An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease prog...An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression,demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling.Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test.Immunoblot,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen.Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals.A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen.Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion,coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms.After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation,complete motor recovery was observed.This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the e N/CD73-A_(2A)R pathway and a return to physiological levels of A_(1)R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation.Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A_(1)R and elevated the expression of A_(2A)R.Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A_(1)R and A_(2A)R to control levels.The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling,ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.展开更多
目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)对血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)和细胞外基质激酶(ERK)1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖的影响。方法荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达;将载有ACE2基因慢病毒表达载体(Lentiviral-ACE2)以感染复数为10(MOI...目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)对血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)和细胞外基质激酶(ERK)1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖的影响。方法荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达;将载有ACE2基因慢病毒表达载体(Lentiviral-ACE2)以感染复数为10(MOI=10)感染平滑肌细胞不同时间(24、48、72、96 h);采用CCK-8法检测平滑肌细胞增殖;Western blot检测ACE2、AT1R及ERK1/2磷酸化水平。结果目的蛋白GFP表达量明显增加,慢病毒ACE2的表达量成时间依赖性增加,并且在96 h时蛋白表达量较对照组和空载体组明显升高,(1.22±0.06 vs 0.53±0.03和0.53±0.09,P<0.05,n=4);AngⅡ(10-7 mol·L-1)可以促进平滑肌细胞的增殖,ACE2能够抑制AngⅡ诱导的平滑肌细胞增殖(0.53±0.10 vs 0.68±0.03,P<0.05,n=5);AngⅡ(10-7mol·L-1)作用平滑肌细胞12 h后AT1R明显上调,同时ACE2明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的AT1R的上调(0.34±0.01 vs 0.73±0.07,P<0.05,n=4);ACE2能够明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的ERK1/2的磷酸化水平(0.43±0.06 vs 0.71±0.08,P<0.05,n=4)。结论 ACE2可以通过下调AT1R和/及ERK1/2的磷酸化水平而抑制平滑肌增殖,提示ACE2的过表达具有血管保护作用。展开更多
基金supported by a grant from Ministry of Science,Technological Development and Innovation,Serbia,No.451-03-68/2022-14/200178(to NN)University of Defence,No.MFVMA/02/22-24(to MN)。
文摘An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression,demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling.Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test.Immunoblot,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen.Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals.A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen.Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion,coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms.After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation,complete motor recovery was observed.This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the e N/CD73-A_(2A)R pathway and a return to physiological levels of A_(1)R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation.Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A_(1)R and elevated the expression of A_(2A)R.Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A_(1)R and A_(2A)R to control levels.The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling,ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.
文摘目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)对血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)和细胞外基质激酶(ERK)1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖的影响。方法荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达;将载有ACE2基因慢病毒表达载体(Lentiviral-ACE2)以感染复数为10(MOI=10)感染平滑肌细胞不同时间(24、48、72、96 h);采用CCK-8法检测平滑肌细胞增殖;Western blot检测ACE2、AT1R及ERK1/2磷酸化水平。结果目的蛋白GFP表达量明显增加,慢病毒ACE2的表达量成时间依赖性增加,并且在96 h时蛋白表达量较对照组和空载体组明显升高,(1.22±0.06 vs 0.53±0.03和0.53±0.09,P<0.05,n=4);AngⅡ(10-7 mol·L-1)可以促进平滑肌细胞的增殖,ACE2能够抑制AngⅡ诱导的平滑肌细胞增殖(0.53±0.10 vs 0.68±0.03,P<0.05,n=5);AngⅡ(10-7mol·L-1)作用平滑肌细胞12 h后AT1R明显上调,同时ACE2明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的AT1R的上调(0.34±0.01 vs 0.73±0.07,P<0.05,n=4);ACE2能够明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的ERK1/2的磷酸化水平(0.43±0.06 vs 0.71±0.08,P<0.05,n=4)。结论 ACE2可以通过下调AT1R和/及ERK1/2的磷酸化水平而抑制平滑肌增殖,提示ACE2的过表达具有血管保护作用。
