm correspondingly. The standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated banana fiber test results were 1.831, 2.693 and 5.469 ppm congruently. On the other hand, the standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated areca fiber test results were 3.293, 2.673 and 4.152 ppm individually. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that both amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan, banana and areca fiber were engaged in the adsorption.

Areca traindra过氧化物酶的分离及其应用于合成木质素模型物的研究

从棕榈科植物三药槟榔(Areca triandra)的果实中分离了过氧化物酶(AtrP)用于催化异丁香酚合成脱氢聚合物。实验结果表明,Atr P粗酶液经过盐析和丙酮沉淀得到了部分纯化,酶活回收率70.2%,比活力达到2216 IU/mg(25℃测定)。该酶适宜的温度范围是25～40℃,最适p H_6,受MnSO_4、FeCl_2、Mg SO_4、乙醇、丙酮和1,4-二氧六环的抑制。AtrP/H_2O_2氧化异丁香酚单体得到不溶于水的油状物,红外光谱显示侧链丙烯基发生氧化,可能生成醛基、酮基、羧基等新的官能团,芳环则参与单体的聚合,甲氧基脱除不显著。气质联用(GC-MS)和液质联用(LC-MS)分析表明,AtrP/H_2O_2氧化异丁香酚的产物含有二聚体(50.3%)、香草醛(40.2%)和4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯丙酮等杂质(8.1%),Atr P作为一种新的氧化还原酶,在人工合成脱氢聚合物以及生产木质素基化学品方面具有一定的应用前景。

基于Areca Backup和云存储的开源免费备份策略

介绍一种基于开源备份软件Areca Backup和云存储的数据备份策略。该策略充分利用云存储技术实现备份数据的低成本和高可靠性存储。Areca Backup的数据加密功能使备份文件的云存储容易符合公司的安全规定。操作简易,适用于可靠性要求一般的数据备份。

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

1 Introduction Areca catechu L.(Palmae), commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti-vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut(frequently known as betel nut) is the ripe fruit

Effect of areca on contraction of colonic muscle strips in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of areca on the contractileactivity of isolated colonic muscle strips in rats andmechanism involved.METHODS: Each strip (LMPC, longitudinal muscle ofproximal colon; CMPC, circular muscle of proximal colon;LMDC, longitudinal muscle of distal colon; CMlC, circularmuscle of distal colon. ) was suspended in a tissue chambercontaining 5 mL Krebs solution (37 ℃), bubbledcontinuously with 950 mL@ L-1 O2 and 50 mL@ L-1 CO2 . Themean contractile amplitude (A), the resting tension (T),and the contractile frequency (F) were simultaneouslyrecorded on recorders.RESULTS: Arsca dose dependently increased the meancontractile amplitude, the resting tension of proximal anddistal colonic smooth muscle strips in rats ( P ＜ 0.05). Italso partly increased the contractile frequency of colonicsmooth muscle strips in rats ( P ＜ 0.05). The effects werepartly inhibited by atropine (the resting tension of LMPCdecreased from 0. 44 ± 0. 12 to 0. 17 ± 0.03; the restingtension of LMDC decreased from 0.71 ± 0.14 to 0.03 ± 0.01;the mean contractile amplitude of LMPC increased from -45.8 ± 7.2 to -30.5 ± 2.9; the motility index of CMDC decreasedfrom 86.6± 17.3 to 32.8 ± 9.3; P＜ 0.05 vs areca), but theeffects were not inhibited by hexamethonium (P＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Areca stimulated the motility of isolatedcolonic smooth muscle strips in rats. The stimulation ofareca might be relevant with M reoeptor partly.

Analysis of arecoline in Semen Arecae decoction pieces by microchip capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

A new method for the determination of arecoline in Semen Arecae decoction pieces by microchip capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection(MCE-CCD) was proposed.The effects of various electrophoretic operating parameters on the analysis of arecoline were studied.Under the optimal conditions,arecoline was rapidly separated and detected in 1 min with good linearity over the concentration range of 20-1500 μM(r2=0.9991) and the detection limit of 5 μM(S/N=3).The method was used for the analysis of arecoline satisfactorily with a recovery of 96.8-104%.

海南槟榔种苗产业现状及发展建议

近年来,伴随着槟榔产业快速发展,其种业中存在的种源混杂、良种率低、种苗市场混乱等问题日益凸显,从源头上制约了槟榔产业的健康发展。研究介绍了海南槟榔产业发展概况,分析了种苗生产管理现状和槟榔种业发展中存在的问题,并提出了针对性的发展建议,旨在为海南槟榔产业的健康发展助力。

槟榔黄化病防控的生态地球化学研究

槟榔黄化病是海南省槟榔树极易感染、蔓延迅速、极具毁灭性的头号病害,综合性的物理、化学和生态防控措施仍然难以控制其蔓延。生态地球化学研究以土壤-植株系统元素地球化学行为和生态效应为研究内容,可能赋予槟榔树自身内在的黄化病抑制能力,从而达到防控黄化病的目的。文章对万宁市槟榔园开展生态地球化学研究,分别配套采集了感染黄化病和未感染黄化病的槟榔树根系土、根系和叶片地球化学样品各30套,分析测试了Se、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn、B、Mo、Cl、F、I、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Co、Na、Si、Al等元素质量分数。以槟榔树是否感染黄化病为因变量进行二项逻辑回归统计,结果表明:不同介质样品的分类概率模型中,根系土的As元素,根系的As、N、Na元素,叶片的Zn、Hg、S元素回归系数为负数,表明槟榔树相应部位这些元素的质量分数越高,其感染黄化病的概率越低,联系到含砷农药和药物用于植物病虫害防控和人体疾病治疗的事实,意谓着提高根系土As等元素质量分数可能提升槟榔树对黄化病的预防和抑制能力,从而为槟榔黄化病防控提供了可能而又简单易行的生态地球化学新途径。但As作为毒害元素,是土壤环境质量和农产品食用安全的重要控制指标,因此,利用As元素防控槟榔黄化病,应开展针对槟榔树根系土和果实的系统性田间试验研究和评估,严防二次污染。

槟榔籽提取物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)活性的抑制作用研究

以嫩果期槟榔籽为研究对象,采用75%乙醇浸提制得槟榔籽提取物(areca nut extract,ANE),再分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇依次对总提取物进行萃取,依次得到嫩果期槟榔籽75%乙醇提取物的石油醚部位(PE-ANE)、乙酸乙酯部位(EAC-ANE)、正丁醇部位(BU-ANE)、水部位(W-ANE)的萃取部分。通过体外抑制血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)活性抑制试验测定槟榔提取物各极性部位对高血压的抑制潜力;通过酶动力学实验分析ACE抑制活性最好的极性部位对ACE活性的抑制作用类型;测定不同极性部位蛋白质、总糖及多酚的总含量,并分析其与ACE半抑制浓度(IC50)之间的相关性;最后对4种不同极性部位萃取物中的多酚组分进行初步定量。结果表明:嫩果期槟榔籽提取物各极性部位均具有一定的ACE抑制活性,其中EAC-ANE的ACE抑制活性最好。酶动力学实验表明,EAC-ANE对ACE活性的抑制作用类型为竞争与非竞争的混合型抑制。相关性分析表明,各极性部位ACE的IC50值与多酚、总糖及蛋白质含量均呈显著负相关,且与多酚含量之间具有极强相关性(r=‒0.912)。在4个极性部位中定量了儿茶素、L-表儿茶素、原花青素B2、原儿茶酸、槲皮素等多种多酚组分,且EAC-ANE中的相关多酚组分含量最高。综上所述,槟榔提取物具有一定的降血压潜力,且乙酸乙酯萃取部位最好,多酚含量与各萃取部位的ACE抑制活性具有极强的相关性,可初步推断多酚是槟榔提取物中抑制ACE活性的重要物质。

槟榔加工工序及贮藏过程对其理化性质的影响

槟榔的加工过程对成品口感及健康有着较大影响,该文旨在探究槟榔加工、贮藏过程中理化性质的变化。针对槟榔加工工段,采用质构仪、扫描电子显微镜、快速水分测定仪及气相色谱-质谱联用等仪器、方法测定质构特性、微观结构、纤维持水能力;同时测定了槟榔成品在贮藏过程中水分含量和风味物质的变化情况。结果表明,在加工过程中槟榔的质构指标变化呈现降低、升高和再降低的相似趋势;烤干工序对质构的整体影响最大,硬度平均值增大至18923.53 g,咀嚼性平均值增至13567.77 g,胶黏性平均值增至10466.56 g;槟榔纤维的持水性能在酶解之后有大幅提高,达(4.11±0.37)g/g,在干燥后达到最大[(4.79±0.35)g/g],且酶解会使槟榔的内部纤维结构发生明显改变,组合酶解的方法基本可决定最终产品持水性。槟榔的特征风味物质在贮存过程中会有一些波动,各成分21 d后会出现小幅减少;而水分含量在贮藏过程中14 d下降到20.58%,之后在21 d时小幅增加至21.48%。槟榔在加工和贮藏过程理化性质的改变具有一定规律,该研究对槟榔的科学加工、贮藏及降害具有较好的指导意义。

明胶质量浓度及凝冻强度对槟榔涂膜性能的调控作用

采用明胶对槟榔涂膜处理有助于提高槟榔的光泽和保水性,然而明胶质量浓度及凝冻强度对涂膜性能的影响目前尚不清晰。作者剖析了明胶基薄膜在光学、机械性能与阻水性等方面的差异,并借助红外光谱及X射线衍射探索了涂膜性能差异的原因。结果表明,质量浓度为100~150 g/L的明胶涂膜溶液不仅将槟榔表皮光泽度提高了8~15倍,而且赋予薄膜良好的机械性能和阻水性。虽然明胶凝冻强度的提高有助于增加槟榔涂膜光泽度,但对薄膜机械性能及阻水性无显著影响。薄膜中分子间氢键和三螺旋结构相对含量的差异是明胶成膜后性质不同的重要内因。此外,质量浓度为100~150 g/L的涂膜溶液的黏度与凝固温度更适于提高涂膜的均匀性,为槟榔涂膜性能的调控和涂膜剂的合理选择提供一定的依据。

基于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-嗅闻仪-质谱仪结合气味活力值鉴定槟榔香六堡茶关键香气物质

为了探究六堡茶槟榔香风味构成的关键香气物质,该研究采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-嗅闻仪-质谱仪(gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry,GC-O-MS)和气味活力值(odor activity value,OAV)分析槟榔香六堡茶气味化合物组成,筛选其中的关键香气物质。经GC-O-MS分析,从槟榔香六堡茶样品中嗅闻、鉴定出37种气味化合物,气味强度(odor intensity,OI)中等及以上的化合物为19种,其中二氢-β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮、β-芳樟醇、雪松醇和1,2,3-三甲氧基苯展现出了较高的香气强度。在GC-O-MS分析的基础上,采用OAV法进一步分析,发现槟榔香六堡茶中OAV≥1的气味化合物有18种,其中,二氢-β-紫罗兰酮、β-紫罗兰酮、苯乙醇、脱氢二氢-β-紫罗兰酮、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛、β-芳樟醇、癸醛和1,2,3-三甲氧基苯的OAV≥50,可以说明这些化合物对槟榔香六堡茶整体香气形成贡献度较大。通过比较GC-O-MS和OAV分析,2种分析方法筛选槟榔香六堡茶关键香气物质的结果基本一致,该研究为六堡茶陈化过程中“槟榔香”的形成提供理论依据以及对于定向加工“槟榔香”六堡茶具有指导意义。