Magmatic Processes of Ashi Volcano, Western Kunlun Mountains, China

The Ashikule volcanic cluster （AVC） in western Kunlun Mountains is located in a graben region at the convergence of the Altun and Kangxiwa fault zones,and consists of more than 10 main volcanoes and dozens of volcanelloes.The Ashi volcano lies in the central part of the volcanic cluster.The lithology,chemical composition and texture of Ashi volcanic rocks were studied in detail,and their implication in magmatic processes was discussed.The phenocrysts in Ashi volcanic rocks consist mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene,and the statistical results of phenocryst contents show that the rocks can be subdivided into two groups.In group A,the content of pyroxene phenocrysts is generally higher than that of plagioclase phenocrysts,but an inverse relation occurs in group B.In TAS diagram,the compositions of both groups fall into the trachyandensite field,but they are obviously concentrated into two clusters.The two clusters exist also in the oxide diagrams.The pyroxene phenocrysts comprise augite,bronzite and hypersthene,and their Mg# histogram shows two peaks.Plagioclase phenocrysts with reaction rim are observed in rocks of both groups.The An values of the core are generally 30-40,and those of the rim are 44-48,which are closer to those of euhedral plagioclases.The bronzites are in equilibrium with the melt,and two sets of magma depths,i.e.,18-25 km and 13-18 km,can be estimated by using thermobarometer proposed by Putirka.The hypersthenes are not in equilibrium with the melt,and can be assigned to xenocrysts.The crystal size distribution （CSD） curves of plagioclase appear as kinked lines indicative of magma mixing.The above analyses show that two magma pockets might exist beneath the Ashi volcano.It is likely that they are connected with each other.The one has more evolved and contains more acidic magma,and the other is a trachyandensite magma pocket characterized by layering.The magma from the upper part of the trachyandensite magma pocket might mix with more acidic magma,resulting in a magma that is more acidic than the magma from the lower part.

Distributed Simulation of Non-Point Source Pollution in Ashi River Basin

In order to get a thorough understanding of non-point source pollution,it is essential to examine its temporal and spatial distribution. A physically-based distributed model,Soil and Water Assessment Tool( SWAT),was used in this research,to quantitatively estimate the NPS load and analyze the temporal and spatial distributions of NPS pollution in Ashi River Basin. The results indicated that SWAT was suitable to simulate stream-flow and water quality in Ashi River Basin. Total Nitrogen which was contributed by NPS( NPS-TN) accounted for 32. 47%-62. 61%,and Total Phosphorus which was contributed by NPS( NPS-TP)accounted for 22. 30%- 57. 85% of the total load respectively. In inter-annual timescale,both NPS-TN and NPS-TP were influenced by stream-flow and fertilizer. However,when compared with fertilizer,NPS pollution was more directly affected by stream-flow. In annual timescale,NPS-TN and NPS-TP mainly occurred in flood season( from May to September). In the aspect of space,spatial differences of NPS-TN and NPS-TP were extremely significant. The spatial variations of NPS pollution were mainly influenced by land use,precipitation,soil and slope.

Analysis of the Relationship between Landuse and Non-point Source Pollution in Ashi River Basin

Landuse is one of the most influential factors of non-point source pollution. Based on the three-year landuse data( 2000,2005 and 2008),Arc GIS and Fragstat were used to analyze the landuse type and the change of landscape pattern. The relationships between landuse and non-point source-total nitrogen( NPS-TN) and nonpoint source-total phosphorus( NPS-TP) were discussed with the methods of spatially statistical analysis,landscape pattern analysis and principal component analysis. The study results conveyed that agricultural land and forestland,which accounted for over 92% of the study area,were the major landuse type of Ashi River Basin.Meanwhile,the NPS pollution had close connections with landuse type and landscape pattern. When it comes to landuse type,the export risks of NPS-TN and NPS-TP were agricultural land > urban land > grassland > forestland. As for landscape pattern,NPS-TN and NPS-TP were positively related to SHDI and SHEI, while negatively connected with LPI,AI and COHESION. Therefore,the study could reach the conclusion that the more fragmented and complicated the landscape patterns were,the more serious the NPS pollution was.

Assessment of Institutional and Legal Framework for Sustainable Land Use Management Practices in Ashi River Watershed,China

Nonpoint source(NPS)pollutants resulting from land degradation(LD)have been a key influential factor on the deterioration of water quality.Consequently,sustainable land use management(SLM)practices have been employed to reduce the impacts of LD globally.However,the adoption of SLM practices is often not effective to protect water resources despite its capability of improving water quality.Empirically,evidence shows that activities of land users directly influence SLM practices and NPS pollution of water resources in watersheds,but invariably this has not been clearly understood.Understanding how SLM practices adoption could prevent NPS pollution of water resources in watershed is a necessity.Therefore,the primary aim of the investigation is to comprehend the status of SLM practices with the legal framework supporting the adoption of such practices in the Ashi River watershed.A survey instrument involving structured questionnaire was implemented to collect data.A randomly based lottery method was applied to sample information from 150 land users in two control units’communities.Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data.This research revealed that there is low adoption of SLM practices of the study site.The low adoption is due to weak capacity building and enforcement of regulations in the watershed.Occupation and age of the residents are the strongest predictors of SLM adoption rate.Residents connected with farming are more sensitive to the adoption status of SLM.It is our recommendation that policy makers should ensure capacity building,and enforcement of regulations can specifically compel farmers to adopt SLM technologies.This approach would complement other strategies to solve the NPS pollution issue of Ashi River.

春天的记忆 箱根Ashi湖博物馆

Moriyuki Ochiai最近完成了日本箱根Ashi湖附近的一个植物园改造项目,将其改造为博物馆兼多功能空间。

The historical source of “Trigger Points”:classical Ashi points

Our research began with a consideration of the etymological origins of the terms Ashi and the Ashi point. We used both original source texts and textual criticism to trace the original meaning of the phrases, ＂take the tender spot as the point＂ and ＂use the Ashi method.＂ Linguistic theory informed our discussion of three similar terms and our analysis of them. We show that Ashi points are in theory similar to regular acupuncture points in terms of their definition and function. Furthermore, we can use the concept of ＂c/i-pathway （Qi./ie）＂ to expand our understanding of the clinical use of Ashi points. Ultimately, the main purpose of our research was to clarify that the classical Ashi point and modern, western concept of the trigger point are in fact quite similar. The two concepts have been described in different languages primarily due to cultural differences.

阿是穴四花刺法治疗神经根型颈椎病颈肩肢痛症的随机对照研究

目的:探究阿是穴四花刺法治疗神经根型颈椎病颈肩肢痛症的临床疗效。方法:本研究纳入2021年6月至2023年12月于四川省中西医结合医院、四川省第二中医医院门诊就诊且符合纳入标准的神经根型颈椎病患者,共计370例。采用随机对照研究方法,将患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组185例。治疗组接受阿是穴四花刺法治疗,对照组接受常规针刺法治疗,分别在治疗前、治疗后第1、2、3、7、14天进行评定,并观察其疼痛强度、疼痛频度、疼痛持续时间、压痛、生活质量评分的变化,以判断疗效。结果:治疗后,两组患者在VAS评分、SF-MPQ评分、疼痛频度评分、疼痛持续时间评分、压痛评分、生活质量评分方面都有显著改善。与对照组相比,治疗组的疼痛频度更早得到改善,其余各项指标在相同时间节点改善程度更高(P<0.05)。结论:阿是穴四花刺法治疗神经根型颈椎病颈肩肢痛症具有肯定疗效,相比常规针刺法治疗其起效更快,疗效更好,在提高患者生活质量方面也表现出优势,是治疗神经根型颈椎病颈肩肢痛症的理想方法。

阿是穴理论初探

阿是穴理论是以阿是穴为核心的中医经典理论,临床上重视阿是穴的应用却常忽视其理论内涵。通过梳理古代文献及现代理论,总结阿是穴理论作为腧穴定位方法及针灸治疗选穴原则的内涵。比较阿是穴理论与激痛点理论、浮针医学理论、针刀医学理论,发现这些理论与阿是穴理论本同末异,是对阿是穴理论的继承与发展。认为阿是穴是阿是穴理论的核心,阿是穴具有动态取治的性质,并提出阿是穴治未病的思考。

基于“以痛为腧”理论探讨体外冲击波阿是穴治疗颈型颈椎病的临床效果

目的:探讨基于“以痛为腧”理论体外冲击波(ESW)阿是穴治疗颈型颈椎病(NTCS)的临床效果。方法:选取医院2022年1月—2023年4月收治的70例NTCS病人为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和试验组,每组35例。对照组实施常规针刺治疗,试验组实施基于“以痛为腧”理论ESW阿是穴治疗。对比两组疗效、疼痛程度、颈肩部软组织肌张力及复发情况。结果:试验组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组治疗第1次、第3次、第5次视觉模拟法(VAS)评分较对照组低(P<0.05);试验组治疗第5次平均肌电值(AEMG)较对照组低,中位频率(MF)较对照组高(P<0.05);试验组随访6个月复发率较对照组低(P<0.05)。结论:NTCS病人基于“以痛为腧”理论ESW阿是穴治疗效果较好,可减轻疼痛程度,改善颈肩部软组织肌张力,降低复发率。

Regular acupuncture at combined with join valley needling at ashi point for scapulohumeral periarthritis: A randomized controlled trial

Objective:To observe clinical efficacy differences of regular acupuncture at empirical acupoints combined with join valley needling at ashi point compared with simple join valley needling at ashi point for scapulohumeral periarthritis.Methods:Sixty-four patients of scapulohumeral periarthritis were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,32 cases in each one.Both groups underwent basic rehabilitation training.Patients in the observation group were treated with acupuncture at empirical acupoints combined with join valley needling at ashi point,while the patients of the control group were treated with simple join valley needling at ashi point.Both groups were all treated once a day,6 times a week.Patients were treated for one course which lasted for 4 weeks.The visual analog scale(VAS)score,the Constant-Murley score and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)are compared between the two groups before and after the treatment,and the efficacy was evaluated after the treatment.Telephone investigation was applied as the followed-up after one month of the treatment.Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was 87.5%(28/32),and that in the control group was 71.9%(23/32),and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).The VAS scores,Constant-Murley scores,and HAMA scores in the patients of the observation group were lower than those of the corresponding indicators in the patients of the control group respectively,and there were statistically significant differences(all P<0.05).Conclusions:Compared with simple join valley needling at ashi point,regular acupuncture at empirical acupoints combined with join valley needling at ashi point can relieve the clinical symptoms of patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis,attenuate pains,ease anxiety and improve daily life activities better.

针灸治疗急性肾绞痛临床选穴组方规律研究

【目的】通过数据挖掘技术分析临床针灸治疗急性肾绞痛选穴组方的规律。【方法】检索中国知网期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方学术期刊全文数据库(Wanfang)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、PubMed数据库已经公开发表并收录的关于针灸治疗急性肾绞痛的临床文献,通过严格筛选,采用Microsoft Excel、SPSS 26.0、IBM SPSS Modeler 15.0软件以及其中的Apriori算法对纳入文献进行信息挖掘与分析。【结果】纳入110篇关于针灸治疗急性肾绞痛的临床文献,统计针灸处方共110条,涉及使用腧穴共59个,其中,肾俞、阿是穴和三阴交的使用频次最高;常用经脉为足太阳膀胱经、足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经;腧穴主要分布在下肢与腰背部;从选用穴位类型来看,五输穴、背俞穴、下合穴为首选;双穴组合配伍中,肾俞、阿是穴组合支持度最高;三穴组合配伍中,肾俞、三阴交、阿是穴组合支持度最高;核心腧穴组合是肾俞与阿是穴组合。【结论】针灸治疗急性肾绞痛的腧穴选择和组方是有规律可循的,所总结的选穴和组方规律能够为其临床治疗和科学研究提供参考。

Clinical Observation on Ashi Point Injection of Ozone for Tennis Elbow

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis ) is the asepticinflammation on the attachment point of tendons ofthe forearm extensor muscles. It is a common-encountered disease with main symptoms of pain,tenderness and weakness in holding objects. Theauthor treated 75 cases of tennis elbow by ozoneacupoint injection. It was reported as follows.

Clinical Study on Treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome with Ashi Points

Objective： To investigate the clinical efficacy of Ashi points in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. Method： A hundred and fifty cases were randomized into a treatment group and a control group by the order of visit. The cases in the treatment group were treated with ＂Stuck Needle＂ method in Ashi points plus tuina manipulations. The cases in the control group were treated with external local application of Votalin. The cases in both groups were treated once a day and 10 times made up one course. Results： Among 90 cases in the treatment group, 18 got clinical recovery, 34 got marked effect, 34 got certain effect, the marked effective rate was 57.8% and the total effective rate was 94.4%; while among 60 cases in the control group, 1 got clinical recovery, 18 got marked effect, 15 got certain effect, the marked effective rate was 31.7% and the total effective rate was 73.3%. Statistical management showed P〈0.01, indicating a significantly better effect in the treatment group. In addition, ＂Stuck Needle＂ method in Ashi points plus tuina manipulations can effectively improve local pain, tenderness, muscle spasm and motion range of joints, and can obtain significantly better effect for muscle spasm and motion range of joints. Conclusion： This therapy is safe, reliable and effective, and therefore worth spreading for clinical application.

Clinical observation of acupuncture bloodletting at Ashi points on local swelling and pain after snakebite

Objective:To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture bloodletting therapy on local swelling and pain of snakebite in the patients bitten by snakes.Methods:A total of 106 patients with trimeresurus stejnegeri bite were randomly divided into two groups,a conventional treatment group and a conventional treatment combined with bloodletting therapy group,53 cases in each one.In the conventional treatment group,the convention treatment of western medicine was adopted.In the conventional treatment combined with bloodletting therapy group,on the base of the conventional treatment,bloodletting therapy was applied at Ashi points selected at the tender points around the wound.The intervention and observation were performed not less than 7 days in two groups.Before and after treatment,swelling and pain degrees were measured and remission time of both the limb swelling and pain were recorded in the patients.Results:Compared with the values on day 1 of treatment,swelling degree and visual analogue scale(VAS) score of the upper and lower limbs were all lower on day 3 and day 7 of treatment in the patients of the two groups(all P <0.05).Compared with the conventional treatment group,swelling degree and VAS score of the upper and lower limbs were all lower in the values of the conventional treatment combined with bloodletting therapy group on day 3 and day 7 of treatment respectively(all P <0.05).The remission time of either limb swelling or pain in the patients of the conventional treatment combined with bloodletting therapy group was shorter than the conventional treatment group respectively(both P <0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture bloodletting therapy can effectively relieve the local swelling and pain caused by snakebite,promote the recovery of limb function,shorten the treatment course and improve the clinical therapeutic effect.

皮肤针治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛研究进展

带状疱疹后遗神经痛(postherpetic neuralgia,PHN)病位在皮部,主要累及肝、脾二脏,久则及肾。其发生涉及内、外两个因素,内因有年老体弱、素体亏虚、正气不足、情志内伤、饮食不节等,外因则与外感火毒湿热时邪有关。其病机有虚实两种,实为肝经湿热火毒蕴积与血气搏结,造成局部气血凝滞,经脉瘀阻不通,脏腑气机不畅则痛;虚为正气虚弱,无力抗邪,外感火毒之邪后,余邪未尽日久化火,耗伤阴血,阴血亏虚不能濡养肌肤经脉,不荣则痛。故该病治疗需要兼顾内外虚实,以扶正祛邪、理气活血、通络止痛为主。皮肤针治疗PHN可因势利导、诱邪外出,既能活血祛瘀、通络止痛,又可振奋经气、调节脏腑,常用治疗方法有:皮肤针放血、皮肤针联合普通针刺、皮肤针联合灸法、皮肤针联合中药、皮肤针联合西药等。皮肤针治疗PHN,临床叩刺部位选择主要为局部叩刺,其次是阿是穴、夹脊穴的穴位叩刺。目前,皮肤针治疗PHN的临床研究仍存在以下问题:观察的样本量较小,缺乏多中心、大样本研究;疗效评价以观察性指标为主,缺乏实验室指标观察,实验结果主观性较强,缺乏客观真实性;临床应用型研究多,基础理论型研究少;PHN易复发,病程迁延时间长,部分临床研究仅关注近期疗效,缺少后期随访;治疗主要以缓解疼痛为主,缺乏对患者的心理疏导。建议加强皮肤针治疗PHN的基础研究,注重客观疗效标准,同时注意后期随访及心理疏导,设计更为严谨的科研方案。

基于不同单元尺度下黑土区阿什河流域碳储量时空变化与预测

碳储量(Carbon storage,CS)影响陆地生态系统碳循环过程的稳定和平衡,定量评价CS时空变化与未来预测是实现区域可持续发展的关键环节,对区域生态环境管理具有重要意义。以黑土区典型农业小流域—阿什河流域为研究区,探讨以小流域为研究尺度的CS“历史-未来”时空变化,整合不同尺度下CS进而制定碳管理目标。结果表明,利用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型(Integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs,InVEST)量化1995—2020年CS,总体减少171.42×104 t,年均损失达到6.87×104 t,以2010—2015年CS下降最显著。CS空间分布具有异质性,其高值区分布在流域上游区域。通过整合行政单元和水文单元尺度下的CS,以管理职责为导向,采用聚类分析方法划分该流域碳管理单元(3个单元和5个亚单元)。对各单元CS制定管理目标,利用CA-Markov模型预测自然情景和政策情景下2025年CS,表明碳管理措施的制定可有效减缓区域CS损失,减缓效率达47.52%。该研究可为明确黑土区农业小流域CS发展模式和可持续发展策略提供科学参考。

基于古今文献研究阿是穴分布及主治规律

阿是穴属于现代针灸教材腧穴三大体系中的一种。为将阿是穴分布及主治规律进行清晰、详细的说明,作者利用计算机检索、查询中文数据库,筛选了有关阿是穴的文献,其中专门阐述阿是穴的分布及主治规律的文献相对较少,大部分仅仅描述了选取阿是穴作为针刺部位而未记载其具体部位,或仅报道了阿是穴的临床应用。文章通过对所查阅文献中阿是穴取穴情况及主治要点的整理、分析,总结出了阿是穴的分布及主治规律。阿是穴在头面、颈项、上肢、胸腹、腰背、下肢部位均有分布,且多分布在肌肉起止点和肌腹处,临床主要治疗痛症、软组织损伤,在内、外、妇、儿科也均有所运用。

督脉至阳穴埋针治疗强直性脊柱炎临床观察

目的观察督脉至阳穴埋针治疗强直性脊柱炎(AS)的临床效果。方法将永春县中医院、德化县中医院就诊的60例AS患者随机分为两组,观察组30例给予督脉至阳穴或至阳穴附近阿是穴埋针治疗,对照组30例给予华佗夹脊穴普通针刺治疗。治疗1个月后,观察治疗前后主要症状、体征及相关指标的情况。结果通过治疗,两组患者各临床症状、体征及相关指标均有显著改善(P<0.05),观察组在晨僵时间、疼痛NRS评分、关节活动度改善方面较对照组更加明显(P<0.05)。结论督脉至阳穴或至阳穴附近阿是穴埋针治疗能有效改善AS患者晨僵,减缓疼痛,增加胸廓活动度,提高患者生活质量,降低血沉(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)等炎症指标水平,效果确切、持久,患者依从性好。

Can Ashi Points Stimulation Have Specific Effects on Shoulder Pain? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective： To provide an evidence-based overview regarding the efficacy of Ashi points stimulation for the treatment of shoulder pain. Methods： A comprehensive search [PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）, Chongqing Weipu Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals （VIP） and Wanfang Database] was conducted to identify randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of Ashi points stimulation for shoulder pain compared with conventional treatment. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RevMan 5.0 was used for data synthesis. Results： Nine trials were included. Seven studies assessed the effectiveness of Ashi points stimulation on response rate compared with conventional acupuncture. Their results suggested significant effect in favour of Ashi points stimulation [odds ratio （OR）： 5.89, 95% confidence interval （CI）： 2.97 to 11.67, P〈0.01, heterogeneity： x 2=3.81, P=0.70, 12=0% ]. One trial compared Ashi points stimulation with drug therapy. The result showed there was a significantly greater recovery rate in group of Ashi points stimulation （OR： 9.58, 95% CI： 2.69 to 34.12）. One trial compared comprehensive treatment on the myofascial trigger points （MTrPs） with no treatment and the result was in favor of MTrPs. Conclusions： Ashi points stimulation might be superior to conventional acupuncture, drug therapy and no treatment for shoulder pain. However, due to the low methodological quality of included studies, a firm conclusion could not be reached until further studies of high quality are available.

补肾强骨除痹汤联合艾灸阿是穴对肝肾不足证类风湿关节炎的作用

目的 观察补肾强骨除痹汤联合艾灸阿是穴治疗肝肾不足证类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)的疗效。方法 选取90例肝肾不足证RA患者,简单随机分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=45)。2组均口服甲氨蝶呤片(methotrexate, MTX),对照组在此基础上联合艾灸阿是穴治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上联合应用补肾强骨除痹汤,2组均持续治疗30 d。治疗后,比较2组的临床疗效、中医证候评分、关节肿胀个数、关节压痛个数、晨僵时间、关节活动度和住院时间;采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, ELISA)检测并比较2组患者风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF)和血沉(erythrocyto sedimentation rate, ESR)水平;采用疼痛视觉评估量表(visual analogue scale, VAS)比较2组患者的疼痛情况,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI)评价2组患者的睡眠质量。结果 治疗后,观察组治疗总有效率(95.56%)显著高于对照组(82.22%),P<0.05;观察组患者关节僵硬、腰膝酸软和肿胀刺痛中医证候评分低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者关节肿胀个数和关节压痛个数显著少于对照组(P<0.05),晨僵时间和住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者RF和ESR水平低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者VAS评分、PSQI评分和欧洲抗风湿联盟提出的28个关节疾病活动性评分(28 disease activity scores, DAS28)均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 补肾强骨除痹汤联合艾灸阿是穴治疗RA患者有良好的临床疗效,可有效缓解患者的临床症状。